Interpretation of Soil and Water Tests ... - Turfgrass ScienceSalinity Tolerance of Turfgrasses...
Transcript of Interpretation of Soil and Water Tests ... - Turfgrass ScienceSalinity Tolerance of Turfgrasses...
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Interpretation of Soil and Water Tests for Salt-related
Problems
Glen ObearResearch Technologist
University of Nebraska-Lincoln
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PhD Project
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Why should we test irrigation water?• Diagnose current problems
• Predict future problems
• Nutrients
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Collecting a Water Sample
• Take sample from irrigation head on the golf course
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Collecting a Water Sample
• Take sample from irrigation head on the golf course
• Fill container all the way to top
• Seal tightly
• Send to lab the same day you collected
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Three Main Problems
1. Salinity
2. Sodicity
3. Toxicity
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Three Main Problems
1. Salinity
2. Sodicity
3. Toxicity
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Salinity is an available water issue: Water deficit
• Salt concentrations in the soil solution are high enough to limit water uptake
• Soluble salts accumulate on foliage and cause tissue damage
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Osmotic Potential: Low Salinity Water
Plant Root
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+H20+
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Soil Solution
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Osmotic Potential: High Salinity Water
Plant Root
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H20
Soil Solution
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Electrical Conductivity
• ECe (electrical conductivity of soil extract)
• ECw (electrical conductivity of water)
•Units: 1 dS/m = 1 mmhos/cm
Probes can also be used to measure soil or water EC – if measuring in soil it’s important to only measure EC around field capacity
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Salinity Hazard of Irrigation Water (ECw)
Salinity Hazard Comments
Westcot and
Ayers
(1985)
EC - dS / m
Low No detrimental effects on plants or soils are
expected.
<0.75
Medium Salt stress may occur on sensitive plants,
preventable with moderate leaching.
0.75 – 1.50
High Salt stress on most plants, leaching and good
drainage necessary.
1.50 – 3.00
Very High Unacceptable for most plants, good drainage,
frequent leaching required.
> 3.00
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Salinity Hazard of Irrigation Water (ECw)
Salinity Hazard
Westcot and
Ayers
(1985)
EC - dS / m
Low <0.75
Medium 0.75 – 1.50
High 1.50 – 3.00
Very High > 3.00 ECw: 0.567 dS / m
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Salinity Tolerance of Turfgrasses(Soil EC Guidelines; ECe)
Sensitivity Turfgrass Species EC at which
symptoms
may appear
in soil
Sensitive annual bluegrass, colonial
bentgrass, Kentucky
bluegrass, rough bluegrass,
velvet bentgrass
3 dS m-1
Moderately
sensitive
creeping bentgrass, fine fescues 3 – 6 dS m-1
Moderately
tolerant
perennial ryegrass, tall fescue 6 – 10 dS m-1
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Key Points: Salinity
• Salinity is an available water issue (i.e., water deficit)
• Water Salinity: ECw
• Soil Salinity: ECe
• Different turf species have different soil EC thresholds
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Management of Salinity
• Leaching • Keep salts moving downwards
• Leaching Requirement• How much extra water do we need to apply to remove
salts?
• Frequent irrigation better than deep, infrequent for salinity problems
• Monitor soil salinity periodically
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Three Main Problems
1. Salinity
2. Sodicity
3. Toxicity
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Sodicity is a soil permeability issue
• When soils have high Na+ content relative to Ca2+
and Mg2+, soil permeability decreases
• Large pores collapse into smaller pores
• Pore continuity decreases
• Drainage and water infiltration rates decrease
• Soil hardness increases
• Soil oxygen decreases, soil moisture increases
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Soil is an open fabric
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Sodium Swells/Disperses ClayClay no longer “sticky”
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Sodium Swells/Disperses ClayClay no longer “sticky”
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What about sand-based putting greens?
• Sodium only a potential issue for fine-textured soils containing clay
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Evaluating Sodicity in Soil
Sodium Hazard Comments
Exchangeable Sodium
Percentage (ESP)
Low
Soil structure not negatively
affected by sodium < 15
High
Permeability restricted due to high
degree of exchangeable sodium > 15
Varies by soil type (clay content, organic matter content, etc.)
