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fUarkie s Illustrated 03reck Series

EDITED BY R. Y. TYRRELL, Lrrr.D., D.C.L.

Fellow of Trinity College and late Regius Professor of

Greek in the University ofDublin

PLATO S CRITO

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M 809

PLATOFrom the bronze bust in Naples Musei

THE

CRITO OF PLATO

EDITED BY

A. S. OWEN, M.A.ASSISTANT MASTER AT CHELTENHAM COLLEGE, FORMERLY

SCHOLAR OF NEW COLLEGE, OXFORD

LONDONBLACKIE & SON, LIMITED, 50 OLD BAILEY, F.C.

GLASGOW AND DUBLIN

1903

I.:. .. (

;

f(

11. U O t> c Ji

PREFACE

IT is difficult to say anything that has not yet been said

with regard to a classic that has been so often and so

well edited as the Crito, and I am fully conscious that

there is little in this book that has not been said

previously by other editors, such as Stallbaum, Wagner,

Adam, Stock, and Keene. I must here express

gratefully my indebtedness to these editors;

that I

do not in each place acknowledge the assistance

that I have obtained from their books is due to the

size and character of this edition and not to anydesire to claim originality for views or illustrations

which are derived from them.

It is hoped that the notes on particles may be

helpful ; they are not intended to be exhaustive, but

rather to emphasise the importance of giving their

proper force in translation. To ignore the particlesin Greek is a common and fatal mistake of otherwise

careful students, and scarcely any author suffers as

much as Plato by such neglect of scholarship.The text adopted is practically that in Adam s

edition (Pitt Press), with very slight alterations.

A. S. O.

CHELTENHAM,

August 1902.

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTIONPAGE

1. Life of Plato ix

2. Trial and Death of Socrates xi

3. The Crito ........ xv

THE CRITO i

NOTES 29

APPENDIX A CRITICAL NOTES 57

APPENDIX B NOTES ON PARTICLES . . . .61APPENDIX C EXTRACT FROM JOWETT S TRANSLATION 68

EXERCISES ON THE TEXT 69

INDEX 73

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

BUST OF PLATO Frontispiece

PAGE

ROCK - DWELLING AT ATHENS CALLED PRISON OF

SOCRATES xiii

SUNIUM i

BUST OF SOCRATES facing 6

YOUTHS PRACTISING ATHLETIC EXERCISES UNDER A

wcuSoT/H/fys ...... facing IO

SCENE IN AN ATTIC SCHOOL . . . facing 18

OLYMPIA (RKSTORED) 21

5i0&?/m 24

CORYBANTES ......... 26

vii

INTRODUCTION1. Life of Plato

PLATO was born in Aegina probably in 427 B.C. His

real name was Aristocles, and he won the name bywhich he is known to us either from his broad forehead

or from the broadness of his shoulders, developed bythe training of the gymnasium in which he was early

an adept. Tradition further makes him a winner at

the Isthmian games. His is probably the best known

case, except, perhaps, Voltaire, where a sobriquet has

quite replaced the real name of a man (for Homer maybe the name of a syndicate, and assumed names like

Boz and Elia have not made us forget the real namesof the authors). A truer comparison is afforded by the

instances of some of the Italian painters ; comparativelyfew are intimate with the names of Allegri, Vannucci, or

Robusti, to whom the names and pictures of Correggio,

Perugino, or Tintoretto are well known. So Aristocles,

the son of Ariston, began to be known in his own lifetime,

and has continued ever since to be known, as Plato.

The certain facts of his life are very few;his genuine

works give us no information about himself; his nameoccurs only once in the dialogues (the Apology}. His

youth and early manhood were spent in the troublous

times of the Peloponnesian War, and he may like a

good citizen have taken part in the fighting, as his

brothers Glaucon and Adeimantus did. But we hearof him as a would-be poet, and certain graceful epigrams

X CRITO

survive to this day which bear his name in the Greek

Anthology. He even was the author of a Tragic

Tetralogy which was to be performed at the Dionysia.But poetry was not to be his career

;an event occurred

(probably in 407) which made him burn his poems he

met Socrates. He now became the studious and dutiful

disciple of the extraordinary teacher;he was with him

at his trial, and suggested to Socrates to propose the

counter-assessment of 30 minae which he and his friends

were to pay. With the death of his master he felt that

Athens was no place for him, and made his way to

Megara, where he stayed with the philosopher Eucleides,like him a disciple of Socrates. From here he travelled

to Cyrene and Egypt, returning to Athens about 394.His extensive journeyings are a marked contrast to the

conduct of Socrates who would scarcely go beyond the

city walls, and never left Athens except at the call of

military duty. Plato s travels took him through MagnaGraecia, where he came in contact with the Pythagorean

philosophers, and about 387 B.C. he paid his first visit

to Sicily ;here under the auspices of Dion he was

introduced to the tyrant of Syracuse, the elder Dionysius.But his views were unpalatable to the despot, whocontrived that he should be sold as a slave in the

market of Aegina, his native island. He almost methis end from the violence of the inhabitants who were

mad with rage against the Athenians. From this

dangerous position he was rescued by one Anniceris,

an Athenian, who ransomed him;on his return to

Athens he founded his great school in the grove of

Academus, beyond the Dipylon gate to the north-west

of Athens.

Here he had among his pupils the most brilliant

intellects of Athens, or, in fact, of Greece Aristotle,

Demosthenes, Lycurgus, and others;but it was a small

and exclusive band we are told how even the brilliant

Eudoxus was repelled when he would have been a

pupil, and the abstruseness of the lecturer s discourses

INTRODUCTION XT

was not calculated to enlist the attention of any but

the most enthusiastic followers. This period is inter

rupted by two visits to the court of the younger

Dionysius (probably in 367 and 361), but they were

as unfortunate as the first visit to Sicily, and the ardour

which the young Platonists evinced for the cause of

Dion did good neither to Plato nor Dion. Plato died

in 347 at the age of eighty, according to tradition

ending his days peacefully at a marriage feast.

Probable dates of Plato s life :

B.C.

Born ......... 427Met Socrates ....... 407Trial and death of Socrates ..... 399Plato travels to Megara, Cyrene, and Egypt . . 399~394First visit to Sicily 387

Opens School of Academy ..... 386Second visit to Sicily ...... 367Third visit to Sicily 361Death of Plato 347

2. Trial and Death of Socrates

The end of the Peloponnesian War, bringing the

downfall of Athens, was marked by a strong and not

unnatural reaction against the popular party, associated

as it was in men s minds with the humiliation of the

city. But the excesses of the oligarchs under Critias

led to their speedy overthrow, and under Thrasybulus,

and, among others, Anytus, the democracy was re

established. The moderation and good sense with

which the democrats marked their triumph were the

marvel of historians, but unfortunately were not lasting,

and in 399 B.C. we find the best and wisest of the

Greeks made the object of an attack in the law-courts

and sentenced to death.

The accusers were Meletus, a young tragic poet,

Anytus,1 a commercial man and a politician, and Lycon,

1Anyti reus, Hor. S. II. iv. 3.

Xll CRITO

a rhetorician. Meletus is ostensibly the leader of the

prosecution, but really it was Anytus who was felt to

be the inspiring force. He was an honest enough manin his way, who felt, no doubt, that the teacher of such

foes of democracy as Critias and Alcibiades was a

danger to the constitution which his own efforts haddone so much to restore

;he also had a private wrong

to redress, for Socrates had been getting hold of his

son and teaching him that there were higher and better

things in the world than following his father s professionof leather-selling. Meletus as a poet and Lycon as a

rhetorician might feel bound to stand up for the dignityof their professions, for Socrates had exposed to ridicule

especially those who could not give an account of the

principles on which they conducted their own professions.

The charges brought against Socrates l were that he

was guilty of wrongdoing in corrupting the young, and

in teaching disbelief in the gods accepted by the city,

and in introducing new divinities. Such truth as lay

in the indictment lay in its last clause, and referred to

Socrates belief in the mysterious Sai/Jioviov or super-

naturarmonitor in his own breast, which prevented himfrom taking certain courses of action. But in religious

observance Socrates was most punctilious, and the value

of the accusation that he corrupted the young might be

tested by such passages as the I3th chapter of the

Crito.

The trial took place in one of the ordinary courts of

the Heliaea, and was an dywf TI/^TOS (to be assessed ),

i.e. there was no definite penalty, but the court had

to decide not only as to the guilt or innocence of the

accused, but, if guilty, what penalty he should undergo.There is little doubt that if Socrates had suggested some

penalty like exile, the court would have gladly accepted

it, but by proposing either that he should be kept at the

public expense in the Prytaneum or should pay a fine

of 30 minae he secured his doom, and by a majority of

1Apol. 24 B.

INTRODUCTION xiii

sixty was not only found guilty, but was sentenced to

drink the hemlock.

The death sentence could not be immediately carried

into effect, for the garlands had just been placed uponthe sacred vessel which was to pay its annual pilgrimage

Rock-dwelling at Athens called Prison of Socrates.

to Delos, and until its return no state criminal could be

executed. On this occasion the ship was absent for

thirty days, and just before its return Crito paid the

visit recorded in this dialogue to urge for the last time

that Socrates should escape. Socrates gave as his

answer his ideal of the duty of a good citizen, andrefused to break the city s laws. The closing scene of

his life is described in the final chapters of the Phaedo,the dialogue which records his last discourse with his

friends, when he reasoned to them on the immortalityof the soul. Himself the only unmoved member of

that little gathering, in which the very jailer could not

repress his emotion, he drank the poison cup cheerfully,and grew gradually numb till his death. His last words

were, Crito, we owe a cock to Asclepius ;for to

him death came as a Healer, and his gratitude was to

be shown to the God of Healing.If the authors of Socrates death hoped to stamp out

the spirit of Socrates teaching, no step that they could

have taken would less have secured that result. The

martyrdom of their master stimulated his disciples to

carry on his work;Socrates in fact became almost a

sacred symbol, and many new ideas not included in his

teaching gained their popularity by being attributed to that

revered name. The democracy that had condemned himsoon repented ;

and good reason had they to repent, for

by the execution of the teacher they had given vitality to

his teaching, which, when carried to its natural con

clusion, inculcated a cosmopolitanism which cut at the

very root of the institutions of the city state.

But however great our admiration for the greatestof the Christians before Christ, we must not shut our

eyes to the fact that there was something to justify the

conduct of the democracy. Re-established in a tenure

of power which they could by no means feel to be

secure, they might well fear the influence of one whocensured such a cherished democratic institution as

election by lot. Were they to choose between Anytusand Socrates Anytus the champion of the gloriousrevolution of a few years back, and Socrates the friend

or the teacher of that very Critias against whose im

moderate rule that revolution was directed, or of that

Alcibiades who had conspired against their cherished

constitution ? At such a time a questioning spirit was

dangerous ; heterodoxy was almost treason;and when

INTRODUCTION XV

they saw this strange teacher and his disciples criticising

ideas and institutions which seemed first principles to

them, they would feel that indeed these men had set

the world upside down, and feeling so would do their

best to remove the danger from their midst.

3. The Crito

This dialogue goes closely with the Euthyphro,

Apology, and Phaedo, all of which deal with the trial

and death of Socrates, coming as the third in what is

the only real tetralogy of Plato s works, the attemptsto group the others in the same way being somewhat

fanciful. We have no evidence as to the date of its

composition, but merely know that it must have followed

the Apology, for there are allusions J in it to passagesin the Apology ; if it is asserted that the references

may be not to Plato s account of Socrates defence but

to the actual defence itself, it can be replied that the

references in the Crito do not tally with the defence

as recorded by Xenophon.The dialogue is so simple and direct that it needs

no analysis. The scene is Socrates prison ;the time

is the day before the arrival of the sacred vessel whosereturn to Athens will be the signal for the execution

of the condemned man. The speakers are Socrates

and his rich friend Crito, who has arranged for his

escape, and urges the claims of children and friends

upon Socrates, who refuses to comply, on account of

the obedience which as a loyal Athenian he owes the

state. The attitude that he here adopts is the best

possible defence of Socrates against the charges levelled

at him. He, condemned to death for a supposeddisregard of the observances of his country, not only

enjoins obedience to the laws, but is ready to die rather

than disobey them, even by a breach which it is clear

would have been sanctioned by the current opinion of

1 See Crito 45 B, 52 c ; and cf. Apol. 37 D and 37 B, c.

xvi CRITO

the respectable people of his time. He, accused of

corrupting the youth of Athens, sets before them an

ideal of political virtue that has never been superseded.To him residence in a state under the protection of a

state is equivalent to a compact to obey the laws of

that state. Hut Socrates was aware of the objectionthat might be urged : how if you disapprove of the

laws ? Then it is the duty of the citizen to try to getthe law altered

;it is not his place to disregard it as

long as it is there. He has the alternative7}

Trei^eiv

V)TTOULV. But to Socrates his continued residence is

a ratification of his approval.

Socrates, so far from adopting an attitude antagonistic to the laws, is their heartiest champion, and a

martyr for their cause. He felt that the injustice of

his sentence was due to the men who misinterpretedthe laws, not to the laws themselves. Twice in his

career he had set an example himself of heroic championship of law and justice, and his death was to be the

final and triumphant vindication of his life and teaching.The dramatic power of Plato presents us with a new

Apologia, but it is not Socrates that is on his defence,

it is the laws of Athens who are on their defence, and

by a powerful piece of imagination are made to pleadin their own person ; they plead against a great wrongthat may be done them, if Crito and his friends carrythe day and induce Socrates to escape, and they pleadso successfully that Crito can find no answer.

Next to this idea which pervades the Crito, the idea

of the absolute obedience which the true citizen owes

to the laws of his fatherland, to which he must be

faithful unto death, the feature of the dialogue which

most arrests our attention is Socrates attitude towards

popular opinion. The many will say so and so is

to him no argument. The opinion of the one man whoknows is worth far more than the opinion of the manywho do not know. If we suffer from any ailment wedo not regard the advice of the multitude who know

(M 941 )

INTRODUCTION XV11

nothing about medicine, but we follow the directions

of the medical expert. Why, then, in moral questions,

asks Socrates, should we consider the force of public

opinion ? We should rather follow the direction of

the one man who knows, the</DOI I/XOS,

as Aristotle

calls him. It is the old war that in artistic matters

is waged between critic and public. Socrates would

feel with Verdi

When at his worst opera s end

(The thing they gave at Florence what s its name ?)

While the mad houseful s plaudits near out-bangHis orchestra of salt-box, tongs, and bones,He looks through all the roarings and the wreaths,Where sits Rossini patient in his stall.

1

An opinion is not made right because many hold it.

Weight is not numbers. The many may be able to

condemn to death, but they have no inexpugnableclaim to Tightness of opinion. Vox populi is vox

Populi.

1Browning, Bishop Blougram s Apology, which, it must be

remembered, was written before Verdi s greatest works.

(M941)

Sunium.

KPITQN[rt nept npAKTeoY* HGIKOC]

TA TOT AIAAOrOT JIPOZflllA

SflKPATHS, KPITON

I

Crito appears in the prison where Socrates is confined, and tells him that the sacred vessel hasbeen sighted at Sunium on its way back fromDelos.

, w Kpirtov ;Ti Tijm/cdSe

ov Trpto ert eariv ;

KP. TLdwjj,ev ovv

2 IIAATONOS I 43 A

s KP. *Op0po? fiaOvs.

ztta>, 07T&>9 rjOeKrjde o~oi o TOV

iov<f)i>\aj;

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. Apri Se rj/ceis rj 7rd\ai ;

KP. ETTtet/cw? TraXat.

SO. Etra 7TW9 ou/c ev0vs eTrtfyeipd? fie, BaXXa 0*^7/7 7raparcd07]crai, ;

is KP. Ou /xa rbv Ata, w %a)KpaTes ouS az/

aura? ii9e\ov ev ToaavTr) re dypVTrvla Kal

\VTry elvai. dXXa /cat croO iraXai

alo-0avo/jivo<;, 009 7;8e<y9 KaOev&ew K

ae OVK tfyeipov, iva &>9 ^Sierra 8id<yr)<;.

20 7roXXa/a9 yu-e^ 8?; ere /cat irpoTepov ev

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eV r^ ^uz/ Trapeo-Tcoarj av^fyopa, 0)9

2n. Kal 7^ az^, w Kp/rw^,

25 eirf dyavaKTelv TTJ\IKOVTOV ovTa, el Bel

KP. Kal aXXot, w ^(OKpaTes, Trf\iKovTOi ev C

av^opal^ a\i(TKOVTai, aXX ov&ev

eVtXuerat ?; rjXiKia TO firj ov%l dyavaK-

3o Tea/ r Trapovo-y. "EcrTi TavTa. aXXa rt S oi/rw

KP.

T^, ou crot, fo>9 eyaol (/>aiWrat,aXX* eyu-ol /cat

35 TO49 <70t9 eTTiTToeiois TTCiCFiv Kal a\e7rrV Kal

II 44 B KPITfiN 3

fiapeiav, r)v eyco, co? e/xol BOKW, ev rot? /3apv-

TCLT civ

SO. Two, TavTijv ; r) TO 7r\olov a

e/c A^Xoy, ov Bel d(f)iKOfjievov reOvdvai fie ;

D KP. Ov TOL Bij d(f>iKTai,d\\a BOKCL /J,ev 40

fJLOi Tj!;lV TTj/JLCpOV % WV CL7raê\\OVO lV JJKOV-

T69 TtZê? CLTTO 2.OVVIOV KCLl KaTa\.l7TOVT<} K6l

avro. Br)\ov ovv etc rovrcov TWV dyyeXwv, on

Tjêi TYjfjiepov,KOI dvdyKTj &rj et9 avpiov ecrrai,

, rov ftiov ere re\vrdv. 45

II

Socrates records a vision which leads him to believe

that the execution of the death-sentence will be

deferred yet one day.

AXX , co Kpircov, TV^TJ dja0fj. el

ravrrj rot? Oeols $i\ov, ravrrj eVro). ov

fievrot, ol/JLCii rjêcv avro

KP. H60ev TOVTO

fl. E-yo) O-QL ep&. rfj ydp TTOV varepaa s

Belfjie aTToOvyo-Kew rj rj dv e\0rj TO TT\OLOV.

KP. Oacrt<ye

TOI Brj ol TOVTWV Kvpioi.

^fl. Ou TOLVVV TT}? eTTLOvcn]^

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I0

Tepov TavTr\^ TT}? VVKTOS. KOI Kiv>vveveLS ev

"

f* K^pt*) TLVI OVK eyeipai fie.

KP. *]lv Be Brj TL TO evvTTViov ;

Sfl. ESo/cet rt? fjLOi <yvvrj TTpocreXOovcra Ka\r)B KOI eveiBijs, \evicd ifjiaTia eôvcra, /caXeVat

fjue 15

IIAATONOS II 44

rea eiTreiv a) (D/cpare^, ij/juar icev Tpirrq)ÔlTJV epi/3a)\OV LKOiO.

