Intro to Foodscape Studies · Intro to Foodscape Studies POLARIS Network meeting November 8, 2011,...
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Intro to Foodscape StudiesPOLARIS Network meeting
November 8, 2011,Metropol UC
Bent Egberg Mikkelsen
Researchgroup: Meal Science & Public Health Nutrition (MENU)
Abstract: Foodscape studies are an increasing field of study. New devices for tracking consumer behaviour and location of food outlets has made such studies simple. Such approaches are increasingly used within health promotion and public health nutrition as an analytical tool to assess the “obesogenity” of our food environments and to pinpoint associations between environment, beheviour and health outcome. This paper introduces foodscapes for the study of out of home eating and discusses the applicability for the development of interventions in captive eating out‐of‐home eating environments (OHEE)
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Food environment studies are booming
USDA Food Atlas data from Peco, TX
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Food environment studies are booming
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Food environment studies are booming
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Density of BMI‐healthy food outlets (supermarkets, fruit and vegetable markets, and natural food stores) was inversely associated with BMI. Mean adjusted BMI declined across the three higher quintiles and was 0.80 units
lower in the fifth quintile (10.98 stores/km2) than in the first. These associations remained after control for two neighborhood walkability
measures, population density and land‐use mix.
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Source: Drewnowski, A
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Explanation1. Increased recognition of ecological models2. Increased interest in non reflexive pathways
(behavioral nutrition)3. Simple devices for monitoring environment
AND movement are readily available
• Behavioural tracking studies at the micro, meso and macro level becomes turnkey
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Social Cognitive Theory
BehaviourIndividual
Environment
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(physical, organisational, cultural, social)
Bandura, A
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Socio Ecological Models (SEM)
Bronfenbrenner ‘s Socio Ecological Models (SEM) Ecological Systems Theory (EST) (1979)
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Obesogenicity
“an environment that promotes gaining weight and one that is not
conducive to losing weight”
“Leptogenic" (promoting leanness).
Prev Med. 1999 Dec;29(6 Pt 1):563‐70.Dissecting obesogenic environments: the development and application of a framework for identifying and prioritizing environmental interventions for obesity.Swinburn B, Egger G, Raza F
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Does environement matter?
Source: Pekka Puska
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Meso foodscape around school
Hedegårdskolen
GSMGPSWiFiBT
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Micro foodscape at the buffet
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• Media ethnographic video hat http://gopro.com/
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The captive foodscape
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“the physical, organizational and socio cultural captive space in which individuals
encounters meals, food, food related issues and intermediaries”
Carl Warne
rs Foo
dscape
s
IMAGES OF FOODSCAPES ‐ INTRODUCTION TO FOODSCAPE STUDIES AND THEIR APPLICATION IN THE STUDY OF HEALHY EATING OUT OF HOME ENVIRONMENTS . Mikkelsen, Bent Egberg. . Perspectives in Public Health, sept 2012
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The ‐scape way of thinking
Phenomena that are:
“unevenly distributed in space and appear in a variety of shapes and contexts”
qualify in particular. (Brembeck & Johansson, 2010)
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What’s wrong with settings?
• traditionally used by health promotion professionals and planners in a wide range of health contexts
• the settings approach assumes a professional “backstage” view rather than a daily life perspective.
• Food and eating is embedded in our daily life and that we relate explicitly to the act of eating several times a day as opposed to health which is a much more abstract notion.
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Foodscapes as foodsources
"the actual sites where we find food“Freidberg (2010)
“the ‘foodscape’, or the food environment, incorporates all opportunities to obtain food within a given region“
Burgoine (2010)
"the spatial distribution of food across urban spaces and institutional settings” Johnston et al (2009)
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Foodscapes as eating opportunities
‘the multiplicity of sites where food is displayed for purchase, and where it may be consumed’.
