Int’l Seminar on Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy The Korean High-Level Human Resourses...

Int’l Seminar on Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy

The Korean High-Level Human ResoursesDevelopment Strategy and

The Construction of Research Capacities

April 14, 2008

Prof. Se-Jung Oh

Dean, College of Natural Science

Seoul National University

Republic of Korea

2

Contents

1. Development of Korean Economy and its Current

Situation

2. Evolution of Korean National Innovation System

3. Progress of the Korean Human Resources

Development Strategy (especially on Doctorate

Level)

4. Summary and Concluding Remarks

3

1. Development of Korean Economy and

its Current Situation

4

Rapid Development of Korean Economy

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

18,000

20,000

1953

1955

1957

1959

1961

1963

1965

1967

1969

1971

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

Asian Currency Crisis

[ GNP per capita (1953 ~ 2006), nominal US $ ]

Source : The Bank of Korea, http://ecos.bok.or.kr

GNP per capita of Korea•Year 1953: $ 67/ yr

was one of the poorest countries in the world

•Year 2006: $ 18,372 & Year 2007: $ 20,050

5

Current Achievements of Korean Economy

Semiconductor•Dramatic achievement since 1981

10.7 % of global market share(’05)Ranked 3 rd following by U.S. and Japan (’06)

•Focused on DRAM memory marketProwess in process technology45.1 % of global market share(’06) (ranked 1st since 1992)Samsumg Electronics (29 %), Hynix (16 %)

Steel Industry

•Current position of Korean Steel industryRanked 5th (‘06) in production /year

Ranked 6th (’06) in export

POSCO ranked 5th, INI Steel Co. ranked 28th in production capa

6

Current Achievements of Korean Economy (Cont.)

Shipbuilding•Since 2004, Korea has been leading the industry

Korea (33.6%), Japan (32.2%), China (12.5%) (’04) by CGT (Compensated Gross Tonnage)

•Main products : LNG carrier, large-containership, oil tanker, FPSO (floating production storage offloading)

Japan, China : oil tanker, bulk carrier

Display Products•Global market share of the LCD market (’07)

Samsung Electronics(22.9%, rank 1st), LG Display(20.4%, rank 2nd)

•Global market share of the PDP market (’07)Samsung SDI(27.0%, rank 2nd), LG Electronics(26.0%, rank

3rd)

Automobile•5th in the world after U.S., Japan, China, Germany (’06)

7

2. Evolution of the Korean National Innovation System

8

Korean National Innovation System - Input

1969 1980 1990 2000 2006

R&D expenditure (B won) 9.8 211.7 3,210.5 13,848.5 27,345.7

- Public7.2

(73%)105.5 (50%)

510.8 (16%)

3,816.9 (28%)

6,632.1 (24%)

- Private1.8

(18%)102.4 (48%)

2,698.9 (84%)

10,023.4 (72%)

20,631.3 (75%)

- Foreign0.8 (8%)

3.8 (2%)

0.8 (0%)

8.2 (0%)

82.3 (0%)

Number of researchers 5,337 18,434 70,503 159,973 256,598

- Government Research Institutes (GRI’s)

2,413 (45%)

4,598 (25%)

10,434 (15%)

13,913 (9%)

16,771 (7%)

- University2,142 (40%)

8,695 (47%)

21,332 (30%)

51,727 (32%)

65,923 (26%)

- Private Industry782

(15%)5,141 (28%)

38,737 (55%)

94,333 (59%)

173,904 (68%)

R&D Expenditure and Number of Researchers per Year

9

Korean National Innovation System - Output

S&T Competitiveness, Patent, & SCI Papers　 1998 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Rank of National Competitiveness 1) 35th 37th 35th 29th 38th 29th

- Science 28th 16th 19th 15th 12th 7th

- Technology n.a. 27th 8th 2nd 6th 6th

Number of Patent Registration 2) 35,900 30,525 35,284 53,419 n.a. n.a.

- International Patent Application 3) -

2,949(8th)

3,558(7th)

4,688(6th)

5,935(5th)

n.a.