KP. "AroTrov TO evvirviov, o> ^COKpares.

ovv, W9 ye JJLOI So/eel, &>

Ill

Crito urges upon Socrates to escape, for his refusal

to do so will be misinterpreted by" the many,"

who will attribute it to the apathy of his friends.

Socrates advises him not to value the opinion of

the many.iO 3

KP. Aiav ye, &>? eouicev. a\\\ w Sat/Movie

2ft>tf/3aT69,Tl KOI VVV CfJbol TTeiOoV KOI

w? e/W, eav av aTroOdvys, ov /j,ia

ecmv, d\\a%&>/3t9 pey crov eo-repfjaOai,, TOIOV-

s rov eTriTrj&eiov, olov eya) ov&eva /XT; Trore evptj(7(o,

eri Be teal TroXXofc Soa), 01 ete Kal ere

icrcKriv, a>9 oto9 r wv ere (rcpêw, el C

dva\io-/ceiv ^prjâra, d/jL\f)crcu. icai

TOL rt9 av alo-îcov eirj Tavrrj? &oj;a rj So/tew

10 %prf/JLaTa Trepl 7r\elovos iroielaOai, rj <f>i\ov<?;

ov yap Treiaovrat, ol TroXXot, 009 crv avros OVK

rjOeXfjaas cnrikvai evflevSe r)fj,wv 7rpo6v/jLov/ji,evci)v.

Sn. AXXa ri rj/j,lv,w paicdpie Kpirayv,

ovrco r^9 rwv 7ro\\o)v Sof?79 fJieXei, ; ol yap15 eTTiei/ceo-TaToi, wv jjuaXXov afyov (frpovrlêtv,

rjyijo-ovrai avrd ovrco ireirpaÔai,, cocrTrep av

KP. *AXX*6pa<$ >rj

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/cal r9 TWV 7ro\\a)v ^079 jieXeiv. avra 8e

IV 45 A KPITfiN 5

ofj\a ra rrapovra vvvi, on oloi r elcrlv ol 20

TroXXol ov ra o-at/cporara rwv Ka/cwv egepyd-

%ea-0ai, a\\a ra aeyiara o-%e$6v, edv ns ev

aurot? BiapepXrjuevos fj.

SO. Et jyap wfyekov, w Kplrwv, oloi r

elvai ol TroXXot ra fjbeyicrra /ca/ca epydêcrOaL, 25

wa oloi r r}o~av teal dyaOa ra /jLeyiara, fcal

/caXco? av el%ev vvv Se ovoerepa oloi re- ovre

<yap (frpovLfjLOVovre

a<j)povaSvvarol

e rovro 6 n av

IV

Crito urges further reasons : it will take but little

money to silence the sycophants, and Socrates

will receive a warm welcome in his exile.

E KP. Tavra êv Srj ovra)$ eêra)- rd&e 8e,

^coicpares, elrre uoi,. apd ye prj epov rrpo-

/cal rcov aXXcov Imrêiwv , /JLTJ,edv av

etfeXOys, ol crvicofydvrai T)/JLIV rrpdyârao>? ere evOevSe eKKKe^racnv, /cal 5

dvayKao-0a)p,ev rj Kal rraa-av rrjv overlav drro-

f$a\elv r) o-v^vd xprfuara, r)/cal aXXo ri

45 Touroi? rraOelv ; el ydp ri roiovrov|

(

eacrov avrb âipetv rjfjieis ydp rrov

ecraev o-OMravres ere Kivbvveveiv rovrov rov I0

icai, edv Bey, eri rovrov fiei^w. aXX

ireiOov Kal urj aXXw? rroiei.

Ô. Kal ravra TrpourjOovaai, w Kpircov,

l aXXa TroXXa.

6 IIAATflNOZ IV 45 A

, 5KP. MT;T rolvvv ravra (f)o/3ov Kal yap

ovBe TTO\V rdpyvpiov ecmv, o 6e\ovai> \aftovres

Tives (rwcrai ae KOI eâyayeiv evOevbe. eTreira

OV% 0/5&9 TOVTOVS TOl/9<TVKO(f)dvTaS Ct>9 LT6\et9,

Kal ovbev av Seot eV avrovs TTO\\OV dpyvpiov ;

20 crol Be V7rdp%ei /j,ev ra efia xpij/jLara, &>9 eya*

dlfj,ai, l/cavd eVetra KOI el TL efiov KTjSo/jLevos B

OVK oiet, Selv dva\i<TKei,v rd/jid, %evoi ovrot ev-

0d$e erot/iot dva\,i(TKeiv et9 Se Kal KeKOfJUicev

7T* avro TOVTO dpyvpiov iicavov, SiyLt/>tta9o T;-

25 /Baios* eroiyLto9 &e /cal Ke/3?79 /cal a\\oi, TroXXol

Trdvv. WCTTC, OTrep \eyco, /jbrjre ravTa(f>o/3ov-

fjievos dTTOKdfJLys cravrov crwcrat, yLt^re, oe\eye<$

ev TO)$i,KacrTr]pi(i), &vo-%epes (roi yevea-Qa), on

OVK av eôt9 eê\0(iov o TI%/3&>o

craura) ?roX-

3o XaôO /zez^ 7ap /cat aXXo<re, ovrot az/d<f)iKrj,

dyaTTijcrovai ere eav 8e /3ov\rj el? @erra\iav C

levai, elaiv e/Jiol eKel evoi, 01 ae irepl TroXXoO

TroirfcrovTai, Kal acrfyaXeiav croi Trapeôvrai, ware

ae jireva \virelv rcov Kara erra\Lav.

Crito entreats Socrates to think of his children : it

is his duty to live for their sake.

"Ert 8e, co ^coKpare^, ovBe Sltcaiov poi,

eTTixeipelv Trpdy/jia, aavTov irpobovvai, e%ov

v<>6r)vaiKal roiavra C77reu8et9 irepl cravrov

yeveaOai, direp av Kal ol eÔpoi aov (nreva-aiev

s re Kal eo-jrevaav ae SiatyOeLpai /3ov\o/Jievoi.

SOCRATESFrom the bust in the Capitolinc Museum

V 46 A KPITfiN

7T/309 rOVrOLS Ka TOU9 W669 TOU9 (TdVTOV

D e/jLOiye BoKels jrpoBiBbvai,, ovs croi ebv teal t

eK0peijrai, Kal eKTraiBevcrai, olâei KardXiTroov,

Kal TO (70V /Lt/}09,O rt a^ rV^WO-L, rovro TTpd-

%OV(Tl,V TV%OVTai &, O)9 TO el/COS, TOLOVTWV zo

oldirep eiwOev yiyveaQai ev Tat9 bpfyaviais irepl

TOU96p<f)avov<>. rj jap ov %prj iroieladai

7ratSa9, ^ o-vvBiaraXaLTrcopelv Kalrpe<povra

Kal

TraiSevovra" crv be poi SoKels ra paOv/jLorara

alpelaOat, %pr) 8e, avre/D av dvr)p dyaObs Kal J5

dvbpelos \ot,ro, ravra alpeicrOai, fydaKovrd ye

8?; dperij^ Sia Travrbs rov /3iov eVtyLteXetcrât

W9 70)76 Acal UTre/) o-ou /cat uvrep TJ/JLWV rwv

E o wi eTriTTjBeiwv altj^yvofMai, /JLTJ &orj arrrav TO

TO Trepi ere dvavbpiq Tivl rfj fjfjLerepq 20

Kal rj etVoSo9 T7}9 3t/c?79 6t9 TO

a>9 elar)\6e<$ e%bv /jurj elaeKdelv, Kal

O ft)! T?)9 3^7/9 0>9 >yeVTO } Kal TO

re\vra2ov Srj TOVTL, wo-Trep KardyeXcos rfjs

7Tâêo)9, KaKiq rtvl Kal dvavSpiq rfj r)/jiTepq 25

46 BiaTrefavyevat, râs SoKelv, arrives ere ov^l

eo-oMTa/jLev ovBe av aavrov, olbv re ov Kal Svva-

TOV, el TL Kal fjiiKpbv r]fJLO)v o(/)eXo9 %v. ravra

ovv, a> So)/paT69, opa pr) a/xa TCO KaKw Kal

ala-^pa fjcroi re Kal r]fuv. d\\d {3ov\evov, 3o

fjLa\\ov Be ovSe j3ov\eve(r0ai, eri wpct, d\\d

(BeftovXevirOai,. /j,ia Be {3ov\t] T^9 yap eTTiov-

(7779 VVKTOS Trdvra ravra Bel rreirpaÔai. el S*

en irepiêvovfjiev, dBvvarov Kal ovKen olbv re.

d\\d rravrl rpbrrw, o> ^wKpares, rreLOovJJLOI 35

Kal jLrjBajLW? aXXo>9 Trolei.

HAATfiNOS VI 46 B

VI

Socrates says that it has always been his principle to

attach value to the views of the wise only.

crov TroX- B

\ov d%ia, el fjuera TWOS 6p0oT7)Tos ei ?;* el Be

fir), ocrti) /jLelfav, TOCTOVTW %a\e7ra)Tepa. G-KO-

Trelcrdai ovv %pr) rj/jia^, etre ravra Trpatcreov

5 etre fAr} 0)9 6700 ov /JLOVOV vvv, a\\a Kal del

TOIOVTOS, olo? TWV

r) TO) \6yco, 09 av

(fraivrjrai,. rovs Se \6yovs, 01)9 eV rc5 e

aOev e\yov, ov ^vvaîai vvv K/3a\,LV,

10 /xot jj&e rj rv^rj yeyovev, d\\a vêbov TI O/JLOLOI

fyalvovral /JLOI, Kal Tot>9 avrovs Trpecrfleva) /cal C

TI/JLW, ovcnrep Kal Trporepov wv eav fir) fte\Tia>

e^wêv \eyet,v ev rco irapovTi, ev Ia6i on ov

fjirjcroi

<rvyxa)pr)(r(i),oi)S av TrXeta) rwv vvv

15 TrapovTcov rj ra)v 7ro\\a)V

/jLopfJLo\VTT rjraL, Secr/jLovs Kal

Kal ^ptj/jLarcov dtyaipeaeis. 7ra)9

ovv dv /jLerpiwrara crKOTroifjieda avrd ; el Trpco-\ ^ v -\ -\ r /O A ^

TOV /Jiev TOVTOV rov \oyov avaX-apoifjuev, ov av

20 \eyeis Trepl rwv Soi^cov, Trorepov /ca\co9 eXeyero

eKdcrrore r) ov, OTI rals fjiev Sel rcovSoâ>v

Trpocre-êiv TOV vovv, ra?9 3e ov* r) Trplv fjuevD

e/jLeBelv d7ro6vrj<7Keiv Ka\a)<; eXeyero, vvv Se

Kard$r)\o<; dpa eyevero, on aX\a)9 eveKa \6yov

25 eXeyero, rjv $e Trailed Kal (j)\vapia &>9

eTTiOv/jLO) 8* eyooy* eTrio-Ke^raaOai) a>

Kowfj fjierd o~ov, ei TI /JLOL aXXotorepo9 <f>avelTat,,

VII 47 B KPITfiN

w8e eâ), rjo avros, ical edcropev yai-

peiv TI TreiaofjieOa avrco. eXeyero Be TTOJ?, o>9

eytofJLCU, KdcTTOT O)Se V7TO TWV OlO^kvWV Ti 30

\eryeiv) coaTrep vvv Brj eya) eXeyov, OTL TCOV

Bogwv, a? ol avOpWTTOi, $oj;d%ovcriv, &eoi ra?

E7Tpl TToXXoO 7TOiLO-0ai, Ttt? &6

fJLT).TOVTO

Oewv, a> Kpircov, ov Sorcel AraXco? CTOL \eyecr6cu ;

(TV yap, oaa ye ravOpooireia, eVro? el rov peXXeiv 35

47 aTToOvycnceiv|avptov, KOI OVK av <re irapaicpovoi

i) Trapovcra crv^ôpd. arcoTrei, &i

So/eel <JQI \eyea~0ai, OTL ov Tracra?

TWV dvdpa)7ro)V Ti/Jiav, d\\d ra? fêv, ra? o

ou ; rt</>77?

; ravra ov%l /caXw? \eyerat, ;

KP. KaXw9.

SO. QVKOVV ra? /iez^ %prjo-Ta<; rifjLav, ra?

KP. Nat.

SO. Kprjcrral oe ov% at rwv<f)povi/j,a)vt

45

TTovrjpal Be al r&v d

KP. Hw? 3 ov

VII

If it were a case of athletic training, we should onlyvalue the opinion of the trainer.

,,

?to SO. $eê S?j, 7TW9 at> ra rotaOra e\eyero ;

Byv/jLva6fjLevo<; dvrjp KOI rovro Trpdrrwv irorepov

7rai/ro9 dvBpo? eiraivy /cal ^royw TOV vovv

Trpocreêi, rj evos fiovov etceivov, 09 av Tvy%dvr)

larpbs TI 7ra(,SoTpi/3rjs wv ; s

KP.f

Ezô9 /JLOVOV.

io nAATf>NOS VII 47 B

SO. OVKOVV(f)o/3ei<70ai,

Kal do-TrdêaOai, Toi>9 eTraivovs rou? rov ez/09

eKeivov, d\\a[JLT] Toi>9 TWV TroXXwz/.

KP. ATjXa 8/7.

SO. TauT?; aâ avray Trpa/creov Kal<yv/j,va(r-

reov Kal e&ecrreov ye Kal iroreov, fjav rcS evl

rc3 eTTLo-rdrrj Kal eTralovTi, fjioXXov fj fj

rot?

KP. "Ecrri

Sn. EZei^. aTreiOrjo-as 8e TO) >t /cal

art/zacra? avrov rrjv $6j;av Kal rovs eTratvov?,

6 TOl 9 TWZ^ 7TO\\a)V \OJOVS Kal fJ,7]SeVC

, apa ov&ev KaKov Treiaerat, ;

KP. Ha)?7a/>

01; ;

SO. Tt 8 eCTTfc TO KaKOV TOVTO / /CCtl TTOt

relvei, Kal et? rt TWZ^ rov cnreiOovvTOS ;

KP. rj\ov on et9 TO crwyLta- TOVTO yap

25 SO. KaXw9 Xeyet9. OVKOVV Kal TaXXa, co

KpiTcov, OVTCOS,r

iva pr) rcavra Sucofiev, Kal $r)

Kal Trepl T&v SiKaicov Kal dSiKcov Kalalo"%pcov

Kal Ka\wv Kal dyaOwv Kal KaKwv, Trepl wv vvv

?) j3ov\rj rj/jbtv ICTTLV ; TTOTepov TTJ TWV TroXXa)^ D3 8of?7 Set ?;/ia9 eVecrâi Kal fyoftelcrOai, avTijv, 7)

TTJ TOV ezô9, et Tt9 ecTTiv eTratwv, ov 8et /cal

rj

eKelvo Kal \G)/3rjo-6fjLe0a, o T&>

35 SiKaiM (3e\Tiov eyiyveTO, TO)

fjov&ev eo-TL TOVTO ;

KP.

VIII 48 A KPITON ii

VIII

If we attach this importance to expert opinion where

the body is concerned, how much more ought weto do so where the soul is to be considered.

SO.<&epe By, eav TO VTTO TOV vyieivov

/ji6V fie\Tiov <yiyv6/jivov,VTTO TOV voaajBovs Be

Sia^Oeipofjievov ^to\eo-w^ev ireiOofjievoi fj,r) rfj

E TWV eiralovTwv Bo^rj, apa ftiwrov r^jtlv eanv

Bie(j)dapfjLevov avrov ; ean Be TTOV rovro TO 5

r) OV%L ;

KP. Not .

A>* ovv ICOTOV TUV ecrTiv

KP.

Sfi. AXXa yu-er*. Keivov ap* TJ

BietyOapfjLevov, w TO aBi/cov fjLev \wf3aTai, TO

8e Btfcaiov ovivrjcriv ; r) (f)av\OT pov r)yov/jLe6a

elvai TOV (rco/xaro? eicelvo, o TL TTOT eVrl TWV

48| r)[ATepa)v, Trepl o rf re aBiKia Kal

rj Bi/caiocrvvr] I5

KP.

SO. AXXaKP. rioXu 76.

^fl. OVK apa, w /3eXTcrT6, Trdvv rjfMV OVTW 20

(f)povTHTTeov, TL epovcnv ol TroXXol TUJLCL^, aXXo rt o eTratwv Trepl TWV Bircaiwv Kal dBiKcov,

o 66?, Kal avTr) rj d\^9eia. cocrre Trpwrov /jLev

TavTrj OVK opdws elcnjyel, elcnyyov/jLevos r>}9TWV

TToXXwz/ 00^779 Setz^ rjfjids d>povTi<Zeiv Trepl TWV 25

12 HAATONOS VIII 48 A

Kal Ka\)V KOI dyaOwv KOI

evavricov. aXXa /j,ev Bij, <f>at,7) 7* av ris, oloi

re el&iv rjnas ol TroXXot airoKTivvvvai.

KP. A?}Xa Brj Kal raOra*<f>aivj yap av, &>

30

OVT09 re o Xoô?,

bo/cei en 6/jLoios elvai Kal Trporepov Kal rovBe

av (TKOTret,, el CTI p,evei TJ/JLCV r) ov, on, ov TO

35 ^v 7rep^ TrXetcrrou Troirjreov, dXXa TO ev ffiv.

KP. AXX<i

To Se ev Kal âXw? Kal SiKaicos onravrov earns, ^vei rj ov pevet ;

IX

The only question to be considered is whether a

course of action is right or wrong, and if

necessary one must die, not considering money or

friends or duty to children.

. OvKOVV K TWV OfJLoXojOVêVCOV TOVTO

ov, TTorepov ^>iK.aiov e/jue evQevSe TreipaaOat,

/JLTJ dfyievrwv AOyvaucov, fjov SiKaiov C

Kal eav jjbev (fraivrjrai, SiKaiov, 7reip(t)/Jie6a,el Be

s fjirj, ew/jiev. a? Be crv \eryeis ra? aKtyeis Trepl

re dva\(t)(7ec0<; ^prj/jLarcDV Kal Bogrjs Kal TratBcovin \f -V/3^ ** *

.* Tpo<pr)$, /jurj a)? aXrjuws ravra, a)

a-Ke^fJLara y rwvpaBia)<;

aTroKTivvvvrcov Kal*^r^ >/o / >v f / ^\

avapiQ)(TKOfjLeva)v 7 av, ei OLOU r rjaav, ovoevl

10 crvv va*, TOVTCOV TCOV TTO\\WV. rjjMv B*,

6 \6yos oi/T&)9 alpel, firj ovBev aXXo <7K7TTeov

X 49A KPITfiN 13

TI rj orrep vvv Brj eXeyo/jiev, rrbrepov BiKaia

irpdôêv KOI xptjfjiara re\ovvre<; rovrois rot?