Winson, (2004)
"signifying all the places where one comes into contact with food and eating" Brembeck & Johansson (2010)
"designates a population of eating practices, hence the spatial flow of local sites where some actors become eaters and other
actors become food" Wenzer (2010)
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Foodscapes as ideas and habitsHow it should be – the normative view
“foodscape implicates the multiple informative historic and contemporary personal, social, political, cultural, and
economic forces that inform how people think about and use (or eschew) food in various
spaces they inhabit“Adema (2009)
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Foodscape Studies are about
• Seeing relations • Getting the big picture (webs)• Having a single word• Analysing associtations• Making predictions
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The scape way of thinking is about
• Taking a viewpoint• Defining the viewer• Looking at interrelations• Looking at tangibles as well as intangibles
• Creating sense of coherence(Tangible, Comprehensible, Meaningfull)
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Example: hospital• Food service and Catering (kitchen)• Procurement (policies)• Clinical nutrition (ward)
• But it does not give the whole picture
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Example: Whole School Approach
Curricula/class room
School ethos
Food Service
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A practical approach: How can we analyse relations
Eater
Mediator
Food
Environment
Eater/Mediator
Food
Environment
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Theoretical frameworks are plentiful ..
• Health Belief Model• Stages of Change• Preceed/Proceed• TBP• SCT• Locus of Control• Self Determination Theory
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.. but tend to assume humans as econs
• Assume reflexive and cognitive pathways• Overlook autonomous ones
• Mental scapes• What others are doing• What environment do with you
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Social environment Women eat less when with men
Short communicationFood for thought. What you eat depends on your sex and eating companions Meredith E. Young, a, , Madison Mizzaua, Nga T. Maia, Abby Sirisegarama and Margo WilsonaaDepartment of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
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Cultural environment:Americans eat more than the Frenchs
http://www.ingenta.com/isis/searching/ExpandTOC/ingenta;jsessionid=bcm86nonkt8.circus?issue=infobike://bpl/psci/2003/00000014/00000005&index=10The ecology of eating: Smaller portion sizes in france than in the United States help explain theFrench paradoxPsychological Science, September 2003, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 450‐454(5)Rozin P.[1]; Kabnick K.[1]; Pete E.[1]; Fischler C.[2]; Shields C.[2][1] University of Pennsylvania and [2] CNRS, Paris, France
Rozin and his colleagues weighed portions at 11 comparable pairs of eateries in Paris and Philadelphia, including fast‐food outlets, pizzerias, ice cream parlors and a variety of ethnic restaurants. They found themean portion size across all Paris establishments was 277 grams, compared to a mean in Philadelphia of 346 grams ‐ 25 per cent more than in Paris
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Nudging – the third way?
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1 2 3
Individual
No family history 0 5 10
Motivation 0 5 10
Knowledge 0 5 10
Behaviour
Comply with guidelines
0 5 10
Environment
SocialSupportive friends
0 5 10
OrganisationalFood & NutrtionPolicy at school
0 5 10
PhysicalFV outlets
0 5 10
Health outcome
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Methodss in FoodScape StudiesHow to assess foodscapes
• GPS/GSM/WiFi/BT technology• Qualitative illustrative methods• Food ethnographic methods• Go along interviews• Observations
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Conclusion: foodscapes are well suited
• for capturing relations in complex webs • for seeing the big picture • for analysing associations between elements• in making predictions (probably) about health outcome in nutri‐spatial ensembles
• in capturing both human and non‐human agency• In assessing informants sense of coherence
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Thanks for your attentionThanks to my co workers
Sanne Sansolios
Janice Marie SorensonNadja FrederiksenMette V MikkelsenLise JustesenLaurits SkovKwabena OfeiChen HePernille Malberg DygMia Brandhøj
Sanne SansoliosSofie HusbyKwabena OfeiHenriette NicolaisenCamilla B ChristensenRikke NygårdSascha QvortrupDwi Budiningsari Sofia LourençoDorte RugeVolodja Epremian
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bemi@plan. aau.dk