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Evaluating Sodicity in Water
• Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR):
2
MgCa
NaSAR
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Permeability Hazard of Irrigation Water
Sodium
Hazard Comments
Sodium Adsorption
Ratio of Water
(SAR)
Low Can be used to irrigate almost all
soils without structure
deterioration.
< 10
Medium Permeability hazard on fine-textured
soils with high CEC. Best used on
soils with good drainage.
10 - 18
High Structure deterioration and
infiltration reduced on most soils.
Intensive management required.
18 - 26
Very High Generally unacceptable for irrigation. > 26
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Permeability Hazard of Irrigation Water
Sodium
Hazard
SAR
Low < 10
Medium 10 - 18
High 18 - 26
Very
High
> 26SAR: 1.6
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Adjusted SAR
• Calcium precipitates with carbonate (calcite)
• Sodium increases relative to calcium and magnesium
• Inflates SAR
• Attempts to predict future hazard
2
MgCa
NaSAR
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Key Points: Sodicity• Sodicity is a soil permeability issue
• SAR is an irrigation water parameter
• ESP is a soils parameter
• Beware of SARadj
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Management of Sodic Soils
• Gypsum (CaSO4)
• Ca2+ replaces Na+ on exchange sites• Higher positive charge = more affinity, stronger attraction
to negatively-charged exchange sites
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Three Main Problems
1. Salinity
2. Sodicity
3. Toxicity
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Primary Toxic Elements
• Sodium (Na+) and Chloride (Cl-)• Turf much less sensitive than ornamentals
• More concerned about amount in irrigation water rather than soil (contact with foliage)
• Boron (B)• KBG is sensitive at 2-4 mg/kg (ppm) in soil
• Other grasses sensitive to B at 6-10 ppm
• Water levels should be below 1 ppm
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Nutrients in Irrigation Water
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N added through irrigation
1 ft irrigation´1000 ft2 =1000 ft3waterapplied
1000 ft3irrigation´28.3168L
ft3= 28,316.8Lirrigationapplied
M
Nlb
g
lb
mg
g
L
Nmg
M
irrigationL 6.1
59.453
1
1000
1258.316,28
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Simplified Formula
lbsnutrient added
M=mgnutrient
L´0.0624´ ft irrigationapplied
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Calcium Interpretation Example
• “Soluble calcium is less than desirable”• Calcium reserves in the soil are inadequate to provide
the desirable amount of soluble Ca2+
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Recommendation: Apply foliar calcium
• Liquid calcium chelate• 8.0% calcium
• Apply at 6 oz/M
• Assume 1 gallon weighs 10 lbs
• 128 oz per gallon
How much Ca2+ per 1000 ft2?
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Foliar calcium
2
22
2 1000
0375.0
1
08.010
128
1
1000
6
ft
Calb
productlb
Calb
gal
lb
oz
gal
ft
productoz
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Irrigation water
• 70 ppm (mg/L) calcium in irrigation water at golf course
How much Ca2+ is applied per M with 0.1 inches of irrigation?
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How much Ca2+ from irrigation?lbsnutrient added
M=mgnutrient
L´0.0624´ ft irrigationapplied
M
Calbs
ftL
Camg
2
2
0364.0
0083.00624.070
vs. 0.0375 lbs Ca2+ / M from foliar calcium
0.1inches´1 ft
12inches= 0.0083 ft water applied
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• Realistic Scenario: Apply foliar calcium twice a month, apply 2 inches of irrigation per month. How much Ca2+ from foliar calcium, how much Ca2+ from irrigation water?
• Foliar calcium: 0.075 lbs Ca2+ / M
• Irrigation: 0.728 lbs Ca2+ / M
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Bicarbonate:Real Problem or Myth?
“Bicarbonates will build up and the soil surface will become sealed restricting air and water movement.”
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• Irrigated with water high in bicarbonate for 2.5 years
• No leaching, high ET
• No physical disruption of the soil surface
No negative effects on infiltration
No sealing, crust, or layers formed
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Algae
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Test irrigation water
• Diagnose current problems, predict future problems• Salinity
• Sodicity
• Toxicity
• Nutrients
• Bicarbonate
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Wayne Kussow Graduate Fellowship
Wisconsin Turfgrass Association
Dr. Bill Kreuser
Dr. Doug Soldat
Dr. Chris Williamson
Acknowledgements