DeyLte

evQevBe e%d%ovaiv Kalyapira<$>

ical avrol

etfdyovres re Kal eâyopevoi, r) rrj d\7j0eia J5

d$i,Kijaro/jLei>irdvra ravra troiovvres KCLV

<t>aiva>-

fji0a aSi/ca avra epyaô/jievot^ /JLTJov Serj V7ro\oyi-

êcrOai ovr el dTroBvycncew Bel

KOI rivvyiav ayovras, ovre a\\o OTLOVV Trd

irpo rov d&i/ceiv. 20

KP. KaXw? pev poi, So/cet? \eyew, <u

opa Se ri Spay/iev.

OTTM/jiev, a) dyaOe, fcoivfi, Kal el irrj

dvTiXeyeiv e/jiov Keyovros, dvrfaeye, KaL

E crot Treio-oâi el Befirj,

Travaai rjBrj, w /jbaKapie, 25

TroXXa/a? fjiot \eya)v rov avrov \6yov, a>9 %pr)

evOevBe CLKOVTCDV AOrjvat&v e/j,eaTTievai a>?

eja) Trepl TTO\\OV iroiov/jLat Tretcrat ae, d\\a

fir) CLKOVTOS Tavra TTpdrrciv. opa Be Brj rrj?

a :e^rea>? rrjv dp^r)v t edv GOI iKavcos \eyr)rai,t 30

49 Kal TreipS) diroKplveaOai, |

TO epa)Ta)/jLevov, y av

KP. A\Xa Treipdcro/jLai.

Injustice is always wrong : therefore even the victim

of unjust treatment must not attempt to repay it.

. QvBevl rpoTTw (f>a/jLveKovras dBiKrjreov

elvai, T) Tivl fjiev dBiKijTeov rpoTry, TLV\ Be ov ;

rf ovBafjL&s TO 76 dBiKetv ovre dyaOov ovre

$a\6v, ft)? 7roXXa/ct9 rj/ilv Kal ev To5

14 HAATONOS X 49 A

s %pov<p a)/Jio\oyijdij ; r) Tracrat r^Liv eicelvai, at

TTpoaQev ofJLO\oyLaL ev ratcrSe rat? o\iyai<; r]ê-

pai<s eK/ce^vêvat elaiv, /cal TraXat, a>

apa r^XttfotSe cMpe? TTpos aXX^X.ou?

SiaXeyo/Aevoi, eXdOo/jiev râs avrov? Tral&wv B

10 ov&ev&ia<f)epovTs ; rj TTCLVTOS fia\\ov OVTCOS

e^L &(77rep rore \eyTO rjiuv, eire<f>acrlv

of

7ro\\ol eire fir}, KOI etre Set 7?//,a9 en

%a\e7ra)T6pa 7rda%iv elre KCLI jrpaorepa,TO 76 dSitcelv TO) dSi/covvri /cal Kaicov ical atcr-

15 xpov rvy^dvcL bv Travrl rpoTra) ;<j>a/jLev rj ov ;

KP.3>a/ieV.

2n. OuSa/xw? apa Set d

KP. Ov SJra.

apa20 ol TroXXol oiovrai, eVetSr; ê ov&a/j,ws Set

KP. O. Tt 8e ST; ; Ka/coveiV Set,t, a>

77 of ;

2s KP. Ov Set S^TTOf, w Sco^:pares.

. Tt Se ; dvrifcaicovpyeiv fcatcws Tra-

, &)? ot TroXXot<j>a<nv,

Si/caiov rj ov

Sl/caiov ;

KP. OuSayitw?.

3 SO. To â^ TTOI; Kaic)<$ iroielv dv

TOV dbitcelv ovbev Staêpet.

KP. AXyOv) Xe7et9.

SO. Oure aâ avraSifcelv Set ovre

TTOielv ovêva dvOptoTrwv, ovS av ortovv

35 VTT avrwv. KOI opa, w Kpirwv, ravra

XI $0 A KPITfiN 15

D fj,o\oya)v, 07TW9 pr) Trapa Boâv 0/^0X07179. ol&a

yap OTL 0X170^9 ricrl ravra /cal BoKl /cal Soêi.

ol9 ovv OVTCO BeSoKTat, Kal 0*9 //,?;, rourot9 ov/c

ecrrt KOivr) /3ov\ij, aXXa dvay/cTj TOVTOV? aXX^-\G)V

/caTa<f)poviv, opwvras aXX^Xwi/ ra /3ov\ev- 4

. (TKoirei BTJ ovv /cal (TV ev /jia\a nrorepov

Kal avvboKel croi, /cal dp%(t)/JL0a eV-

TV06V /3oV\VOfjLVOl,, ft>9OV&67TOT 6p6a)S %OVTO<;

OVT6 TOV CL&IK61V OVT6 TOV CLVTaSlKelv OVT

Ka/ccos iracryovTa afjivvecrOai avT&pwvra /caw9, 45

E?} dîdTacrai Kal ov Koivwvels rfj? dp^rjs e/jiol

fiev yap Kal iraXai ovra) /cal vvv en, $o/cei,

aol Be ei TTTJ a\\rj SeBofcrai,, \eye Kal StSaovce.

66 8 efjb/jieveis ro?9 TrpoaOe, TO /xera rovro

5o

KP. AXXfj,/jieva)

re Kal crvv$OKiIJLOI,

a \eje.

^H. Aeyco $r) av TO fjuera rovro, fjLa\\ov S

epcorco Trorepov a av Tt9 o[Jio\oyrjo-r) TW SiKaia

ovra TroiTyreov rj eâTraTtjreov ; 5S

KP. TIoiijTeov.

XI

Socrates supposes the Laws personified to come to

him and expostulate with him if he intended to

escape.

E# rovrcov Srj aOpei. aTriovres evOevBe

50 17/^669 pr) Treio-avres rrjv TroXiv| Trorepov KaK&s

TIVCLS TTOiovfJLev, Kal ravra 01)9 rfKicrra Set, rj

ov ; Kal e/JLêvofiev ols

ovoruv r) ov ;

(M941)

16 IIAATftNOS XI 50 A

KP. OVK eô), w2<a)KpaTes, aTro/cplvaaOai,

7T/309o epwras ov yap evvow.

. AXX a)Se (TKOTrei. el /j,e\\ov(n,v TJ/JLLV

elre dirobiSpdo-Keiv, eW O7ro>9 Set bvo-

10 /jbdaai, TOVTO, \,6ovres ol VO/JLOI, Kal TO KOIVOV

r/J9 ?roXeft)9 eVtcrraz/re? epoivro*" etVe yu-ot, w

2&)/cpare9, rt eV z/cS eêt? iroieiv ; a\\o n rj

rovro) T&5 epyqy, co eVêtpet?, $iavorj rovs re B

vofjiovs ?7/xa9 a7roXeo-at /cat crvîrcLdav rrjv 7r6\iv

15 TO <rov yLte/30? ; ^ So/cet crot oloi/ re er* e/cet-

^7;^ r^v irb\iv elvau Kal p,rj dvarerpdcfrOai,, ev

TI al yevbêvai, Si/cat, /j,r)&ev l&xvovatv, d\\a

VTTO ISicorwv dfcvpoi re yiyvovrai, Kal Sia(j)0L-

povrai ;

"

ri epov/j,ev, w Kptrwr, 77-^09 ravra

20 /cat a roiavra ;

aXX&)9 re /cat prjTcop, elirelv VTrep rovrov rov

vfJLevovt 09 ra9 3t/ca9 ra9 St/ca-

Trpoa-rdrrei Kvpias elvai,. 77 epov/j,ev

7T/309 avrovs, OTI r)$i/cei, <ydp rjâ^ 77 7roXt9 /ât C

25 OLA: bpOws rrjv Bl/crjv eKpivev ; ravra rj TI

KP. TaOra VTJ Ata, &>

XII

He would not attempt to do to his father or his

master, if he had one, what they did to him; but

his fatherland should be more to him than anyfather.

Sn. Tt ovv, av eiTrcocriv ol VO/JLOL*" w Sco-

rjKal Tavra a)fjLO\6

<

yr)TO r^yîv T Kal

XII 5i A KPITfiX 17

crol, rj e/jL/jbeveiv rat? Sifcai? at? avrj

$L/cd%r) ;

"

el ovv avTtov Qavudôi/jiev \e<yovTWV,

tcr&>? av eiTTOiev OTL"

co ^cotf/mre?, /?) Oavpaê s

Ta \eyoava, aXX* aTTOKpivov, eTreior) /cal etwOas

^pricrOaiTO) epwrav re /cal airoKpiveo-Oai. (frepe

yap, ri ey/caXwv T^LIV /cal rfj TroXet e

aTToKkvvai ; ov Trpwrov [lev ere e

, Kal Si rj/jbwv e\dfjbftavev r^v ^repa aov 10

o Trarrjp Kal efyvrevcrev ere ; fypdcrov ovv rov-

rot? JUAWV, rot? vocals rot? Trepl rou? <ydfjbovs,

fJse/jb(j)r]TL fo>9 ov Ka\a)<? eyovcriv ;

"

ov fiefjiô-

p,ai, <f>airjv

av." d\\a rot? Trepl rrjv rov

rpocfrijv re /cal Traiêiav, ev rj /cal av 15

; ijov /ca\M$ Trpoa-erarrov TJ/JLWV ol

67rl Tourot? Teray/jbevoi vo/jioi, TrapayyeXôvTesrc3 Trarpl rw crco ere ev /jLOvcrifcfj KCLI yvava-

E crTL/cf} TraiSeveiv ;

"

/caXco?, (fralrjv av."

elev.

rjSe eyevov re /cal eêrpd^rj^ /cal eTraiSev- *

av i7TiV TTpWTOV /JLCV CO? OV%1

r]d6a Kal e/cyovos Kal côuXo?, auro?

re teal ol crol jrpoyovoi, ; Kal el TovO* ourco?

eêt, ap e% laov oiei elvai crol TO Si/caiov

/cal tliMv, Kal arr av rjueis ere eTriêipwjjLev 25

iroielv, Kal crol ravra dvmroielv oiei oi/cacov

elvai ; ?} Trpos uV apa CTOL rov irarepa ov/c

e% icrov rjv TO Si/caiov Kal 77730?

CL aoi cov eTvyâvev, cbcrTe, ajrep

TavTa Kai dvTnroielv, ovTe KaKws d/covovTa 30

51 dvTiXeyetv ovTe TVTTTofMevov dvTLTVTTTetv ovTe

d\\a ToiavTa 7ro\\d TTÔ? 8e rrjv TraTpiSa

apa Kal TOL>? VOJJLOV^ eaTai croi ; cocrre, eav ere

1 8 ILYATONOS XII 51 A

7riêipa)^v rj/jieis a7ro\\vvai, Bircaiovr)<yovp,evoL

35 elvau, Kal av $e ?;//,a9 roi>9 VO/JLOVS /cal rrjv

d^ 6(7ov Bvvaaai, eTrixeiprjcreis avra-

/cal<p7Jcrei<>

TCLVTCL TTOLWV Si/caia

Trpdrreiv, 6 rfj a\rjOela rrj<? aperi}^ eTTt/AeXo-

fjievos ; ?} ourco? el cro^)o?, wcrre \eXrjOev ere,

4o QTI /j,r)Tp6s re /cal Trarpos /cal rwv a\\a)v

TTpoyovcov aTrdvTwv TifJuaiTepov ecmvrj Trarpls

/cal crefjivoTepov /cal dyiGorepov /cal eV iieiôvL B

fjioipa /cal Trapa 6eo2<; /cal trap* dvOpwTrow rot9

vovv eôvai, Kal o-/3ecrOai, Set fcal fjiaXXov

45 VTrei/ceiv Kal Owireveiv TrarpiSa â\erjraivovcrav

fj Trarepa, Kalrj trelOew TJ Troielv a av KeKevrj,

Kal Trdaêiv, lav TL Trpoo-rdrTrj TraOeiv, rjcrv-

îav ayovra, lav re TvirreaOai edv re &elo-0ai,

edv re et? 7r6\e/jiov dyrj rpwdrjo-o/jLevov rj airo-

50 6avov/jivov, TTOMjreov ravra, Kal TO

T60V OV&e \L7TT60V T7)V Ta^LV, d\\d Kal 6V

TroXe/xft) Kal ev SiKacrrrjpLO) Kal Travraôv Troty- C

reov, a av K\evr) 77 TroXt? Kal rj irarpis, rj

55 TrelOeiv avrrjv fjTO BiKacov iretyvKe, ftidêcrOai

8e ov% odiov ovT6 fjLrjTepa ovTe iraTepa, TTO\V Se

TOVTCOV Ti TJTTOV Trjv TTCiTpi&a ;

"

Ti

rrrpos TavTa, w KpiTcov ; dXrjOrj \eyew

VO/JLOVS rjov ;

60 KP.v

Eyuot<ye

XIII 52 A KPITON 19

XIII

If he had disapproved of them he should have gone

away, as he perfectly well might, to some other

state ; by remaining he practically professed his

willingness to be ruled by them.

SH. "

^KOTTCI roivvv, a)Sco/c/3aT69," (f>a1ev

av

tcr&)9 olvofjioi,,

"

el 7/yu,et9 ravra dXîjOrj \eyo/j,ev,

OTL ov SiKaia 7/yLta9 eTTiy/eipets $pdv a vvv 7n-

yeipels. rjfjiels yap & yevvrfcravTes, eKOpetyavres,

TraibevcravTes, fMeraSovres dnrdvrwv wv oloi r s

D rj/jiev Ka\a>v crol Kal rot9 aXXot9 iraaiv 7ro\i-

7rpoayopevo/j,ev r<p eôvcriav TreTroir)-

w rc3 /3ov\ofj,evw, eTrei&dv SOKL-

7 Kal iSrj rd ev rfj TroXet Trpdyîara Kal

roi 9 vo/jiovs, u> av yJr) dpecrKW/jLev 7;yLtet9,o

\a/3ovra rd avrov aTnevai OTTOL dv

jBov\7)Tai. Kal oi)Set9 r)^(*)V ra)v vo^wv e/jLTro8a)V

ovS* dirayopevei,, edv re 7^9

et9 aTTOiKiav levai, elJJLTJ

re Kal 77 7ToXt9 ; edv re /êroiKetv aXXocre 15

, levai eKelae, OTTOL dv /3ov\r)rai, eôvraE Ta avrov. 09 3 dv V/JLWV Trapa/jLeivrj, Gpwv ov

rpoTrov 77//,et9 ra9 re t/ca9 SiKaôfjiev Kal rd\\a

rrjv TTO\{,V SioiKOVfJiev, ijSrj (fra/JLev rovrov GD/JLO-

\oyr]Kevai epya) rj/^lv a dv 77/1669 KeXeixo/jLev 2o

ravra, Kal rovfJir) jreiOo/jievov 77)^77

dSi,Kiv, OTI T6 yevvrjrais ovo~iv rjuiv ov

TreiOerai, Kal on rpotyevcn, Kal on 0/^0X0

rjfilv TreLOeo-Oai ovre ireiOerai ovre ireLOei

52 el /tr) /ca\w9 n Troiovêv irpondevrwv |r)/j,cov

20 HAATfiNOS KPITON XIII 52 \

teal OVK dypLO)? eTTiraTTovTwv Troielv a av

Ke\va)/jLev, aXXa e^tevrcov &VOLV ddrepa, rj

?;/-ta9 ^ iroi^lvy TOVTOJV ovberepa Troiel.

XIVSocrates had, most of all men, taken advantage of his

privileges as a citizen, and was therefore mostbound to obey the laws.

Sr; (j)a/j,ev/cal ae, Sco

eVefecrât, eiTrep Trot^cr

/cal ov% rfKicTTa *K6r]valwv <re,a\\ Iv

yu-aXtcrra."el ovv eya) eiTroi/u* &ia ri Brj ;

s to-G)? av IJLOV 8tAca/&>9 fcaOdTTTOivro \eyovTes, on,

ev rot9 fjbd\L(TTa AOyvaicov eyai avrols coyao-

\oy7jtca)<; Tvy%dva) ravrrjv rrjv 6/Jio\oyiav. (fralev

yap av OTL"

S) Scotf/9are9, fieydXa rîiv rovrcov B

T6K/uLijpid ecmv, on (TOi /cal r)/jiis rjpeafco/jiev

10 /calTI 7roXt9* ov yap av Trore TWV a\\cov

AOrjvalcov aTrdvTcov Biaêpovrco^ ev avrfj eVeS?;-

)Ltet9, elfJLr)

aoiia<$>epovrw<s ^pecrKev, /cal OVT

eirl Oecopiav TTCOTTOT* etc r^9 7ro\6co<i el~fj\0St

ovre a\\o(T ovSa/jbcxre, elIJLT)

Trot o-rparev-

, ovre aX\rjv aTro^Tj/jiiav CTTOL^CTO) TTCO-

, oxiirep ol aXXot dvdpcoTroi, 01)8 eiriOv/Jiia

a aXX?79 7roXea>9 ouSe d\\wv VOJACOV e\a/3ev

el&evai, aXXa rj/jieis<roi i/cavol rjêv /cal

rj

r)fjiTepa 7roXt9* ovra)(r<f)o$pa r)/jid<; ppov, /cal C

20u>fjbo\oyei^

/caO rjuas TroXiTevcreaOai, ra re

aXXa /cal 7ratSa9 eV aur^ eVot^/crft), 609 dpecncov-

crot r^9 7roXe&)9. ert TOLVVV ev avrfj TT)

.

B

5

22 IUATON02 XIV 52 c

Sitcy e^TJv aoi<f>vyr)s TifJirjo-acrOai, el e/3ov\ov,

teal OTrep vvv d/covcrr)? r?}9 TroXeco? eVêt/?et9,

25 Tore efcovcrrjs Troifjo-ai. <rv e Tore /ê^ e/ca\-

\ci)7rlov &)? outf dyavafcrwv, el Seot reOvdvat

ae, d\\a ypov, 009<f)ii(76a, Trpo TT)? (frvyYJs

Odvarov vvv Se our eKeivovs TOU? \o<yovsala-

Xyvei, ovre rj/jiwv rwv VO/JLWV evrpeTry, eircêipcov

3o SicKfrOelpcu, TTpdrret,^ re aTrep av ôOXo? (f)av\6- D

raro? irpdêiev, aTroSiSpdo-Keiv Tri%ip>v irapa

ra? avvOrjKas re KOI ra9 ofJLOô^La^, KaQ* a?