Number of SCI Paper9,843(16th)

18,830(14th)

19,328(14th)

23,089(14th)

23,286(13th)

n.a.　

- Average Citation Number

1.88(34th)

2.63(30th)

2.8(29th)

3.04(30th)

3.22(28th)

n.a.

1) IMD (International Institute for Management Development)2) WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization)3) PCT (Patent Cooperation Treaty)

10

Roles of the Korean Innovation Actors

Government

• Development of Science & Technology Infrastructure

• Established Korea Institute of Science & Technology (KIST) in 1966Established several GRIs as spin-offs from KIST in 70s and early 80sCreated Daedeok Science Town in 1978Established Korea Advanced Institute of Science (KAIS) in 1971

• Direct R&D support to Universities and GRIs

• Preferential finance and tax concessions for Industry R&D

University

• The rapid expansion of S&T human resource education

• Used to be more teaching-oriented than research-oriented in the past

• But recently emphasize basic & applied research and high-level human resource development (Doctorate level)

11

Role of the Korean Innovation Actors (Cont’d)

Government Research Institutes (GRI’s)

• Important role in industrial R&D in ‘60s and ‘70s

Helped firms to acquire foreign technology

Informally diffused technology thru reverse-engineering

Supplied experienced researchers for Industry

• Joint research & development with large firms

•Acts as the backbone of national R&D

Private Sectors

•Large firms established corporate R&D centers in the 1980s

Samsung, LG, Hyundai, and SK group, etc.

•SMEs started R&D activities rather slowly

12

Progress of Korean National Innovation SystemStage 1960s ~ 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000 ~ 2007

Per Capita GNP • $82 ~ $1,676 • $1,645 ~ $ 5,418 • $6,417 ~ $9,438 •$10,804 ~ $20,050

Major Industry

• Agriculture and Labor-intensive industry (Textile, Shoes, etc)

• heavy industry (Steel, Auto, Chemicals ,etc)

• Electronic and IT products

(Electric Appliances, Semiconductor etc)

• IT products and others

(Semiconductor, LCD, Auto, etc)

R & D Focus•Imitation of mature foreign technologies

•Imitation of mature, advanced foreign technologies

•Expansion of public R&D

•Development of growth engine technologies

Domestic R & D Situation

•Inadequacy of university & industry research

•Reliance on GRI’s

•Expansion of industry & university research

•Foundation of industry-led system•Expansion of university research

Government Policy on R & D

and Human Resource

Development

•Established KIST (1966) and other GRI’s

•Established KAIS (1973)

• Expansion of University System

• Rapid growth of Graduate Schools

•Emphasis on the Quality of Graduate Education and Research

• Globalization of University

• Foster Top-quality Research Univ.

HRD Policy on Doctorate Level

• Import from foreign countries

• Import as well as Domestic Training

•Foreign Training of Domestic Doctors

•Assimilation in the Global Market

13

3. Progress of the Korean Human Development

Strategy (especially on Doctorate Level)

14

Korean HRD Policies in 1960’s

Environments/Backgrounds•Per Capita GNP : $82 (’60) → $210 (’69)•Main Industry : Agriculture and Labor-intensive Industry (textile)•R & D focus : Imitation of Mature Foreign Technologies

Government Actions•Established the Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) in 1

966 (1st Government Research Institute)•Established the Ministry of Science and Technology at the cabinet lev

el (1967)•Emphasized training of technicians in high schools and 2-year college

s•Started Recruiting Program for Korean Scientists (Doctorate Level) wor

king in Foreign Countries (1968)Total of 29 Ph.D’s in Science and Engineering fields returned to Korea fro

m abroad in ’68-’69

15

Korean HRD Policies in 1960’s (Cont’d)

Situation of Higher-Education (Universities and Graduate Schools)

•Focused more on Undergraduate Education than Research in general•Research capability of universities was inadequate•But the number of 4-year Universities was increased from 48(’62) to 6

8 (’69)The number of graduate schools was increased from 25 (’62) to 60 (’69)

