Intro to Course
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Introduction
NEU257
Mammalian Neuroanatomy
•Introductions
•Structure of the course
• Course website
• Course structure
• Textbook
• Examinations
•Goals of course
• Two faces of neuroanatomy (space vs stuff in the space)
•Anatomy as organizational framework
•Anatomy as experimental discipline
Basic Mammalian Neuroanatomy Orientation
Maryann Martone, Ph. D.
1/6/09
Organization of the Nervous System
•CNS
•Brain
•Spinal cord
•PNS
•Somatic
•Autonomic
•Sympathetic
•Parasympathetic
•Enteric
•Gut motility and secretion
Directions
MedialLateralLateral
Direction Terms in Neuroanatomy
Rostral-Caudal: “Towards the beak and towards the tail”
Anterior-Posterior: “Towards the front and towards the back”
Dorsal-Ventral: “Towards the back or upper surface and towards the front or lower surface”
Superior-Inferior: “Towards the top and towards the bottom”
Medial-Lateral: “Towards the midline and away from the midline”
Proximal-Distal: “Towards the point of origin and away from the point of origin”
Afferent-Efferent: “Towards a center vs away from a center
Planes of Section
Coronal = frontal in human
Gray Matter Vs White Matter
Terms:
•Cortex vs Subcortical nuclei
•Nuclei vs Ganglia
Nissl vs Myelin Stain
Development of the Nervous System
Divisions of the Brain
The Ventricles
http://brainmuseum.org
Gyrus, Sulcus, Fissure
•Hemisphere: one of two regions of the brain defined by the medial plane (sometimes)
•Ipsilateral (same side)•Contralateral (opposite side)
Brainstem: Medulla, Pons, Midbrain
Cerebrum: Brain, left and right hemispheres + white matter; cerebral cortex
Cerebellum
Sylvian Fissure
Corpus Callosum
Callosum (L): hard, tough
Commissure vs decussation
More Gross Anatomy Terms
Subdivisions of white matter:
Fasciculus: L: bundle•bundle of nerve fibers (Wordnet)
Funiculus: L: cord•bundle of nerve fibers
Lemniscus: L: ribbon•ribbon-shaped bundle of nerve fibers
Peduncle: L: stalk•bundle of nerve fibers
Tract: group of axons
Brain names•Brain nomenclature has evolved over 100’s if not 1000’s of years
•It reflects a confusing set of conventions, some useful and some not, and often erroneously or narrowly applied, including:
•Quasi-evolutionary terms: neo-, paleo-, archi-
•Developmental: Telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon
•Functional: Motor cortex, sensory cortex, occulomotor nerve
•Directional: Dorsal funiculus, Dorsal-medial nucleus
•Descriptive (usually in Latin or Greek): amygdala, hippocampus, substantia nigra, substantia innominata, vagus nerve
•Proper names: Edinger-Westphal nucleus (Ludwig Edinger and Friedrich Otto Westphal);
•Many structures have multiple names and many anatomical concepts are poorly specified, inconsistently used or partially overlapping
•Brain nomenclature continues to befuddle neuroscientists and non-neuroscientists alike and has been a major impediment to neuroinformatics efforts
•“Space and stuff in the space”