77yiuz>avveOov rjro\LTevecr6at. irp&Tov fj,ev

ovv

rjpJiv TOVT avTo aTrofCpivai, el d\rjOrj \eyojjLev

35 (frdcrKOVTes ere a)/jLo\oi

yr]Kevai TroKireveaOat, KCL@*

epyw, aXA, ov \oyw, rj OVK d\r]0t). TU

TTÔ? ravra, a> Kpircov ; aXXo TI r)

0/10X07w/xez^ ;

KP. Avdy/crj, a) ^toKpares.^ *-\ Cf

> A -\ -v Q " * J. " * /) / V

4o Zil. AA.XO rt ovv av (paiev i] avvur^Ka^ ra?

^0,9 avrovs Kal 0/^0X07/0,9 Trapa/Baiveis,

VTTO dvdyKT]^ oyLtoXo7?;o-a9 oi)Se dTrarijOels E

ouSe eV 6\iy(p %p6vq) dvay/cacrOels ôvkevcracrOai,

aXX eV ereaiv e/BSofMJKovra, ev ot9 efi)^ crot

45 aTnevai, el/JLTJ ^peoKOfjuev 77/^6^9 /u-T/Se Slfcaiai

o aoi al ofjioXoyiai elvai ; av 8e ovre

irporjpov ovre Kprjrrjv, a9 5êfcdcTTore

(^779 evvopelaOcn,, ovre d\\r]v

TWV EXXr/^/Sco^ 7ro\eo)v ov&e rcov

5oI

aXXa eXarrct) ef avrrjS dweSrjfirj

era9 17 ot 53

/ re /cal rvcfrXol Kal ol aXXot dvdTrrjpoi ovrco

iSia(f)epovT(o<>

TWV a\\o)v AOrjvaicov ijpecr/cev

7roXt9 re /cat r;/xeZ9 ot VOJJLOI, $f)\ov OTI,

XV 53 c KPITfiX 23

TLVL yap av 7roXfc9 apea/coi dvev VOJJLWV ; vvv

Se 77OVK e/jL/jieveLS rot? a)/jLO\o<yr]fjievois ; lav ss

r)/jiiv ye 7T6i6r), a) ^(DKpaTe^ /cal ov KaTaye-

Xacrro9 ye eVet eV r^5 7roXe&>9 e%e\6u>v.

XVThey dispose of Crito s arguments : Socrates escape

would involve risk and loss to his friends, exile

would be intolerable, and his children would be

just as well looked after if he were dead.

yap Srj, ravra 7rapa/3as Kal efa-

TI TOVTWV Ti dyaOov epydaei, cravrov

TJ TOU9 efcTT/Se/ou? rou? aavrov ; on fjiev yapKiv^vvevcrovcri ye o~ov ol eTriTijSeioi, /cal avrol

favyeiv Kal areprjOrjvai, TT)? TroXeo)? TJ rrjv 5

overlay airoKecrai, a%e$bv rt, $TJ\OV avros 3e

fjiev eav et? TWV eyyvrard Tiva TTO\COV

77 ^y3afe 77 MeyapdBe evvo/JLovvrai

yap dfjiôrepai, TroXe/ito? ^fet9, &> Scotf/mre?,

T7) TOVTWV 7rO\lTl(l, KOi OaOLTTep KtjSoVTat TWV 10

vTro[3\tyovTai ere&ia<p0opea

TWV VOJJLWV, Kal /3e/3aia)aei,s rot?

TTJV Soâv, wcrre Soicelv o/3#co? TTJV

C SLKTJV Sitcdo-at, OCTTIS yap VO/JLWV &ia<j)6opevs

ecrnv, cr(j)6Spa TTOV $oj;6iev av vecov ye real dvorj- 15

TWV dvdpcoTTcov &ia<p0opevseivat. TroTepov ovv

(pevêt, ra? re evvo/Aov/jLevas TroXet? Kal TWV

dv&pwv TOVS KocrfJuwTaTovs ; Kal TOVTO TTOLOVVTL

dpa aiov voi ffiv ecrrat ; 77 TrKô-idaei^ rourot?

Kal dvata-^vvTyjo-e^ c~ia\ey6/jLevos rtW? \6yovs,o> ^co/care? / rj ovaTrep evfldBe, co? 77 dpeTrj Kal

IIAATfiXOI 53

TI SiKaiocrvvij TrXetcrrou a%iov rofc d:

Kal TCL vopip,a Kal ol VO/JLOI ; Kal OVK otei

ao"^rj/j,ovav (paveio Oai, TO TOV Z/wKpaTov^ D

25 Trpdj/jia ; oleaOai<ye %/??;.

a\\ IK jjuev TOVTCOV

TWV TOTTCDV aTTapeis, ?} %(,<?

>e et9 QeTTdXiav TrapaTOU9 evov<> roi 9 Kpti

z>O9 IKel<yap 8?;

aTa%ia Kal dKO\acria, Kal>r A r ^ / y /

t<j<w9 av 7/Oeco9 crof aKOv-

*N. I r.-^BS ote; ;

, 009 <ye\oic0$IK TOV

re Tt^

?; bifyOepav \a/3a)V ?; a\\aola S/; elwOacriv evcncevd-

^ecrOai ol aTro&i&pdo /covTes,

Kal TO a^/jia TO cravTov

/zeraXXafa9* ort 8e yepcov

dvrjp (7/jLLKpov xpovov TO)

Stft) \OL7TOV 6VT09, ft)9 TO E

Greek Peasant s Dress.Bronze Statuette from Pylos.

eiriOvpelv

45 Trapa/Bds, ov$el$ 09 e/oet ; icro)9, a^

\V7rfjs el oe fir), d/covcrei,, co

#al dvdfya cravTov. virep^ofjievos

TTOLCOV ev 0erraX/a,

5o

\oyoi oe eicelvoi o Trep

TTOV

re

; 54

XVI 54 c KPITftX 25

rcov irawv eve/ca

petyrjs Kal TraiBevcrrjs. ri e ; eh

Serra\iav avrovs ayaycop Qptyeis re Kal 5S

Tro^cra?, i i/a #al rouro

f)rovro [lev ov, avrov 8e

rp6(j)oîi>OLaov fw^ro? fte\Tiov Opi-ôvrai Kal

arj avvovros aov avrols ; ol yapOL (Tol 7Tlfji\7]CrOVTai aVTCOV. TTOTepOV

**

eav eh BerraXiW aTro&Tj/jLrjor

eav Se eh "AtSov aTroSrj/jirfo-rjs, ov%lB (Tovrai ; efaep ye n

o<f>e\os

avrwv CCTTLV

croi(f>ao-/covT(0v eirirriSelcov elvai, oleaOai ye

65

XVI

The Laws remind Socrates of what his treatment will

be at the hands of their brothers, the Laws of the

other world, if he disgracefully escapes.

o? IJ/J.LV rot?

crot? Tpofav&i fjir^Te TralSas irepl TrXe/oi/o? TTOIOV

fjLijre TO ^rjv yu-^re aXXo fjLij&ev Trpo rov

iva et?f/

AiSou e\@oov e%#5 iravraravra

crao-dai rot? eVet apôvcnv ovre yap evOdSe s

aoi fyaiverai ravra TrpaTrovn afieivov elvat, ovBe

ov$e OCTLOOT epov, ovBe aXXft) T<WZ> awv

afietvov ecrrat.

C aXXa vvv fjiev r]$iKT]/jLevos avret, eav aTriys, ov%

v(f) rjfjiwv TWV vofjitov aXXa VTTO dvOpctiTrcov eav I0

Bee%e\9r)<; ovrws alcr^pa)^ dvTa&iKijcras re Kal

dvTi/caKovpyrjcras, ra? cravrov ofioXoyia^ re Kal

26 HAATONOS XVI 54 c

ra? 777^09 rffids 7rapa/3a<;KOI /ca/ca

TOVTOV? 01)9 rj/acrra eSet, cravrov

15 re /cat fyi\ovs /cat TrarpiBa /cal rj^as, T^yLtet? re

a-ot %a\7ravov/jLv fwzm, Aral 6/cet oirj/juerepot,

ao\<j)Oi01 ev AtSoy vop,oi OVK

6v/j,6vw<;ere

, et &ore? ort /cal 77^9 eTre^eiprjcra^TO croi/

yLte^)09. aXXa /AT^ <7e TreiOp20 KpiTow Troielv a \eyei, pa\\ov TI 77/1,6 19." I)

XVIISocrates accordingly says he will stay and accept his

fate with resignation.

, a)<f)i\e eralpe Kpira)vt ev IvQi OTI

eyoo SOKO) d/covetv, waTrep ol

Corybantes.

av\)v $ofcov(7ii> aicoveiVy /cal ev e/jLol CLVTTJ

iyj] TOVTCOV T&v \6ya)v /3o/x/5et /cal Troiel ^rj

XVII 54 E KPITfitf 27

SvvacrOai TCOV a\\a)V dfcovew d\\a icrQi, baa 5

<ye

TO, vvv efjiol SoKOVvra, eav \eyr]^ irapa

ravra, pdrrjv epels. oyLtcw? /zeWot et TI oiei

KP. AA.X*, a) 3,a)KpaTes, ov/c

E n. "Ea TOIVVV, a) Kptrwy, KOI

Tavry, eTreiBrj ravrrj o ^eo?v(j>r]<yeiT(U.

NOTES

Crito was a rich Athenian of Alopece, of the same deme as

Socrates. His wealth had constantly been at Socrates disposal,

for he had gone bail for his appearance before the dicasts, and

he had offered with others to pay the money fine if the death-

sentence were commuted. Now we find him arranging plansfor Socrates escape and incidentally bribing the jailer. Wehear of him as present at the final scene and closing the eyes of

Socrates after the fatal dose of hemlock had taken effect.

He is credited by Diogenes Laertius with the authorship of

a book containing seventeen dialogues ;but the same authority

does not credit him with the arrangements for the escape here

described, but attributes the part here played by Crito to

Aeschines, and records the dream in connexion with him.

PAGE i

1. I. TtjviKaSe at this hour, not merely at this time. So 43

too ir-rjviKa /mWra below about what time of day ? or

about what o clock ?

PAGE 2

1. 5. (3a0vs, early ; the depth of early morning being apparently a parallel phrase to our in the depth of night. Cf.

St. Luke xxiv. i 6p6pov /3a^os (R.V. at early dawn ); Prof.

310 A TTJS Trape\dov<nis vvKrbs TavTrjtri, tri/3<x$e

os 6pdpov. 6pdposis the period of twilight before dawn.

I wonder how it was that the keeper of the prison consented to open the door to you. vTraxouii} is the regular wordfor to answer the door. Cf. Xen. Symp, i. II TI v-raKoixravTi.

1. 17. irdXcu 0avp.dtw : TrdXcu is used idiomatically in Greek Bwith the present tense as covering a stretch of past time. Cf.

Soph. EL I IOI MywQov ZvO"

1

$KT]KCV Iffropu irdXai. The idiomis not unknown in English, as Julius Caesar I. ii. Vexed I amOf late with passions of some difference.

29

30 CRITO

1. 19. SiaYns : the subjunctive is used instead of the optativeof strict sequence, because Crito wishes Socrates to continue to

be out of pain, not merely at the moment when he had hesitatedto wake him.

1. 21. TOV rpoirov : the causal genitive frequent with verbslike frXcD, /j-ciKapifa, etc. Cf. Soph. EL 1027 ^Xw ae TOV vov, rfjs

d dei\ias (TrvyCo. It is to be noticed that this genitive differs

from <rov above with dav/j-dfa, which rather is partitive.*I

wonder at this in you.1

0ai^dw is also found with the genitiveof Lhe_prson joined to a participle, 50 C.

1. 24. irXT][jL[AXs, lit. out of tune, then discordant, un

pleasant, bad.

1. 25. TT]XiKovrov : Socrates was seventy years old.

i 8ei is not the protasis of TrX^/i/xeX^s &v efy, but dependson ayavaKreiv, having almost the force of 6Vt, a constructionwhich is common after verbs expressing shame, wonder,indignation.

C 1. 29. rb\LJ\ ov\C : the ^ is used because it follows a verb of

hindering, the ofyl being added because the verb of hinderingis itself negated.

PAGE 3

1. 36. Iv TOIS Papvrara is to be explained by understanding(3a.pvTa.Ta <f>tpov<Tiv

to agree with rots. Adam quotes Plat. Crat.

427 E, where we get the full construction, 6 ST? doicel kv ro?5

fj.eyi<TTois ^tyi-ffTov dvai. This is better than to take TOIS as a- survival of the use of the article as a personal pronoun.

1. 38. T& irXoiov : the vessel(0ea>/ns)

sent every year by the

Athenians to the festival of the lesser Delia at Delos whichcommemorated the safe return of Theseus after slaying the

Minotaur in Crete. Plut. Theseus xxiii. says that this vessel

lasted till the time of Demetrius Phalereus (circ. 300 B.C.) andwas the actual thirty-oared vessel in which Theseus had sailed,

but so much patched and repaired that it was a regular subjectfor philosophical contention whether it was the same or not

the same. During its absence no public criminals could beexecuted ;

on this occasion it was as much as thirty days away.

1. 39. TeGvdvai : the Greek shrinks from the present describingthe painful moment of dissolution, preferring the perfect whichdenotes the resultant state. This Tedvdvai is constantly found

in Plato instead of dTroQvgffKeiv. Notice that Attic writers donot compound the perfect and pluperfect of dvgffKd) with OTTO, as

regularly in the other tenses.

D 1. 40. 8oKi (icy : n4v not followed by 6V is a frequent idiom in

clauses introduced by dXXd, following a negative clause which

NOTES 31

practically contains the adversative statement. But piv is also

found without 5^ in cases where there is an implied contrast

between opinion and certainty. Soph. El. 60 doKUJ /mev, ovdtv

prj/j-a<rvv Ktpdei Kai<6v (i.e. I think, but I don t know). See

Crit. App.1. 42. SovvCov : Sunium, now Cape Colonna at the SE.

corner of Attica, a prominent landmark for mariners as theyenter the Saronic Gulf. It is crowned by the remaining columnsof a temple of Athena, which give it its modern name. Byronspeaks of it in Childe Harold, ii. 86

Save where Tritonia s airy shrine adornsColonna s cliff and gleams along the wave.

1. I. ruxtl ofyaGT) : a formula of good omen, may it turn out

well. Jowett translates simply very well.

el Tavrrj KT\. : the resignation and submission to God s

will in this sentence, which is re-echoed in the closing wordsof the dialogue, reminds us of Not my will, but thine bedone ; andjuv. Sat. x.

^"jpermittes ipsis expendere numinibus,

quid \

conveniat nobis rebusque sit iitile nostris.

1. 5. vorepafa : this and similar forms are always used of 44

*days, y^pa being usually understood, though very rarely

expressed.

1. 6. ^ is used because it is virtually a comparative.

1. 7. ol TOVTWV Kvpioi : the Eleven, Commissioners of Police,who were charged with the superintendence of prisons, and hadto see that capital sentences were executed. Thus Critias handsover Theramenes to the care of the Eleven under Satyrus (Xen.Hell. ii. 3. 54).

1. 8. TTJS Triov<rqs=

to-day, the day which was just goingto begin. T^S erpas = to-morrow. Cf. 46 A.

1. II. TavTTjs TTJS VVKTOS : gen. of the time within which theevent will happen, like TTJS <*7rt.ov<n)$ i)ju.tpas above, not dependingon Trpbrepov. This night of the Greeks meant the nightthat was past, to us it generally means the night that is coming.Cf. Soph. Ant. 1 6 tv vvKrl rrj vvv. We have the Greek for

to-night in 46 A TT?S ^Trtot/cr^s j>i>fcr6j.

Socrates emphasizes the fact that it is a morning dream, andtherefore true. Cf. Moschus Idyll ii. 25 ITKTOS ore

(.Vrarat, tyyvOi 5 97015|

eure Kal

tdvos- bvdpwv : Hor. Sat. i. 10. 33 Quirinus\ post mediant

noctem visits, cum somnia vera. Uavies quotes from MichaelBruce, Elegy on Spring, And morning dreams, as poets tell,are true.

Kiv8vvVis almost = SOK&. It has the sense of probablyto be, and is used often to modify an assertion out of courtesy,

(M941) D

32 CRITO

where no real doubt is implied. Cf. Plat. Symp. 205 Da\rj6rj

11. II, 12. v Kcupw rivC : the editors notice that rivi hasalmost the force of a litotes= very opportunely.

1. 13. fjv 8* 8rj= and the vision was what?

1. 14. cSoKci^ methought.

1. 15. XevKo, : in accordance with Plato s directions in the

Laws that there should be no lamentation at funerals, and that

the funeral garb should be white.

PAGE 4

B 1. 1 6. ^arC Kv KT\. : the line is modified from Homer, //.

ix. 33 rffAarL K rpirdry ^>dirjv tpifi<jj\ov IKOL/J.TJI , where Achillesis speaking of his contemplated return to his home in Phthia.So Socrates speaks of death as going home.

1. 2. <tn Kal vvv= * even now, at the eleventh hour. Cf. Ar.Kan. 1235 d\X

, &yad\ fri Kal vvv ciTrodos. We seem to gatherthat Crito had made even earlier attempts to induce Socratesto escape.

ireCOov : it would have been possible to write iriQov Kal

(rudijTL, but the difference is that the aorist denotes an act, the

present the state of mind that leads to that act being performed ;

allow yourself to be influenced by this reasoning is the full

idea.

1. 3. ov fiCa : not one, i.e. more than one, not merely one (but

many). See Crit. App.

1. 4. \wpCs should be translated as an adverb ;there is a

balance between %wpts u.v and n 5 ^ffTepTJadai depends on

/jiol taTLv : the latter member of the sentence would be regularly

Xwpis 5 Kal TroXAotj doKew, but doKew would be awkward so far

away from anything which could be understood to govern it,

and the more direct form is therefore substituted, while xw />fr

is

altered to fri because the repetition of the same word without a

complete correspondence between the members of the sentence

would be objectionable. See Crit. App.

1. 5. ovScvctjjLT|

ITOTupt|<roj

: the usual rule of ovIJLTJ is that

(a) with the subj. it expresses strong negation, (b) with the future

indie, a strong prohibition, but there are occasional instances

of its use with the 1st and 3rd persons of the future expressing

negation. Thus in the first person cf. Soph. El. 1052 otf <roi

/J.TI nedtyofjua.1 Trore : also Ar. Ran 508. In the third person cf.

Soph. O. C. 175 $ T0i /-^TTOT^ 0" K TtDz S cdpdvUV, \

&"ytpOV,

rts #ei. There are even occasional passages where the

NOTES 33

second person signifies negation, not prohibition, e.g. Aeschines

iii. 177 roi)s wovripous ov /j.rjirore /ScXrioi S TrotTjcrere.

1. 6. ot <r

[iT|KT\. : fj.r;, not ov, because the sentence is virtually

conditional : if any one does not know us.