•Manpower production in Science and Engineering fields was smallIn 1969, only 4,863 bachelors, 301 masters and 35 Ph.D’s were produce

d altogether from Korean universities

The number of Students going abroad to study Science and Engineering fields increased from ~ 400 (’60) to ~ 600 (’69)

16


Environments/Backgrounds•Per Capita GNP : $254 (’70) → $1,676 (’79)•Main Industry : Light Industry (textile, shoes, etc) and some chemical i

ndustry•R & D focus : Imitation of Mature Foreign Technologies

Government Actions•Established the Korea Advanced Institute of Science (KAIS) in 1971

(US-style Graduate school in Science and Engineering Fields)•Established several GRI’s (Atomic Energy, National Standards, Ocean

Research)•Established the Korean Science and Engineering Foundation (KOSEF) t

o support basic research in universities (1977)•Expanded manpower training in engineering schools, especially in elec

trical, mechanical and chemical engineering departments

17


• Started national scholarship program for sending students abroad for the graduate study (1977)

Until 2001, altogether 1,717 students received this national scholarship, mostly in science and engineering fields.

• Actively pursued Recruiting Program for Korean Scientists (Doctorate Level) working in Foreign Countries

Total of 454 Ph.D’s in Science and Engineering fields returned to Korea from abroad in ’70-’79

Situation of Higher-Education (Universities and Graduate Schools)• Rapid Expansion of Students in Science and Engineering fields both in underg

raduate and graduate levels (see Fig.1)• However, Research capability of most universities was still quite limited, exce

pt KAIS which received special government support

The number of Students going abroad to study Science and Engineering fields also increased quite rapidly from ~ 600 (’70) to ~ 1,200 (’79)

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Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig 1. Production of Bachelors in S&E fields from Domestic Universities in 1970's

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980

B.S. in Science fields B.S. in Engineering fields

19

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig 2. Production of Masters and Ph.D's in S&E fields from Domestic Universities in 1970's

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980

M.S. (Science) Ph.D (Science) M.S. (Engineering) Ph.D (Engineering)

20


Environments/Backgrounds• Per Capita GNP : $1,645 (’80) → $5,418 (’89)• Main Industry : Heavy Industry (Steel, Auto, Ship-building, Chemicals, etc)• R & D focus : Imitation of Mature, Advanced Foreign Technologies

Government Actions• Established several more GRI’s (Machinery and Materials, Electronics and Tel

ecommunications, Geology, etc) in 1981• Established Pohang University of Science and Technology (by POSCO, a steel

company) in 1986• Established Basic Science Promotion Law and Korea Basic Science Institute i

n 1988• Established four Science High Schools for Gifted Students (’83, ’84)• Introduced the military-duty exemption system for science and engineering stu

dents and researchers (1981)• Expanded 4-year colleges and universities greatly, especially in science and e

ngineering fields, while reducing government support for vocational schools training technicians

21


• Started post-doc training program in foreign countries for Ph.D’s who obtained degree in science and engineering fields from domestic universities (KOSEF, 1982)

On the average, 50 – 200 post-doc’s were trained in foreign countries every year • Started “Brain-Pool” program inviting foreign experts to Korea permanently or f

or a limited time (KOSEF, 1982)On the average, about 100 foreign Ph.D’s visited Korea every year utilizing this progr

am Situation of Higher-Education (Universities and Graduate Schools)

• Rapid Expansion of Students in Science and Engineering fields both in undergraduate and graduate levels (see Fig.3)

• Research capability of several universities were also greatly improved during this period

• The number of Masters and Ph.D’s in Science and Engineering fields produced from domestic universities increased quite rapidly (see Fig.4)

The number of Students going abroad to study Science and Engineering fields also increased quite rapidly (see Fig.5)

22

Fig. 1

Fig. 2


0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

B.S. in Science B.S. in Engineering

23

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig 4. Production of Masters and Ph.D's in S & E fields from Domestic Universities in 1980's

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990


24

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig 5. Number of Students studying abroad in Science and Engineering Fields

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999

2계열

25

Korean HRD Policies in 1990’s Environments/Backgrounds

• Per Capita GNP : $6,147 (’90) → $9,438 (’99)• Main Industry : Electronic and IT Products (Electrical Appliances, Semiconduct

ors, Computers), and others (Auto, Ship-building, etc)• R & D focus : Develop Advanced Technologies • R&D activities of private industries were greatly increased (see Fig.6)• Demand for Ph.D was greatly increased (see Fig.7)

Government Actions• Established Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) in 1993• Enacted “Special Law for Promotion of Science and Technology” in 1997• Established Korea Academy of Science and Technology (KAST) and National A

cademy of Engineering of Korea (NAEK) in 1994• Expanded graduate schools greatly, especially in science and engineering fiel

ds• Special Government Program to support Engineering Schools (’94-98)• Special Government Program to support Graduate schools in science and engi

neering fields (1995-2000)• Started evaluation system of universities for education and research (1992) • Started Science/engineering Research Centers (SRC/ERC) in universities (sup

ported group of professors with good research record for 9 years) in 1990 (KOSEF)

26

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig 6. Trend in the working sectors of Korean researchers

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

180000

1976 1981 1986 1991 1996

GRI University Industry

27

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

180000

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Ph.D Master Bachelor Others

Fig 7. Trend in the composition of Korean researchers

28


• Exemption of military-duty for science and engineering doctoral students and researchers

• Continued post-doc training program in foreign countries for Ph.D’s who obtained degree in science and engineering fields from domestic universities (KOSEF)

On the average, 200 – 300 post-doc’s were trained in foreign countries every year • Continued “Brain-Pool” program inviting foreign experts to Korea permanently

or for a limited time (KOSEF)On the average, about 100 foreign Ph.D’s visited Korea every year utilizing this progr

am

Situation of Higher-Education (Universities and Graduate Schools)• Slight increase of Students in Science and Engineering fields in undergraduat

e level (see Fig. 8)• More Rapid increase of Graduate students in science and engineering fields

(see Fig.9)• Research capability of universities were also greatly improved during this peri

od (see Fig.10)

The number of Students going abroad to study Science and Engineering fields also increased rapidly (see Figure 5)

29

Fig. 1

Fig. 2


0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000


30

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig 9. Production of Masters and Ph.D's in S & E fields from Domestic Universities in 1990's

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999


32

Korean HRD Policies in 2000’s Environments/Backgrounds

• Per Capita GNP : $10,804 (’00) → $20,050 (’07)• Main Industry : IT Products (Semiconductors, Cellular phones,

LCD), and others (Auto, Ship-building, etc)• R & D focus : Develop Cutting-edge Technologies • University R & D capabilities were greatly improved (see Fig. 11,

Fig. 12)

Government Actions• Started “Brain Korea 21” project to create world-class research

universities (1st phase :1999 – 2005, 2nd phase : 2006 -2012). This project supports graduate students tuition and stipend, especially in science and engineering fields.

• Emphasized “Quality” of graduate education and academic research

• Emphasized “Globalization” in the university education and research

• Started “Creative Research Initiative”, which supports ~ 1 million USD annually to young and creative researchers up to 9 years