1. 8. dfJieXfjo-ai. depends on 56a;, cr^eii/ on oUs r &v : u>s goes Cwith ofos r &v, not with

1. 9. Q\8oKtv: an apparently redundant use of^, Tavn]s, a

gen. of comp., referring forward to this sentence (Riddell calls this

the pronominal pre-statement). Cf. Phaedo 89 D OVK &.v rts

TOVTOV KO.K.bv irdOoi i) \6yovs

1. 15. &iov 4>povriiv.It is to be noticed how frequently

certain adjectives are used without the copula. So dtos is used

again in 46 B and 53 C. 577X05 here and in 53 B. oUs re in 44 D,

46 A, 50 B. TO/U,OS (with which the omission is especially frequent)in 45 B. dvvaros in 44 D and advvaTos in 46 A.

I. 1 6. avrcL, the matter under discussion ; nothing has been

specifically mentioned to which aura could refer.

PAGE 5

II. 22, 23. Iv avrots, if charges are preferred against himbefore them. This is the forensic use of iv : cf. Soph. Ant.

459 tv 0eo?crt rr;v diKTjv 5u<reiv= at heaven s bar.

1. 24. cl -yap <5)<|>Aov

: when this expression had become stereo

typed, and&<pe\ov

had lost its original meaning of obligation,it was preceded by e?0e or yap, never by ei alone.

1. 26. tva oloi T* -?jcrav : iVa, ws, and OTTWS are used with the

secondary tenses of the indicative to express some purposeincapable of realization owing to the non-fulfilment of the

condition on which it depends. Cf. Soph. O.T. 1389 IVTJ

rv<p\6sre /cai K\V<JOI> /j.T)5tv.

Plato realized strongly that the strength of character requiredto do a great wrong may be utilized for great purposes. It is

those who are incapable of TO, /j-eyicrra, whether dyadd or KO.KO.,

whose case is most desperate. We may compare the storynarrated by Browning in the Statue and the Bust, which is

summed up thus :

I hear you reproach : but delay was best,For their end was a crime : oh, a crime will doAs well, I reply, to serve for a test,As a virtue golden through and through,Sufficient to vindicate itself,

And prove its worth at a moment s view.

There is a proverb, corrnptio optimi pessima ; there might beone, conversio pessiini optima.

34 CRITO

11. 26, 27. Kal KaXcos av t\v, then things would be well ;

ii\tv is not dependent on iva or coupled to fjaav as is proved bythe presence of dv, which never appears in final clauses in the

Indicative.

1.27. ovSerepa: either (a) adverbial Adam compares Theaet.

184 A Set 5 ovdercpa or (6) supply eê/rydfccrtfcu. The latter wayseems the simpler.

1. 29. TTOIOVOTI 8 TOVTO # Tt &v TvôxTt : not they act whollyat random, but they treat a man as it occurs to them. Thefull construction would be iroiovai (TIVO. supplied out of (ppovi/JLov

and&(j>poi>a)

TOVTO 6 TL &v ri xwcn TTOIOVVTCS. For this character

istic of rapid action and rapid repentance on the part of the

Athenians compare their conduct to the six generals after

Arginusae in 406 B.C., and the hasty reconsideration of their

contemplated punishment of the Mitylenaeans in 42815.0.

E 1. I. TaOra refers to what has been said;rdSc to what follows.

1. 2. apa (iTJ =nnm, while 76 makes the question more

emphatic : you surely are not troubling about me, are you ?

1. 3. \t.-f\follows irpo/u.f)df) because it is practically a verb of

fearing.

I. 4. <rvKo4>dvTT]S: to understand the meaning of this word

we must clear our minds of the ideas associated with the Englishword sycophant. The Greek word means informer, and wasused generally to express a class of persons difficult to describe

under any one term, but embracing the meanings of rogue,

liar, pettifogger, blackmailer, busybody, etc. The derivation

is very doubtful. Plutarch explains it as referring to information

laid against a man for exporting figs. Bockh explains it rather

as applying to information against stealing. L. Shadwell prefersto connect it with the idea of discovering figs, and, quoting

Antiphon de Saltat. 43 &re /cattavKo<j>dvT(i, says that it probably

means to shake the fruit-tree, and is hence applied metaphorically to making men yield up their fruit (i.e. their riches) bybleeding them. Liddell and Scott have in their later editions

removed the unconscious witticism that the old derivation is a

figment.

45 1. 9. &KTOV avrb \aipeiv,{ dismiss the fear,

1

let it rest.

II. 9, 10. 8i<cuo o-fi.v : the Greek idiom is personal ; weshould say it is right that we

;cf. Dem. de Cor. 53 <f>r)/jt.l

TroXXy fj.eibvuv ZTI TOVTWV dupewv SlKaios elvai Tuy-âveLV.

1. 12.[jL-r)

&XXo>s iro(i : commonly used with another imper.to add earnestness to an entreaty : do so without fail.

1. 13. Kal Tcun-a irpofATiOovfiai KT\., this is only one amongmany reasons for my uneasiness.

NOTES 35

PAGE 6

1. 16. OeXowri: ^0Au> means to be willing, to consent, /SouXo^ucu

to wish, to desire. In prose the initial e is omitted as a rule

only in stock phrases like ei 6e\LS, ei BeXere, ty debs de\rj.

Plato usually retains it even after a vowel.

1. 18. evT\ts, cheap (i.e. easily squared ). The GVKO-

(ftdvT-rjs is regarded as a marketable commodity. The scorn of

the whole passage is to be noticed, the word eirreAety, the

contemptuous TOVTOVS, and perhaps eirai>rovs,

this use of the

preposition being generally confined to inanimate objects,

according to Adam, though Keene suggests that it is a military

metaphor for the campaign against them.

1. 20. {iirdp\i, is at your service (Jowett).

jicv is answered by ^Tretra.

1. 21. KT|86(ivos : out of care for his personal safety, not his Bpurse, for Socrates would not think the loss of money an evil.

1. 22. OVTOI is deictic : here we have foreigners ready to

spend. He speaks as though they were actually present in

the prison. See Crit. App.

1. 23. frroifioi : for absence of copula see note on 44 c, and cf.

Soph. 0. 1\ 91 et T&vde XPV I-S ir\ri<ji.a.$bvTwv K\viv, |%TOL/J.OS

elirelv (sc. et/zi).

Simmias and Cebes were Thebans (and so safe from the

avKcxpavrai}. They both appear again as taking part in the

dialogue of the 1 haedo. Both wrote on philosophical subjects.

Simmias, according to Socrates, was the most eager disputantof the day, and Cebes, whom Lucian calls 6 KC/STJS ^/cetVoj, wasthe author of the famous HiVa. Simmias was not the authorof the well-known epigram on Sophocles, which is more probably the work of Simmias of Rhodes.

I. 26. 8irp Xt-yw, as 1 said? i.e. in the words/J.-/JT ravra

roivvv 0o/3ou.

II. 27, 28. 8 2\-yS tv TO>

8tKao~rr|pa> : Socrates had said in

his trial (ApoL 37 c) that it was useless to suggest exile as the

penalty for himself, for if his own countrymen were not able to

tolerate his discourse, how should it be expected that foreignerswould do so ?

1. 29. ef-eXOwv : leaving Athens, not the prison.

Xpwo is assimilated to the preceding optative ?x ij andstands for the interrogative subjunctive XPV of the direct question. Cf. Gorg. 486 B OVK &v xots o Tt Wn ff -<-

<ravT$dXX

6.v KT\. This assimilation to an optative occurs

36 CRITO

(i) regularly in protases and relative clauses ; (2) more rarely in

final clauses ; (3) very rarely in case of the indie, in indirect

question ; (4) freely in case of the subjunctive in indirect question. Cf. Goodwin G.M. T. 176 seq.

1. 30. &XXoo- : by inverse attraction for &\\odi. Cf. Soph.O.C. 1227 pfyai KfWev 6dtv irep $t.

C 1. I. SCicaiov, right, rather than just.

1. 2. <rcum>v irpoSovvcu is explanatory of irpdyfia.

eov : impersonal verbs, and verbs used impersonally (e.g.

flprj^voif), are used in the accusative instead of the genitiveabsolute. In other cases cl>s is used with the accusative absolute.

1. 4. ttirep dv Kcd 01 i\Qpol KT\. : Jowett paraphrases youare playing into your enemies hands.

PAGE 7

1. 6. vUis : Socrates had three sons, of whom the eldest,

Lamprocles, was fj.eipd.Kiov (in his teens), the others, Sophroniscusand Menexenus, quite young. In the declension of this word,the forms of the third declension only are used in the dual and

plural, and usually in the genitive and dative singular, as well

as viov, I icp. In the rest of the singular the forms of the

second declension only are used.

1. 7. -rrpoSiSovcu : not irpodovvai as above, for it denotes rather

the attempt to betray.

D 1. 8. K0pt v|/cu Kal Kirai8ti<rai : the prepositional prefixmeans to complete the education. rpofirj refers to physicaland moral education, iraideia to the more intellectual side.

ol)^T](rei KaTaXnrwv, you will go right away and leave

them. oixo/icu, having a perfect signification, expresses either

the completeness or suddenness of departure.

1. 9. TO <rbvp-cpos, for aught you do, they will fare as

chance directs. Contrast the construction with TTOIW at the

end of Chapter III. irparTu is sometimes used with neuters as

though adverbs. Cf. Ar. Aves 1703 o> iravr dyada Trpdrrovres.

1. II. oldirep lw0v : the sufferings of orphans are dwelt on

by Andromache in Iliad xxii. after she hears of the death of

Hector, and anticipates a hard time for Astyanax : ^o.p 8

6p(f>a.vLK.bv TravatprjXiKa TrcuSa Tidrjffi xxii. 490.

1. 13. o-vv8i,aTaXanrtopiv, to persevere to the end in the

task of . .

1. 14. TO, pq.9v[A6VaTa : Crito compares the indifference of

Socrates whether he lived or died to the trouble his friends

had been taking to secure his escape.

NOTES 37

1. 16.<j>d(TKOVTa

: the word nearly always insinuates a hint of

unreality; it is to -profess rather than ^press. There is

just a touch of bitterness here to which 5? adds. 8ia

TOV fiiov goes with (paffKOvra rather than

1. 21. elo-oSos : Adam sees an allusion to the stage ;he notices E

the double meaning of dyuv (pleading, acting), of efcroSos

(entrance of an actor or introduction of a case). With this view

we might translate ucnrep /carcr-y^Xus TTJS Trpdêws, as though

reducing the whole affair to a farce, i.e. although it began as

a tragedy.

The whole moral of the passage, as Crito would press it, is

that it is harder to live well than to die well ;he therefore

taunts Socrates with pq.0vij.ia. and avavdpia. He, and in this

Socrates would agree with him, would l.ave little admiration

for suicide, the nobik leturn Catonis. For reading see Crit. App.

I. 22. ovfr?)

eureXOeiv : Socrates might have escaped betweenthe lodging of the indictment with the King Archon and the

actual trial. In that case the verdict would have gone againsthim by default. It is better to suppose that this is meant here

than to think that it refers to coming to terms with Anytus,which would not have been tolerated in a trial for cur^Seta as

an offence against the state.

II. 23, 24. TO T\VTaiov 8^| Tovxi : this last scene of all.

diaTreêvyevat. explains TOVTL just as above (ravrbv irpoSovvat

explains irpayâ.. ij^cLs is object, not subject, at being under

stood as subject out of rb Trpay/j-a rb irepi <;L

11. 26, 27. otnvS . . ov84 (TV : the grammar is somewhat 46

irregular; instead of the relative clause being continued, <rv

appears as though the subject of a principal verb in a mainsentence. We have to supply ^crwcras. Cf. Xen. Anab. I. iv.

9 i-^dviijv oi)s oi 2i/pot deovs ^vbjj.i.ôv Kal ct5t/ceZV OVK etwv ovd

ras

1. 27. oidv T* 8v Kal Svvardv, though perfectly practicable.

Couplets of two adjectives with similar_meaiiing..will best be

translated by an adverb and adjective! So too a couplet of

verbs is sometimes best translated by an adverb and verb, anda couplet of nouns by an adjective and noun.

1. 29. TO> Ka,K<5 is used substantively. TT/MS is used in the same

way as &/j.a here ; cf. Symp. 195 c vôs ptv tern, -n-pbs 8r<p

31. Pov\vo-0ai = to form plans; j3fôv\evcrdai = to have

plans ready formed. See Charm. 1760 OVTOI, rjv 5 ^716, rl

Trotetj/; ovdfr, tyy 6 Xap/xiS^s, dXXci

38 CRITO

PAGE 8

B 1. 2. d|a : sc. tarlv,for if the optative of the copula is omitted

in an apodosis which would naturally require &v, the &v mustbe retained. For the mixed type of conditional sentence cf.

Apol. 19 E tird KO.I TOVTO yt fj.oi doKcl KO\OV clvai. et TIS olbs

r efy TrcuSeveiv.

1. 6. n-

i0e<r0cu : consecutive infinitive after olos.

TWV ejioiv : everything that is mine, including reasons as well

as property and friends.

1. 9. 2\-yov : the imperfect is used here, as below in 46 D and

47 A, of something that was said all through Socrates teaching.

I. 10.8p.oi<H

: either (a) is subject, and ^XrioTot, understoodfrom /SATioTos (paivrjTai, is predicate, similar opinions appearto me best ; or (d) is predicate, with ol \6yoc (understood) as

subject, but they seem to me the same, i.e. and therefore, as I

respected them before, there is nothing to make me cease to

respect them now. This latter seems the simpler.

II. II, 12. irpeo-pevw KalTi|ia>

: a couplet of verbs, see note on

46 A. We might translate I pay the utmost reverence. Trpecr-

|8etfa>=to give precedence to.

C 11. 13, 14. ov|iT)

0-01<nryX

a)P 1l

<rCl) : the I aor. subj. here, as ex

pressing strong negation ;see note on 44 B. For explanation of

construction see 48 c.

1. 16. [Aopp.oXx)TTT)Tai : to terrify with the Mop/tu6, a bogie usedto frighten children with in the Greek nursery. Others of the

same kind wereAKKU>, AX0tro>, Ad/ita, ~Mop/j,o\i>Krj, Topyu,

E0iaXr?7s, and "Efjiirovaa. So when the child in Theocr.

Idyll xv. wishes to go out with its mother it is induced to

remain at home by the threat Mop/xw Sd/ci/ei iiriros.

Gavdrovs : according to Wagner, the plural indicates the

various ways in which capital punishment may be inflicted ;

but 6a.va.TOL, (p5voi., etc., are very common plurals for the sake

of poetical or rhetorical effect.

I. 1 8. avrd, the question before us. The plural is put for

the singular, thereby, as Riddell says, enriching the style

(i) by varying it; (2) by representing the fact as a complex

phenomenon. So too raura and even 6drepa : see 5 2 A Svotv

6drepa.

II. 1 8, 19. -rrpwTov ^v here has no etra or ^ireira to balance it,

but is repeated below in 48 A, the second point being introduced

by dXXa plv drj.

1. 20. irdrepov : depending on the idea of questioning contained in \6yov

NOTES 39

1. 21. 8rt TCUS n^v KT\., that we must show discrimination

in the attention we pay to opinions.

1. 24. dXXws, at random (otherwise than ought to be). See DCrit. App. Jowett, talk for the sake of talking.

1. 25. ircuSia Kal<}>Xvapia

: here we have a couplet of sub

stantives, just as in 46 A and B we have had a couplet of adjectivesand of verbs. We might translate childish nonsense.

1. 27. dXXoi<$Tpos : the force of the comparative is expressed

by somewhat altered. This and 6 avrds are both predicates.

PAGE 9

I. 28. d(TOfiv \ntpfiv, we shall let it be. Cf. 45 A.

II. 30, 31. TWV olojJLcvtov TI Xeyeiv, who think that they speak

sensibly, opposed to ovdtv\tyeii>,

to speak nonsense.

1. 35. 8<ra-y rdvOpwireia = humanly speaking, in all human E

probability ;the 76 is limiting.

1. 36. irapa,Kpova>= to mislead, lit. to strike aside, a meta- 47

phor either (i) from wrestling, to trip up, or (2) from the

market, to strike off too much from the top of a measure.

1. I. TO, Toiavra refers to what follows, as not infrequently,for it is by no means an invariable rule that rotoCros refers to

what precedes and roibaoe to what follows.

: see note on eXeyov 46 B.

1. 2. TOVTO irpaTTwv, devoting himself to this, making this Bhis profession.

1. 3. vovv : it must be remembered that the regular proseword for mind is didvoca : vous, as a prose word, is confined

to certain stereotyped phrases, like vovvexo>,

vovv

1. 5. The larpos cures p6(ros, the -iraiSoTpip^s cures

these are the two branches of the art which looks after the body.Herodicus of Selymbria combined the two arts in his own

person.

PAGE 10

1. II. -rrpaKT^ov KT\. : the relations of these words can bebest shown thus: TrpaKreov, i.e. yv/uLfaareov for the 7rai.5oTpi(3r)s,

or (deffrtov Kal irortov for the tarpos.

1. 13. iri<rra.TT]= master of his art. Adam notices the

intended connexion between ciricrTdTrjs and ewaiuv, a real

confirmation of Socrates view that knowledge everywhere held

rule.

40 CRITO

C 1. 16. tlev : probably a mere interjection connected with ela,

and no part of the verb ei/j.1.

11. 21, 22. KCU ITCH reCvet KT\., whither does it tend and whatdoes it affect in him who does not follow instructions ?

Notice the chiastic arrangement of the adjectives, the words

expressing good and bad qualities being placed as in the figure

chiasmus, and not alternately. It would spoil this if the order

were altered, as Hirschig would alter it, to /ecu KoXwv /ecua.l<r\pGjv.

D 1. 34. exeivo = ^VXT)

1. 35. iyiyvero . . airwXXvro : the philosophical imperfect

expressing a fact which has been recognized as such by a

previous discussion. There is a very similar use, usually with

&pa, expressing a fact which had not been previously recognisedor understood. Cf. Ar. Eq, 382 ty &pa TTI /JJS 7 Zrepa 6epfj.oTepa,* so we see there are things hotter than fire ; Plat. Phaedr.

230 A S.p ov r6de f)v rb oevdpov t<p tiirep fjyes ijfjids ;is not this

after all the tree to which you were leading us?

PAGE 11

1. 2. voo-w8ovs= unwholesome. It has here an active mean

ing, being used of that which causes, not that which suffers

ill-health. The words healthy and unhealthy have both the

active and passive signification in English. We can speak of

a healthy climate and a healthy man, an unhealthy placeand an unhealthy constitution.

1. 3. HTJ comes after and not before Trei.d6fj.evoL because it

suggests the direct opposite dXAa ry -ruv /AT? i-jraiuvTuv.

E 1. 7. va(. : Crito assents to the statement that the body is

intended, not of course to the view that life is worth livingunder those circumstances.