• Strengthen evaluation system of universities, both in education and research

33

0.961.13

1.71

2.03 2.08

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

1997 1998 2002 2005 2006

(%)국가별논문수합계기준세계점유율

Fig. 11 Number of SCI papers produced in Korea

34

순위 대학명 논문수 순위 대학명 논문수 순위 대학명 논문수 순위 대학명 논문수

1 HARVARD- UNIV 10,200 11J OHNS- HOPKINS-UNIV

4,718 21 UNIV- CAMBRIDGE 4,193 31 OHIO- STATE- UNIV 3,674

2 UNIV- TOKYO 6,768 12UNIV- MINNESOTA-MINNEAPOLIS

4,452 22UNIV- CALIF- SAN-FRANCISCO

4,185 32 SEOUL- NATL- UNIV 3,635

3UNIV- CALIF- LOS-ANGELES

5,864 13UNIV- CALIF- SAN-DIEGO

4,445 23 COLUMBIA- UNIV 4,117 33 UNIV- SAO- PAULO 3,620

4 UNIV- TORONTO 5,710 14 UNIV- PITTSBURGH 4,425 24 DUKE- UNIV 4,059 34UNIV- BRITISH-COLUMBIA

3519

5UNIV- MICHIGAN, ANN- ARBOR

5,686 15 OSAKA- UNIV 4,339 25 TOHOKU- UNIV 3,991 35 MCGILL- UNIV 3,429

6UNIV- WASHINGTON-SEATLE

5,686 16UNIV- WISCONSIN-MADISON

4,329 26 UNIV- OXFORD 3,991 36PENN- STATE- UNIV-UNIV- PARK

3,338

7 UNIV- ILLINOIS 5,170 17 UNIV- CALIF- DAVIS 4,268 27

UNIV- LONDON-IMPERIAL- COLL-SCI- TECHNOL- &-MED*

3,936 37 NORTHWESTERN- UNIV3,328

8 STANFORD- UNIV 5,017 18UNIV- CALIF-BERKELEY*

4,261 28 YALE- UNIV 3,901 38WASHINGTON- UNIV-ST- LOUIS

3,324

9 KYOTO- UNIV* 4,954 19 UNIV- FLORIDA 4,217 29UNIV- CAROLINA-CHAPEL-MINNEAPOLIC

3,853 39 UNIV- COLL- LONDON 3,189

10 UNIV- PENN 4,823 20 CORNELL- UNIV 4,199 30 MIT 3,728 40UNIV- ILLINOIS-URBANA- CHAMPAIGN

3,030

Fig. 12 Top 40 Universities in the World in the Number of SCI Publications (Year 2006)

35


• Exemption of military-duty for science and engineering doctoral students and researchers

• Continued post-doc training program in foreign countries for Ph.D’s who obtained degree in science and engineering fields from domestic universities (KOSEF)

On the average, 200 – 300 post-doc’s were trained in foreign countries every year • Continued “Brain-Pool” program inviting foreign experts to Korea permanently

or for a limited time (KOSEF)On the average, about 100 foreign Ph.D’s visited Korea every year utilizing this progr

am

Situation of Higher-Education (Universities and Graduate Schools)• The number of Students in Science and Engineering fields in undergraduate l

evel stays almost constant in the last 5 years (see Fig. 13)• Graduate students in science and engineering fields also maintained about t

he same level (see Fig.14)• Research capability of universities continued to improve during this period

The number of Students going abroad to study somewhat increased

36

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Figure 3 and 4


0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006


37

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig 14. Production of Masters and Ph.D's in S & E fields from Domestic Universities in 2000‘s

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006


38

4. Summary and Concluding Remarks

39

Summary and Concluding Remarks Korea relied on foreign universities for training Ph.D’s until around

~1980• Actively recruited Korean Ph.D’s trained in foreign countries to set up research

capabilities of government laboratories and universities • Established government research institutes (GRI’s) to concentrate the limited

manpower and research fund, instead of distributing them to many universities

• These GRI’s performed most of R $ D in Korea, and helped industries to catch up with advanced technology of foreign countries

Korean government expanded domestic graduate schools and actively supported their research from ~1980

• Korean government introduced many measures such as the exemption of military duty for graduate students in domestic universities

• Established grant systems to university professors to encourage research and the training of high level manpower

• Domestic universities started to produce increasing number of Ph.D’s in science and engineering fields in response to the need of private industry

• However, the number of students studying abroad also increased somewhat, and Kroean government and industry maintained recruiting program for Korean scientists and engineers (Doctorate Level) trained in foreign countries

40

Thank youfor your attention !

Se-Jung Oh, Ph. D.

Tel. +82-2-880-6500

E-mail: [email protected]

Int’l Seminar on Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy The Korean High-Level Human Resourses...

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