1. 8. dp o5v PUOTOV KT\. : the Greeks looked upon physical

suffering in a very different light to that in which it is regarded

by Christian thought to-day. The sight of agony patiently bornewould not have had the value for them that it has for us

;

to them there would have been little meaning in the French

paradox Savoir souffrir c est tout savoir. So in the third bookof the Republic Socrates argues against the presence of manydoctors in a state, holding that their only true function is to

restore to health those of naturally sound physical and mentalconstitution. Those who lack these qualities they are to leave

severely alone : those who possess the opposite bad qualities

they are themselves to make away with. The valetudinarian is

especially to be censured, for no one has the time to spend his

whole existence in looking after his health. As R. L. Stevenson

NOTES 41

says in his essay Acs triplex : It is better to lose health like a

spendthrift than to waste it like a miser. It is better to live

and be done with it than to die daily in the sick-room.

1. 9. jj.o\0T]pds, afflicted, suffering /i6x#os : so bad.

1. 1 1. |iT Kivov = \fsvxw- This is an afortiori argument : wehave admitted that life is not worth living with a diseased body;much less then can it be with a diseased soul for the

superiorityof the soul to the body is almost axiomatic in Plato. o> is used

here and not 6 (though in Plato the accusative is commonestwith \updffdai, as in 471)) to avoid ambiguity as to subjectand object. Both cases are found with

Xu>/3ci0-0cu,but only the

accusative with OVLVO.VQ.L : but it is unnecessary to insert 6 in the

second clause, for in Greek relative sentences, when there is a

change of case, it is marked not by the repetition of the relative,

but, if at all, by the demonstrative in a new case; e.g. Plat.

Rep. 357 B at r/5orai 8<rai d/SXa/Sets /catp.-r^>kv

eis rov ^Tretra"X,p6vov

dia ravras yiyverat a\\o ?} xatpetv ^ojra.

11. 14, 15. TWV T|fiT^pa)v, whatever it is that is ours;

as 48

comprehensive a use as that of TUV i^dv in 46 B.

11. 21, 22. Tpot)<riv

<xXX 5 TI: we have the direct and indirect

way of introducing a question side by side. Cf. Soph. O. T. 71Tl 5p(JOV ?) Tl (piOVUlV Tlfjvde pVO aifJ.TJl TToXlI .

1.24. elo-Tj-yet, elo-rvYovfievos, propose. The proper wordfor formally introducing a motion.

PAGE 12

1. 28. diroKTivvvvai and O.TTOKTIWVS are much commoner in

Plato than dTro/cretVetv and dTroKTelvwv.

Socrates having answered Crito s first point that the opinionof the many should be respected, proceeds to answer his secondthat it must be especially respected, because they can kill those

of whom they disapprove.

1. 29. 8i]Xa 8f| Kal ravra : the assignment of these and the Bfollowing words to the different speakers has been a vexed

question with editors. It is probably best to take it that Crito

first comments with 5^Xa 5?j /cat raPra on Socrates observationthat the many can put to death

; Adam suggests that he says it

as an aside. This, Crito says, is obvious, as well as (/ecu) the

necessity of respecting their opinion. He then answers Socrates

0CU77 7 &v TIS with(f>airj yap &v, yes, he would say so. Socrates

replies, very true.

1. 32. oSrds T followed by Kal r6vSe aft (Tx:67ret, a variation onthe more natural Kal ode a5 6 \oyos (doKe i S/J.OLOS etrat /cat Trporepov),because it has yet to be determined whether this principle is

binding.

42 CRITO

I. 33. Kal irpoVepov : Kal here has its well-known sense of

comparison, like the Latin atque or ac. See Crit. App.II. 34, 35. TO t fjv and TO 6 f)v : the well-known contrast which

Aristotle emphasizes in the Politics, efi is further defined asKciXws Kal diKaiws because of its double meaning, to live

comfortably and to live virtuously, and also in order to pavethe way for diKaiov in the next chapter.

1. 36. dXXci jUvei, yes, that is settled.

1. I. K TWV6fioXo-yov[JLv>v, from our premises. The

present is used idiomatically without the idea of any particulartime. Cf. otrtp Xeyw 45 B.

1. 3. d<{>i.evTwv, let go, not permit, which would be

1. 4. impwjieOa : s

1. 5. &s 8^ o-v Xe^yeis TOLS o-K\J/is : the relative clause is putfirst for the sake of emphasis, and the antecedent is attracted

into the case of the relative which precedes it. Cf. Phaedo 66 E

-rnj.lv <rrcu ou<j>a/m.6t> epaaral dvai

(ppovr)<rews.

I. 7. TavTa : the antecedent is not<TK^S,

so that this is nota case of attraction to the gender of the predicate (such as hie

labor, hoc opus cst), but the word is to be referred to d^aXuxrews

Xpy/uLdTuv Kal do^rjs Kal iraiouv Tpotfiijs.

II. 7,8. |i^|. .

f]: the subjunctive with /j-rj depending on some

idea of fear becomes a cautious way of stating an affirmative

proposition. This construction, though rare between Homerand Plato, is important as being the probable key to the use

both of ov/UL-TJ

and /my ov with the subjunctive, the construction

with ov fj-rj being the way of negating such a cautious affirmative,while //r? ov cautiously states a negative. Thus /u,r; u>s d\T)Ousravra aKe^ara y, there is reason to believe that these are

questions, etc., i.e. they probably are; /A?; ou Se fl V7ro\oyie(r0ai,

1

there is reason to believe that it is not necessaiy to take into

account, i.e. it probably is not; ov /uri (rvy^wpriffw, there is noreason to believe that I shall agree, i.e. I certainly shall not.

I. 9. dvapicocrKOfJLevwv : the word is here causative ; more

ordinarily it means come to life again. The &v goes with the

participle only, which stands for ol avefiLuvKovTo y av, beingthe apodosis to el oloL r ^jaav.

The idea that it refers to the remorse felt by the Atheniansafter the execution of Socrates rests on a very uncertain tradition.

II. 9, 10. ouSevl o-vv vw : neither atv nor vovs is the ordinary

prose word, /iera-and didvoia being the words in use. avv is con

fined to liturgical formulae or cases where a closer connexion

than that implied by yuero, is intended, and vovs to certain stereo

typed phrases. See 47 B.

NOTES 43

1. 10. TOVTCOV : contemptuous, like Latin iste, those many of

whom you make so much. It is contemptuous also in 458TOUTOVS TOUS (7VKO(pdvTaS.

I. II. 6 Xo yos cupei, since reason so decides a stock

Platonic phrase. Editors quote Horace s ratio vincit or evincit.

The meaning of the word is nearly convict. Sometimes the

object is expressed ; e.g. Plat. Rep. x. 607 6 yap \6yos T//U.CIS

-gpet.

II. II, 12.p.^|

ov&v . . .fl

: see stipra.

PAGE 13

1. 13. T\OVVTS : it is unnecessary to imagine a zeugma with

Xa/HTcts after XP7?MOTO, reXoiWes, TeXelV ~x_a.pLv being a natural

phrase (instead of the ordinary ddfrai) for to pay a debt of

gratitude.

I. 15. e<ryovTes T Kal tfjo/yoficvoi : the plural is somewhat Dillogical, for strictly it was Crito who was (^dywv and Socrates

who was %ay6fj,vos, allowing himself to be led out.

II. 16, 17. K&V<j>aivwp.0a p-yad}JLvoi

= if it be shown that

we are acting wrongly, not of course if we appear to be acting

wrongly, which would be epydfradai.

1. 17. {nroXo-y^o-Ocu, to take into account ; properly of

something opposite to our present course, as it were, on the

other side of the ledger.

1. 1 8. -irapap-tvovTas, remaining here, as a faithful slave whodoes not run away.

1. 22. rl 8poifjLv : a deliberative subjunctive, here dependingon opa.

I. 25. iraverai : I. aor. imper. mid. The only active form of ETrotfw used intransitively is Traue.

II. 27-29. a>s e-yw . . &KOVTOS: adopting this reading in the text,which is Meiser s conjecture, followed by Adam, we translate,* for I think it important to persuade you, and not to dothis (i.e. stay in prison) without your consent. For further

discussion see Crit. App.

1. 30. xv Xe-yiyrcu : this is not a protasis with the apodosissuppressed, nor is it an indirect question, for fdv can never beused like el with the meaning of whether, but it here means if

by chance, in case.

1. I. eKovras dSiK^Tcov : an accusative appears as the subject 49of a verbal adjective, instead of the dative being used ; thereason is that dSiKrjreov is treated as equivalent to 5ft

Cf. Thuc. viii. 65 ws ovrep.L<jOo<poptiTfov eiij TOUS

44 CRITO

PAGE 14

1. 7. KKx.\jfivai, thrown away ; IK^U is probably a meta

phor from throwing goods overboard at sea (Lat. iactnra) ; it is

used of profuse extravagance, e.g. Soph. El. 1291 rd 5 e/cxe *>

r&

1. 8. TT]XiKo8e : Socrates was seventy years old. ytpovres is

probably a gloss to show that T7/\i/c6<r5e, which can mean so

young as well as so old, is used here in the latter meaning.For the combination of the two meanings cf. Soph. Ant. 726(Creon the father speaking of Haemon the son) ol rrjXiKoide

j| typovelv VTT Q.V5p

1. 10. iravros ptaXXov more than anything (a common useof ?ras) ;

so most assuredly, a frequent phrase in Plato.

I. 15. Tv-yxo-vci 6v= (

really is. Notice the asyndeton; the

direct rvyxavei is used after ourws xet without any direct

particle of connexion.

II. 19, 20. os ol iroXXol olovrai: the many think, as they

thought in the time of our Lord, that it was right to give an eye for

an eye and a tooth for a tooth. Such a lex talionis meets with

Socrates condemnation. In this, as in so many other respects,he shows himself above the prevailing morality of the time, but

there were others who shared his view, as Pittacus in Diog.Laert. i. 4. 78 0tXov /XTJ \tyeiv /ca/ccDs aXXd /JLrjdt ^x^P^v

1. 23. rC 8 8r| ; introduces a new departure of a more markedcharacter than rt 5^; which follows. Kaxovpytu is not merely to

wrong, but to act like a criminal, and therefore the transition

is greater from ddiKecv to Kanovpyew than from xaKovpyeiv to

1. 34. ovStva dvOpwircov is object, not subject of /ca/cws

ovS &v OTIOVV irao-xtl : in general propositions the subjectof subordinate clauses when easily understood is often to beinferred ; e.g. Apol. 29 A do/ce^

7<xpddfrat tyriv A OVK olSev.

1. 35. KaOonoXo-ywv, admitting point by point. Socrates

was fond of getting those who conversed with him to agree to

points one by one which seemed trivial, until they found suddenlythat they had taken up a position exactly opposite to that which

they had originally held.

PAGE 15

D 11. 38, 39. OVK &rri KOIV^I povXrj : this is true especially of

the point under consideration as to the justification of revenge ;

but, beyond that, the Philistine laughs at the philosopher as

unpractical, a crank, and a visionary, while the philosopher

laughs in his turn at the Philistine as a man of no ideas.

NOTES 45

1. 46. dp\f]S : the principle, the starting-point of the dis

cussion, here used in close connexion with

1. 47. irdXai Kal vvv ri : the Greeks express this co-ordin- Eately ; we rather say now, as long before. Cf. Soph. El. 676davbvr Op^a Trjv vvv re Kai TrdXcu \tyw.

1. 49. rbfJLCTo.

TOVTO = the next point referring to mere

succession, not like K TOVTOV to logical consecution.

1. 53. jjLciXXov B, or rather.

1. 54. TO) has no accent and stands for TLVL, depending on

1. 55. l^airaTtyreov : used as a variation for ou iroirjTtov, whichwould be naturally expected.

I. i. IK TOVTWV = in the light of this; denoting logical

consecution, not mere succession. Contrast TO /itrd TOVTO in the

last chapter.

II. I, 2. onriovTs and\if\

ireCo-avTes both take the place of a

protasis ; /*ij is used because it is conditional.

11. 4, 5. ols = roirrois &, and SIKCUOIS ovViv is attracted into 60

the same case instead of the regular Sinaia 6vTa.

PAGE 16

1. 7. ov -yap evvoca : Crito really sees to what Socrates

arguments must lead, but does not like to pronounce the

irrevocable words.

1. 8.(JL\\ov<riv TIJJLIV

: in the dative depending ona word regularly used for the appearance of visions.

1. 9. diro8i8pa.(rKi.v is the word for a runaway slave contrast

with Trapafjitvu in 48 D. Socrates uses the apologetic phraseafterwards, or whatever name you prefer to call it, in order

not to wound the feelings of Crito who had been so zealous onhis behalf. For the same reason he makes the argument that

he must stay and not escape come from the personified lawsand not himself.

11. 10, n. rb KOIVOVrr\<s

iroXews^ the government of the

city. Cf. Cic. Verr. ii. 2. 114 commune Siciliae.

1. II. el-rr^ JJLOI: the laws are speaking through a spokesman,just as the Coryphaeus in a Greek play speaks in the singular

though representing the whole chorus, and even the chorus as a

whole, as in the regular choral odes, employ the singular.

1. 12. tv vo> ?\ ls : see 47 B.

&X\o TIV\,

is it not the case that . . ? Some wordlike Troiets is understood with dXXo rt. The idiom became

46 CRITO

stereotyped to such an extent that sometimes &\\o TI is thusused interrogatively without ij.

1. 13. w em\ipis : usually eVtxetpea; takes the accusative of

neuter words, cf. 45 c, but the influence of the preceding ryhas here made the dative preferable.

B 1. 15. Tb crbv fipos= as far as you can. Cf. 45 D, where,however, the meaning was rather for aught you can.

8oKei <roi otdv TC : either (a) 5o/cet is parenthetical andfffriv must be supplied with oUv re, or (b) elvai must beunderstood. In either case we may notice, what is veryfrequent, the omission of the copula with olos re, and cf. note on&LOV 44 c.

1. 1 6. T^JV iroXiv clvai,*that the city should exist and not be

in ruins. dvcu has more than its usual force of to be andit is unnecessary to supply anything with it, such as rty 7r6\iv

jr6\iv elvai which has been proposed. See Crit. App. dvarc-

Tpd4>0aiis the perfect of the state resulting on an action.

11. 1 6, 17. vft

KT\. : we have heard in a very different connexion in our own days the importance of not interfering with the

chosejugle.

1. 1 8. &Kvpos = invalid, Kvpios= valid.

1. 22. diroXXufuvov = in a fair way to be destroyed. The

present is frequently used with a stretch of future time, called

vaguely the praesens propheticum ;but the use here can be more

nearly paralleled from the imperfect of imminence, as in Eur.

H.F. 538 Kai T&/J. dvri<TK TKV\ dirb}\\v/j.7jv 5 eyd. Theeditors see an allusion to the custom in Athens, when a law wasto be repealed, of appointing avv/ryopoi or advocates to speak onits behalf.

1. 24. 6n introduces the direct quotation, taking the place of

inverted commas, a usage familiar to readers of Xenophon andthe New Testament

;cf. Phaedo 60 A flirev . . . 6rt, ui

2u>K/)arej,

vcrrarov drj <re irpocrepova i vvv ol eVtr^Setot /cat av TOIJTOVS.

C "yapbecause or since, the real principal verb of the

sentence being dia.voovfj.ai. understood: yes, that is my intention,for . .

1. 25. ^Kpivev has much more force as aorist referring to the

definite occasion, despite the proximity of the imperfect ^Sket.

1. 2. Kal Tavra= the right to disobey laws of which you dis

approve.PAGE 17

1. 4. avTwv 0a\)|xdtoi|iv : for construction with 0av/j.dfa see

43 B. The construction is a civil mode of expressing dissent.

NOTES 47

1. 5. bVi : see note on 50 B.

1. 7. TO> IpoDTav re Kal dtroKp^v<r0ai : another phrase for

dia\tye<rdai. Socrates method of teaching was by question andanswer.

1. 9. irpwrov p.v has no 5^ clause nor even ^Tretra to answer Dit, but dAXd rots irepi, etc., corresponds.

1. 13. o>s ov KaXws 2\ovo-iv : to be taken as participle.

1.15. rpo<j>T|VT Kal Trai8e(av : rpofpri is the more general term,

but applied especially to the care of the body, TrcuSeta to the

care of the soul. The two words are often combined to implywhat we mean by education in its widest sense. CT. 45 D.

1. 1 8. fiovcriKT) and yu|jLvao-TiKTJ are the two branches of Greekeducation ; the former being for the training of the mind

(ircudeia), the latter for that of the body (rpocpri). The former

contained more than what we mean by music, though playingthe lyre formed an integral part of the education, but there

were also ypd/j./j,a,Ta (what we should call the three Rs), and

learning by heart from the poets. For a longer description see

Plato, Republic, Books II. and III.

1. 19. KaXo>s implies Socrates approval of /j.ov<nKri and yi>/ju>a-

(m/o? as the method of education that the state was to adopt,but he was a zealous educational reformer, and there was muchin the system actually in force of which he could not approve.

1. 2O.eTpd<J>Tis

Kal irai8v0T]s : see onTpo<p-q

and waideia Eabove.

I. 22. 8ov\os : for the idea of being a slave to the laws the

editors compare Ildt. vii. 104 eXevdepoi yap tovres ov irdvTa

\etQepol elai.. ^Treori yap <r<pL dfairdr^s vbp.o<>.This refers to

the Spartans.

II. 22, 23. O.VTOS re Kal ol <rol irpd-yovoi^ yourself, as yourforefathers before you. For this curious extension of the crxv^ -

KaO 8\ov Kal /J.tpos, where something really outside the subjectis treated as part of it, cf. Apol. 42 A dixaia Treirovdus

4y<j)

tffo/j.aiv<j> vfj.wv avr6s re Kal oi TrcuScs, and Soph. O. C. 461

^7raios /u&/, Oi StTrous, /carot/cnVat|

aur6s re 7ra?5^$ 6 ai 5e.

1. 24. dp e(; iVov KT\. . . SiKaiov etvai, do you think that

our rights against one another are on a footing of equality, anddo you regard it as just that you should repay whatever treatmentwe try to mete out to you ? See Crit. App.

1. 27. ^ irpbs [ikv &pa am KT\. : croi depends on ^ foov : for

the hyperbaton by which it is thrust between vrp6s and the

noun that it governs cf. Soph. Phil. 468 wpos vvv ae Trcrrpos

. . . keTTjs iKvovfjai, and the frequent Latin adjuration per te

deos oro. OVK goes with ^ foov and does not ask a question.(M941) E

48 CRITO

1. 30. KaKws aKovovra : d/cotfw is used as the passive ofu (cf. 53 I-:), especially with e?> and /ca/ciDs. In the same way

audio is used in Latin. Translate to give violent words for

violent words, or blows for blows."

This passage would be a vindication of Socrates against the

charge that he made children dishonour their parents. Thefirst count of the indictment against him was that he 5ia00eipTOI)S vtovs.

51 1. 33. &TTCLI should be read instead of e0rcu : sc. ^ teov rb

dlKCLiov. See Crit. App.

PAGE 18

1. 35. KaX . . Bt in co-ordinate clauses is fairly common. Insuch cases the 5^ couples the clauses, and the /ecu lays stress

upon the word that follows it;but this case differs, as the cV

introduces the apodosis, though its relation to /ecu is the sameas if in a co-ordinate clause.

1. 36. TriXi.pT|<ris: the direct interrogation in

is substituted for the consecutive clause in the accusative andinfinitive that would naturally have followed oxrre.

H- 37 3S. iroieiv = to do some particular thing, regarding it as

a result achieved; Trpdrra) to follow some particular line of

conduct. We might translate here, you will say that in

actions of this sort, your conduct is just. Cf. Ep. Rom. i. 32ov /Jidvov avra TTOLOuaiv dXAa /ecu avvevdoKOvo iv rcus

I. 38. 6 . . eirifieXofJievos : there is a certain subtle sarcasmin the use of the article here, you the (professed) devotee of

virtue. So ao(f)6s below, which was almost a nickname of

Socrates, and was used with the meaning not only of philosopherbut of sophist.

That the country had stronger claims on its children thantheir actual parents was almost a commonplace with ancient

writers, and is a view that pervades Cicero s works.

II. 42, 43. Iv p.^ovi fjioCpa= in greater esteem. Cf. Aesch.

P. V. 292 OVK <(?& 6ry /j-eifova ^oipav vei/j-aifjC ?) aoi.

1. 46. f)irdQtiv

-f)TToieiv = and, failing to persuade, must do

its bidding.

1. 49. els iroXefJiov &yr\ : Socrates himself had fought at

Potidaea (430), Delium (424), and Amphipolis (422).

11. 51, 52. vTreLKTeov, dvax^pTlTcov, XeiiTTtov T?|V Ta^v : Thethree verbs correspond with the three ypacfial, do-rparetas, SaXtas,

of which were punished by dri/mta (Wagner).is to give way, dvaxwp^w to retreat, Xenrw TT/V rd^v to

leave one s post.

NOTES 49

11. 54, 55. ^ ir0iv avTTJv : we have to supply del in sense from CTroL-rjToi>,

but it need not be added in the text, being understood

by a common idiom.

I. 55. irdQtiv and(3ux<r0ai

are constantly opposed.

PAGE 19

II. 2, 3. Both d\ii0f] and ou SIKCUO, are predicates : if this that

we say is true, your attempt to do what you are now doing is

not right.

1. 7. TW |ovcr(av irciroiTjKcvai, by the fact of having given Dpermission. %ov(riav is used here absolutely, without an infini

tive depending on it, but it is easy to supply one from the clause

which follows below \aj36vTa. airitvai.

1. 8. A0Tivcuv is a partitive genitive dependent on T

pov\ofjL^v<f yto any of the Athenians that wishes to avail himself

of it.

8oKi[iao-0fj refers to the SoKifj-aata els &i>8pas,when the

young Athenian at the age of eighteen was entered on the

\i}%iapxiKbv ypafji/j-aTeiov, the register of the deme, though it wasnot till the age of twenty that he had the rights of an Athenian

citizen, having to serve in the meantime as a Trep/TroAos or

frontier-guard. It was an examination as to his parentage and

adoption.

1. n. Xaf3ovTa : instead of the accusative as subject of the

dependent infinitive, the dative in agreement with $ might have

been used, and would be in fact more usual ; but this construc

tion can be easily paralleled.

l|eivai depends on irpoayopevo/j-ev.

I. 14. ls diroiKfav : to an Athenian colony, opposed to ^eroi-

KCIV, which means going to dwell in an altogether foreign state.

el|i:| dpeo-Koip-ev : a more remote supposition dependent

on the other, tdv -m f3ov\r]Tat. The optative, and not the

subjunctive, is used (a) to mark the fact that the conditions are

not parallel or alternative, (6) to emphasize the remoteness of

the preposterous notion that a citizen should not be contented

with the laws.

II. 15, 16. |iTotKiv IX0wv : the phrase together means to

transfer one s residence ; fJ.eroi.Kflv alone means to be a /^rot/cos

who has moved.

1. 19. Vfi-t]= thereby. This sense is common in philosophical E

Greek, and is best represented by the phrase ipso facto.

1. 22. vevvTycus: yevvrjTat = parents, yevvrJTai=

gentiles, heads

of families.

50 CRITO

PAGE 20

52 1. 28. TOVTCOV ovScrepa iroiei : the words are introduced for

clearness, but the sense is really complete without them, the

real verbs of the sentence being otfre Tretflercu, otfre ircldei. r//xas.

1. I. EwKpa.Ts: the omission of u> gives greater impressivenessas differing from the ordinary form of address. The effect

would be produced by the opposite process in English.

I. 2. V o-0cu, will be liable to. It is common to speakof this as the future middle used in a passive sense, but Jebb(on Soph. O. 7 . 672) says that the aorist forms alone are

peculiar to the middle ; the future, like the present and perfect,is used in both a middle and a passive sense.

II. 3,4. v TOIS (xclXurTa : see on 43 C tv rots ^apvrara : if wesupplied a participle here it would be frexo/J^vois, while belowit would be dfjLoXoyrjKoa Lv.

1. 5. KaOdirroivTo, attack.

1. 7. Tvyx-vw with a participle is a stronger and not a weaker

periphrasis of the simple verb : the fact is I have made this

acknowledgment, or it so happens I have made this acknow

ledgment. Thus Phaedo no A d"ioj> aKovaai ola

1. 8. TOVTWV looks forward to the clause rjfj.els r)pt<TKO[j,ev/cat

~fj

TroXts : for the plural used where the singular would be expectedcf. 52 A Bdrepa, 53 A Adrro;.

1. ii. 8ia4>pdvTtos, pre-eminently ; here with genitive of

comparison, more than all.

C7TiSi]|JLe ci>,to stay in one s country, as opposed to

dTTodrj^u, to live abroad. Socrates stayed very much in

Athens, seldom going beyond its walls, but Diog. Laert. quotesauthorities for visits paid by him to Samos, Delphi, and the

Isthmus. The latter statement may have been responsible for

the insertion of the words 6n yur? oVa ets lad^bv, which are

usually regarded as a gloss. See Crit. App.

1. 13. eirl 0wpiav: to attend the great festivals or public

games, the Olympian, Nemean, Pythian and Isthmian ; as

all the leading men of Athens attended these, the absence of

Socrates would be likely to excite comment.

1. 14. o-TpaTvo-djJLvos : see on 51 B for Socrates military

&X\oo- ov8afid(T, but not &\\7)v ovdefiLav aTroSyp.lav, in order

to avoid cacophony.

1. 15. eiroiTJo-w : the middle Troioufj.ai is always used with nouns

NOTES 51

when it is an analytical expression for a single verb ;it is used

to verbalize the meaning of the noun. The active would always

imply more ;thus TTOIW airodrip-lav might be to create, produce,

or organize a tour, iroiou/j.cu o.iro8-rip.ia.v to make a tour, i.e. to

travel.

It is said that Archelaus of Macedon tried to get Socrates

to visit his court, and, with less authority, that Scopas of

Crannon and Eurylochus of Larissa invited him.

1. 1 6. oio-irep ol ctXXoi ctvOpwiroi : especially as might be

expected from a philosopher. Solon, for instance, had been a

traveller, and Plato himself visited Cyrene, Egypt, MagnaGraecia and Sicily.

7ri0v|jLia governs the genitive fiXX^s 7r6Xea>s directly, andthe infinitive eiS&ai depends upon it also, as though it were an

indeterminate verb. Cf. Soph. EL 364 TTJS aijs 5 OVK tpu TI/UTJS

rvxeiv- The English would have been rather desire to knowanother state.

1. 19. oirrwo*<j>68pa r)[ias fipov, so marked was your preference C

for us.

PAGE 22

1. 23.<J>vyTJS

: at his trial Socrates had dismissed the idea of

suggesting exile as a counter-penalty to the sentence of death

on the ground that if his own countrymen could not tolerate

him strangers were still less likely to do so (Apol. 37 c). This

is the opposite idea to A prophet is without honour in his

own country. In an dyCov -H/ICT/TOS (i.e. to be assessed, not

already assessed) the accused could propose a counter-penalty ;

Socrates had proposed instead of death a fine of thirty minae.

1. 25. KaXXwmov KrX. : in Apology 37 -38 A.

1. 26. T0vdvai : see 43 C.

I. 28. oijT KLvoi>s KrX., you do not feel ashamed in the

presence of these words, which are here almost personifiedand made to confront him. This is stronger than eirl \6yoi.s,

ashamed of these words.

II. 31, 32. impel TCLS cruv0T|Kas : there had been actually no j)written compact, but the acknowledgment was the more bindingwhen expressed by deeds

;for Zpyy u/jLO\oytjKeyat cf. 51 E.

1. 37. clXXo TI ^ : cf. 50 A.

1. 41. TUJLO.S avrovs : ai roi s emphasizes ^/uay, and is notreflexive. It adds emphasis to the idea that the contract is

more binding as being made with the state, for the state is more

august, etc., than father and mother. This is better than treatingO.VTOVS as equivalent to dXXTjXous and really reciprocal.

52 CRITO

E 1. 42. ov\ vnrb dvd-yKTjs, not having had this agreementextorted from you by constraint or trickery.

I. 43. povX.uo-cur0ai= to make up your mind.

II. 46, 47. otirc AaKeSaC^ova irpOTjpov otfre Kprji-qv : Socrates

always admired the constitutions of Sparta and Crete, because

they seemed animated by a moral purpose and strove to producein the citizens an attainment to their ideal (limited though it

might be). Cf. Rep, viii. 5440. In the dialogue of the Lawsthe interlocutors with the Athenian citizen are a Cretan and a

Spartan.

53 1- 53- 8t]Xov 8ri : used without construction simply as an

advert), and placed for emphasis at the end of the sentence.

The reasoning is: No one could care for a city without laws:

you have shown by residence that you approve of the state ;

therefore you approve of her laws.

TAGE 23

1. I. Trapa(3as Kal |a|xapTava)v : the participles here take the

place of a protasis. The difference of tense is noticeable. Thecommission of sin (7rapa/3ds) would be a definite act (aorist), but

it left the transgressor in the position of being a sinner as an

abiding result (present), ravra is internal ace., guilty of these

transgressions.

B 1. 4. <rov ot 4irtTT|8ioi : <rov is better than ol crol both for

reasons of euphony and because ^Trtr^Seioi is not really a noun.

1. 5. <j>v-yav

= be exiled.

<TTpi]0f]vai TTJS IT. KT\. = to lose their citizenship or their

property.

1. 8. cvvofiovvTai : Socrates is adopting, perhaps with

sarcasm, one of the party catch-words of the oligarchs, a

party which monopolized for their political ends such wordsas crutypwv, Kocrfjiios, and eura/cros. Both Thebes and Megarawere oligarchical.

1. 10. TTJ TOVTCOV : i.e. of the Thebans and Megarians,understood from 0^/3afe ?) M^yapaSe. Though he might admire

the evvo^la of their constitutions, they would look askance at

one who had not shown regard for the constitution of his own

city, regarding him as little likely to be a friend to theirs.

1. 13. T?|V Sofjav : either (a) the opinion in the judges ownminds that they had done what was right, or (b] the opinion of

other people that the judges action was justified. The second

seems better. For the repetition of the idea in TTJV d6av worecf. 44 C rt s &v aicrx^ efy ratfr^s 56a ?}

NOTES 53

11. 15, 1 6. v&ov8ia<f>0opevs

: the first count of the indictment Cagainst Socrates in his trial was that he had corrupted youngmen. See on 50 E.

1. 1 8. TOVTO TTOIOVVTI : equivalent to a protasis, as Tra.pa.f3ds

at the beginning of the chapter.

1. 20.<xvcu<r\WTT|<ris

: as we should say, will you have the

face to . . For the participial construction cf. Apol. 31 B

1. 21. otioTrep : sc. 8ie\^yov.

PAGE 24

1. 22. irXeCo-rov &iov : notice (a) the use of the singular

adjective as the substantives form one idea, (/;) the use of the

neuter instead of the feminine to give an abstract character to

the sentence, (r) the omission of the copula ; cf. note on 44 C.

I. 24. &v4>o-Vi<r0ai

: unless the texts are altered, it must beadmitted that dV is found with the future in Plato and other

Attic writers, despite the great rarity and apparent illogicalityof the idiom. Many of the passages are altered by changingthe tense of the verb or making Q.V a prepositional prefix. SeeCrit. App.

II. 24, 25. TO TOV SwKpdrovs irpofyfio, the case of Socrates, Dalmost = Socrates. There is a kind of humorous self-disparagement in the phrase.

1. 25. ofoo-Ocu-y

e XP 1!* one musi think so, answering his

own question, a common phrase in Plato.

1. 26. diraptis : properly to weigh anchor from;then used

generally for to travel from.

1. 27. tls 0TTa\av : the Thessalians enjoyed the worstof reputations for dishonesty, unruliness, and licentiousness.

GeTTaXdv<r60tcr/ua (a Thessalian trick) was proverbial for

knavery. Dem. Olynth. \. 22 says of them rd TU>I> QerraXuv&TTicrTa yv dyirov (fivcrei Kal del iraaiv avdpu-rroLS. Xen. Mem.i. 2. 24 says Kpmcts . .

<f>vyuvet s QerraXia-v ^/cet ffvvrjv d

1. 34. (TKVT]v T . . is followed by /cat r6

1. 35. 8i<|>9^pa: a skin-coat worn by Athenian shepherds.

1. 36. vo-Kv<x<r9cu= dress themselves up in.

1. 42. To\|JLT|cras= you brought yourself to . . stooped to,

condescended.

1. 45. ovSels 8s epei, is there no one who will say ? Thecopula is omitted as in the common ovdeis oorts ov.

54 CRITO

KT\., perhaps not, if you cause offence to no one ; but

once do so, and you will have many scandals spread abroadabout you.

1.47. virtpxcfiai = truckle to. When used in this sense

the moods outside the indicative may be employed in the present,but when the word simply means to go under, like the simpleverb it takes the moods from el/ju.

11. 49, 50. wcrirep tirl Selirvov : Thessalian banquets had been

proverbial from mythological times. Pindar describes in the

4th Pythian Ode how Jason and his companions before startingin the Argo culled the sacred prime of good cheer for five

days and nights. The neighbouring state of Macedon was

similarly famed in the time of Archelaus when Agathon wents fj.oLKa.puv fvux<-

av( the feast of the blessed ), according to

Aristophanes in the Frogs, alluding to his visit to the court of

that monarch.

1. 52. TJp.iv: ethic dative,

{ what shall we find will becomeof.

PAGE 25

54 1.53. dXXd 8rj, oh, but you will say. Latin at.

TWV ircUSwv : for Socrates children see 45 C, note.

1. 57. a/iroXavo-axriv : ironical, that this may be the benefit

they reap from you. The word governs a genitive of the

object from which the enjoyment is derived except when that

object is a neuter pronoun as here. It is worth noticing howmuch more freely in Latin and Greek the neuter of pronounsand pronominal adjectives can be constructed with words that

naturally take other cases.

TOVTO = exile from one s own city, to the Greek mind the

worst of evils.

avrov : in Athens.

1. 58. 0p\}/ovTai : on the so-called future middle used passivelysee note on 52 A.

I. 59. O-VVOVTOS : the regular word for the relation betweenmaster and pupil in Plato, implying that Socrates would not

only be with them, but would be by to instruct his children, as

he had taught the children of others.

B 1. 64. <ro goes with tTriT-rjSeiuv.

II. 64, 65. oito-Ocu v\p"f\

: see 53 D.

1. 2. ircuSas, children, is more indefinite than roi)s TrcuSas

(your children) would have been.

1. 3. irpb TOV SIKCUOV, in preference to justice. The 7r/?6 is

NOTES 55

really pleonastic, not being needed after TrXefovos : cf. Fhaedo

99 A et /J.T] diKaiorepov (^/J.rjv Kal Kd\\tov eZVcu irpb rov

1. 5. Ki : used of the other world, even where the refer

ence is not so explicit as here ; so teeivos is used of the dead

man. v6<x8e = in this life.

1. 6. ravTd irpdrTOVTi is a protasis ;cf. 53 C.

The negatives of this sentence will perhaps be made mostclear by the appended scheme :

otfre ivOdde ( <ro.

\ ov8t &\\V*

-

5,

I. 9. dXXd vvv fxcv KT\. : it is not the laws that have

wronged you if wronged you have been but the men whomisinterpret the laws ; but it is on the laws that you will take

revenge by escape from prison.

PAGE 26

II. 13, 14. irapa(3ds Kal KO.KOL ep-ya.o-dp.evos explain the two Cprevious participles d^raSt/cTjcras re /cat avrtKaKOVpyrjaas.

1. 17. <x8A<J>o: the laws have been personified through so

large a portion of the dialogue that it scarcely comes as a

surprise that they should speak of their brothers, the laws

of the nether world.

1. 19. TO <rbv jipos= as far as you could.

[irj<r irefo-T), take care lest Crito persuade you. Cf.

480 for a subjunctive depending on a verb or idea understood,there one offear, here one of caution.

1. I. <S

<J>\ croupe Kp6ro>v: there is possibly a special D

pathos in the long form of address to Crito at the end of the

speech.

1. 2. KopvpavTiwvTS = to behave one s self like a Corybant.The form in -icico is used as though this unnatural excitementwere a form of disease

;cf. 6(j)da\iu.idu. /copu^aj/riacr/xos was

a form of illness in which the patient imagined he heard the

sound of flutes in his ears, a perpetual singing in his ears, perhapssuch as that which tortured the composer Schumann in his

latter days. The Corybantes were priests of the Great Motherof the gods, the Asiatic goddess, Cybele or Rhea, whose worshipwas accompanied with wild dancing and barbarous musicon cymbals, drums, and flutes. The expression CorybanticChristianity may still be remembered from a controversy ofa dozen years ago.

1. 4. Pop-Pei;

keeps singing, properly of the buzzing of a

56 CRITO

bee. The language which Socrates uses here of the pleadingof the laws is so much like that which he uses elsewhere of the

Sai/jibvLov that we may perhaps regard him as identifying them.

See Apol. 40 A, B.

PAGE 27

11. 5, 6. 8<ra ye, as far, after all, as my present opinion goes.

E 1. 10. Ha roivvv : sure that in this he is conforming to the

will of God (cf. 43 D) Socrates rejects all proposals to escape,and commits himself with pious resignation to the divine

guidance. The closing words of the dialogue suggest the last

words of the Apology : &5r]\ov iravriTr\r]i> ?) ry dey.

APPENDIX A

CRITICAL NOTES

THE best and oldest MS. of this part of Plato is the CodexClarkeianus in the Bodleian Library at Oxford, written in 895A.D., purchased from the monastery of St. John the Evangelistat Patmos, and this MS. has been generally followed by the

editors. Other MSS. of great importance are one at Paris of

about the same date, and one in the Library of St. Mark at

Venice of the twelfth century.

CHAP. I. Vp-yeTT|Tai : Lange prefers to follow the reading

evepyerelrai, because Crito was a rich man, and would there

fore be likely to tip the jailer each time he visited Socrates.

8oKt [lev [J.ot ij|iv : the MSS. as a rule read doKelv ph fj.ot

v, but one late MS. reads the words as in the printed text.

We have our choice between this and 5o/ceiv ptv /JLOL Tjei, in

which SoKelv is a limitative infinitive and is parenthetical.

CHAP. III. TrtLQov K<xl o-wOiyri : Tndcv has been proposed,for the sake of uniformity, against this, the MS. reading, but

unnecessarily.

ovjjita : the reading of one late MS. is obviously right against

ov5efj.la of the older MSS., which arose from a misunderstanding.

o-ov4<TTpf]<r0ai

: it is best to retain this, the reading of the

MSS. Sallier substitutes roD for<roO,

Ast inserts rov before (rov,

explaining the <5<? as apodotic, despite the fact that yuiv has

preceded. Madvig emends to <rov ^ffreprjao/jLai.

CHAP. IV. ofiroi v0d8 is a somewhat redundant colloca

tion, and some editors therefore omit one or other words, or

alter o5rot to Zn.

CHAP. V.i<rf]X0v

: the oldest MSS. read this, but the later

hand in the MS. in the Bodleian corrects to ei<T7jA0es,which goes

57

58 CRITO

better with tj-bv IJLTJ clffe\0ew. If dcryXOev is read the subject is

diKtj, and the word is used as the passive of eiadyd).

CHAP. VI. ov fiovov vuv is the reading of all the MSS., andit is best not to depart from it, but Wagner mentions an ancient

herm with the head of Socrates with this line quoted havingthe variant ov vvv irpCirov.

: Verrall has an ingenious emendation, tTrt/jiirov<ra,

taking the form of an fytTroucra," the word being suggested byits connexion with

\6-yov is bracketed by Adam as being a possible gloss.

ov\ iKavws : Hirschig emends to ovxl xaXtDs on account of

the reappearance of these words lower down, but this removesthe force of the climax.

ov8e irdvTtov dXXd TWV p.v, TCOV 8* oi are found added bylater hands in the older MSS. but they should be rejected, because

they have but slight MS. authority and answer to nothing in the

part that has preceded.

CHAP. VII. TOVS TWV iroXXwvX<vyovs

: read by all the best

texts, but the word \6yovs is omitted by many modern editors.

Kal alcrxpwv Kal KaXwv : Hirschig inverts the order for the

sake of regularity, but thereby spoils the chiastic arrangement.

CHAP. VIII.[if| TTJ TWV MSS. : rrj TUV ^77 Hirschig.

8f]Xa 8^ Kal ravra : see explanatory notes. Other ways of

arranging the text are (i) with Wohlrab to give 5?}Xa dr] Kal

raura to Socrates, (pa.ii] yap &v, &Zu>/cpares

to Crito, and

X^yeis to Socrates.

(2) with Schanz to bracket fialrj yap &i>,and to give both 5^

drj Kal raOra and dXtjdr) \eyeis to Crito.

(3) with Gobel to give 5rj\a dy Kal ravra, <f>air) yap at>,Si

2c6/cpares to Crito.

(4) Adam says that if any emendation were required, hewould transpose and read

<j>al-r) yap at> d-rj\adTj Kal ravra, &s, taking drjXadrj as an adverb, as it is in the MSS.

tffioios ^vai Kal irporepov : MSS. read rw Kal Trpbrepov, but

Madvig is right in omitting r$, for ry Trpbrepov used without a

participle, or for rw Trporepy, would be very unusual, and Kai

comes in awkwardly.

CHAP. IX.d4>iVTo)v

: one good MS. reads tfafrTuv, for

which see explanatory notes.

o>S *yw KrX. : the MSS. read ws ^70; -jrepl TTO\\OV iroiovfj-ai

ireiaai ere ravra Trpdrreiv dXXd /J.T) &KOVTOS. No satisfactory

meaning can be got out of this whether we take Socrates or Crito

APPENDIX A 59

as the subject. For what is ravra irpdrTeiv ? If Socrates is the

subject of ireio-ai it must mean cease urging these arguments,a most abnormally strained meaning ;

if Crito is the subject it

must mean that you should persuade me to attempt flight,

provided it be not done against my will, e/m.ov being understood

with &KOVTQS : but the last part of this gives the poorest sense,and the omission of /J.e is very awkward. Adam, following

Meiser, transposes to the reading printed in the text ;in this

Tretcrcu does not govern trpdrreLV, but is co-ordinate with it.

Another widely adopted emendation is TretVas for ireicra.i,

keeping the MSS. order : I think it important to do this after

gaining your consent, and not against your will.

CHAP. X. 8irp Kal dprt eXe-ye-To is read in the MSS. after

J) TTCUTCU, but the words are to be regarded as a gloss. Meiserwould read them after ?} and refer them to 46 D vvv dt

&pa

yepovres is probably a gloss on Trj\u<ol5f.

CHAP. XI. r?|v -rrdXiv dvai MSS. : Buttmann conjectures rrjv

irb\iv elvai : see explanatory notes.

CHAP. XII. e\dfif3avv : the imperfect may refer to the

length of the courtship or the permanence of the resulting union ;

it has been emended to Xa/3e for the sake of uniformity with

rots vdjjiois : rejected by some modern editors.

K<xi <ro MSS. : Stallbaum alters to Kal<ri/,

but Keene pointsout that the change need not be made on the ground that theconstruction is always diicaids eifu TrotetV, not diKaioi> fcrri /JLOI

Troieii>, quoting a jtassage to the contrary from Rep. 3440r6re roirroi S TOI)S ftev

MSS. : but Schanz s emendation ^crrat is probablycorrect, for e<rrcu will not make tolerable sense

; it is difficult

to supply anything to depend on it, and even then the parallelismof the sentence would be destroyed.

CHAP. XIII. T<U ov<riav Trirou]K vcu : Stephanus conjectures r<5.

yew-iyrcus : MSS. differ between this accentuation and yawf]-Tats : see explanatory notes.

irL0(r0ai : this is the reading of the MSS. and is best retained.

Madvig alters to 7retVe<r0cu on the ground that with the presentthe meaning is confitcor me faecre, with the future promitto mefacturum but as the sense of promise implies futurity, it is

possible to read the present here, just as in English we can sayI promise to do as well as I promise that I will do.

60 CRITO

CHAP. XIV. STIp.f| 6L-rra| ls lo-Q^dv : these words appear

in the margin of the MS. in the Bodleian and in inferior MSS.

after ^Xtfes, but are an interpolation, though already in the text

by the time of Athenaeus, who mentions a reference to the

journey to Isthmus as occurring in the Crito.

CHAP. XV. &v4>avi<r0ai

: the appearance of this rare and

irregular use of &v creates the usual crop of conjectural emendations. Hirschig proposes dvcupaveitzBai. Or &i> may have arisen

by dittography from the last two letters of Aax^JfJ-ov ; or mightit not be suggested that 6v was the original text, (fxtvelcrOcu beingused with the sense proved to be ?

alo-\pais : in the margin of the Bodleian MS. y\l<rxpM is

written.

CHAP. XVII. w4>CX Iratpe KpCrcov : this lengthened form

of address has special force, but editors omit various parts of it,

Cobet expunging Kp/rwy, and Gobel ercupe.

APPENDIX B

NOTES ON PARTICLES

dXXd : (a) despite the accent, this is the accusative pluralof #XXos and means on the other hand. Its principal use

is as a strong adversative, 43 D o& TOL dy d<piKTai,dXXd 5o/cet IAV

fj-oi ri^eiv TT7/uepoi>.Cf. 48 B ou TO rjv dXXd TO eft ^rfv, etc. The

adversative character may be between clause and clause andnot only in the same sentence.

(b] Sometimes English idiom would omit the adversative

particle in translating as in 47 Bd<77rdfc<r0cu roi)s tiraivovs TOI)S

TOU evos tKelvov, dXXd fj.r) TOI)S TUV Tro\\wv.

(c] dXXa is used rhetorically in asking questions, 47 EdXXd /JLCT eKeivov S.p r)/juv piurbv KT\.

,and a somewhat similar

use is where it appears in the answer to a question, where weshould, translate it certainly (cf. the Frenchman s use of mats),

48 B /cat Tov8e av ano-ira, ei ZTL ^vi KT\. dXXd ,ue/et.

(d] Sometimes it would rather be translated well, yieldingto entreaty, 49 A Kal Tretpw aTTOKpiveaOai. dXXd Tretpdcro/xai, cf.

43 1>-

((?) Often it is used with imperatives with an appealing force,

44 B dXX,& 5a.ifj.6vie 2c6/irpaTfs, ^rt Kal vvv fj.oi ireidov : cf. 45 A,

46 A, 49 E, etc.

(/) Or adding force to a question, 440 dXXd rl rjfuv OVTU

/j.t\ei ; 43 c, etc.

() It puts a case (cf. the use of Latin at), 53 D dXX <f*

TOVTUV TWV TOTVWV 6.TTo.pel.s,but let us suppose you leave

these parts.

(h] Or the same interrogatively, 54 A aXXd dri TUIV

AXXo TI{]

: a way of introducing an interrogative sentence= nonne]; some verb is easily supplied, 520 dtXXo TI (sc.

roiw/j.ei ,cf. 50 A) T) 6/j.o\oyu)/jiv ;

or strengthened by o$v, as

61

62 CRITO

ibid., a\\o TL ofiv (sc. Trotets) ?} avv6r)Kas Trapaftatveis : sometimesthe

-fjis omitted.

dpa so, then, after all a word especially used in rapidand lively argument always conveys an inference, but with

varying degrees of strength requisite in translation. Thus so

or then will be enough in 47 B Tavr-rj apa ai/ry irpaKreov KT\.,or 47 E, or the rapid passage of argument in 48 B, C, but in

46 D it requires more force in translating vvv de" KarddrjXos &patytvero, and so too perhaps in 48 A. In 50 E we have the word

repeated with a triumphant insistence on the argument.(A special use not found in this dialogue is with the so-called

Philosophic Imperfect (cf. 47 D), which recognizes a fact the

truth of which had been previously misunderstood or overlooked,or the result of a previous discussion, Soph. Phil. 978apa 6

&pa (compoujid^Jrjaai__5_and--A/)a : cf. Homeric ^pa) =really, indeed. Used to give force to questions, 470 apa

ovdev KctKbv TmVercu;

cf. 47 E, 50 E, 53 C. Also strengthenedwith ovv, 47 E dp

1

ovv fiiuTov . .;

In 44 E apd ye /J.T] e/j.ov irpo/Ji7)9rj KT\.; apa ^ shows that

the answer no is expected, while the addition of ye makes the

question slightly more emphatic.

aO, again, in the next place, 47 A 0^pe 5?), TTWS aO rol

TotaOra A^yero ;cf. 48 B, 49 E.

yap ; compounded of ye and dpa : its commonest use is (a) its

causal use, where it gives a reason for the statement contained

in the last sentence; e.g. (out of innumerable instances) 45 AZaaov avrb ^atpetv T^wets yap irov diKaiol ea/J.cv Kivdvveveiv.

(b] Sometimes it is introductory, but is best not translated,

44 A e7u>

aoi epu. rrf ydp TTOU vffTepaig. 8ei /me airodvyaKeLV %ft

d.v e\6rj TO Tr\olov.

(r) Sometimes found with xai, laying emphasis on the reason,where we should not translate the A:CU, 43 B /cat

7<xp d>,&

Kptrwi , TT\-r)/j.[Jie\es eirj dyavaKTew rr]\tKovTOv 6vra. So 45 A.

(d) Used with cl in wishes, 44 D ei yap &<t>e\ovoloi r elvai

ol TroXXot.

(<?)

In dialogue it often = yes* or no, 48 B 5?}Xa 5r? Kal raura*

ydp &v, & Sw/cpares, yes, one would say so.

In tragedy this use is especially common in <rrixoij.v6ia,both

in questions and answers.

ye, indeed, at any rate, is a particle which is largely used bythe Greeks to give liveliness, but which is more easily rendered

by the tone of the voice than by any actual English word.

(a) It gives emphasis usually to the word which immediately

APPENDIX B 63

precedes it, but sometimes to the whole clause, e.g. in 53 A edv

})fjui> ye ireidy, & SuJ/c/mres Kal ou KarayeXaaros ye &m ex. rrjs

7r6Xews eeX0u>j/ : the words emphasized are TJ/JLIV and KO.TO.-

ye\a<TTos,but in such sentences as 54 A et-rrep ye TI 50eXos avrCiv

effTiv, it is rather the idea in the whole clause that is emphasized.(b] Sometimes it has rather a limiting force, 54 D ticra ye TO.

vuv ep.ol doKovvra : cf. 44 1?.

(<)In dialogue it sometimes can be rendered by yes, 48 A

dXXa TLfjuurepov ;TroXiy ye. But is it more valuable ? Yes,

much more.

(d) It is found in lists emphasizing one word at or near the

end, but rather for the sake of variety than because any particularstress is laid on it, 47 B TO.VTT] &pa aiTif irpaKreov Kal yvfj-vaffreov

Kal e$e<TTOV ye Kal iroTeov.

The rendering at any rate, which is suitable where it has

a limiting force, is usually too strong a translation for ye unless

it is compounded asjji yovv (for -ye otv) or

^e 8% in 45 D

(f)da"KOvrd ye 5rj, and m ye Tot 8ri in 44 A (paai ye rot. 5rj ot

TOVTUV Kvpiot. At any rate, one knows that is what those whoare responsible for this say.

Si : for fj,ev . . 8t see under ph.(a) Besides its ordinary force in coupling sentences, we find it

used to introduce a fresh question with TL (49 A, 54 A), wherenotice that rl de drj ;

marks a more important transition than TI

5c alone.

(d) In Attic Greek we often have Kal . . de with some wordbetween (

= and moreover) where the 5^ couples the clauses andthe KCU gives emphasis to the word; thus Dem. Ol. iii. 15 KO.L

In the Crito there is an instance where Kal . . de is found in

the apodosis of a sentence, instead of connecting two co-ordinate

clauses, 51 A ware, eav ere e-mxeipu/Jiev Tj/j.els a.Tro\\vvat dlKaiov

ijyov/j.ei>OL elvai, Kal av Se r//uds TOVS v6/J.ovs eirL-xeipriffeLS dvra-

With /j.a\\ov it is used where we should render or, 49 E

r] av rb fj.era TOVTO, fj.a.XXov 5 epwrco.

8t|, which is either a strengthened form of 8-r) as ^v is of /JL^V,

or an abbreviated form ofjfjS-r^

is one of the hardest of the

Greek particles to reproduce in translation. It may denote a

slight inference, or give emphasis to a particular word, or conveya slight sneer. Its force is often more adequately represented bythe glance of the eye or the tone of the voice than by anytranslation.

(1) It may preserve the force of the original ^5r/, e.g. 43 Dov rot ST] a0t/crat.

(2) With inferential force, 43 D Kal avdyK-rj STJ et s atipLov &TTCU

(M941) F

64 CRITO

rbv fiiov (re reXeirrav. Cf. 52 A. Compare its use in

questions, 49 c, 52 E rl dt 77 ;

(3) It adds emphasis to a previous word, especially

(a) Imperatives: please, do, just, 48 E 6pa d 77

TT)S <TK(lfie<j)S TYjV 0.p~XT}V .

So commonly <j>epe dr/, aye drj, cub-tret. STJ, etc.

(b) With questions, 43 C dXXd ri STJ oi ru irpy

(r) With adverbs of place, 53 I) tuel yap 77.

(of) With adverbs of time, 46 I> uxrTrep j/Ov 677

Cf. 480, 53 A. In the Oxford text vvv dy are

written together as one word, vvvft-f}.

(<?)With superlatives, rather like our English quite.So we get it with reXeuratos, where it adds precision,

TO reXeuTcuoj> 677 TOVTL.

(4) It answers an imperative, 49 E dXXa X^ye. \^yu drj a5.

So frequently with Ka, Ar. Ares 175 /3Xe^OJ/ Karw. KO.!

STJ ^SXeTroj.

(5) With a slight sneer, 53 n r) &\\a ola 77 dwdainv tvffKfvd-

ol d?ro5i5pd(r/coj rey. Cf. 53 E I Trepxo/xevos 8r)

For dXXa77, y{ rot dr/, Kal STJ /cai see dXXd, ye and *af.

With fjifv it states and dismisses a previous considerationin order to proceed to the next, 43 B Kal iroXXd/aj

/nv d-r) ffe Kai irpbrepov Tjvdai/tioviffa. It is true that

I have often considered you fortunate . . but. Cf.

44 K raura ptv 5rj OUTWS ^x TU Ta^^>

& ^wKpares,dirt IJ.OL.

8rj is compounded with 77X01 to make one adverb, sometimeswritten as one word, Srj\ad^. 47 B, 48 B.

8TJirov= presumably, 490 ov Set d-frrov, &2wK/>ares.

8f)ra is interrogative or emphasizes a negative, 49 B ou5a/xw?

&pa del ddiKelv. ov drjra, certainly not.

(Ira expresses slight indignation and surprise, 43 A elra TTWS

OVK evdvs irr]yi.pds yue.

cire . . elre, as well as being used regularly in doubleconditional sentences, occasionally appear in double questionsinstead of trbrepov . . ?^, just as el is used instead oiirbrepov, e.g.

46 B (TKOTretcrflcu o$v XPV 7?Mas, efre ravra irpaKTeov efre ^77.

=secondly, 45 A, B. Idiomatically this is not followed

by 5^ even when a clause with fj.tv has preceded. So too elra.

?TI= moreover, 45 c, 52 c.

f\: besides its ordinary meanings of than, or, it puts the

APPENDIX B 65

second half of a question in which the first half is easily supplied.Cf. use of an in Latin, e.g. 43 A r) ov irpy e?rt ftr-riv; also 430,

SO c.

fj= certainly, assuredly, and is nearly always used in

questions. It is coupled to Kai, where it expresses emphatic

inquiry, 50 C ^ Kai ravra <jjfj.o\6yT)TO T\UJ.V re Kai <roi;

Ka, and, also.

(a) In 44 D Kai xciXws av fixer it should be translated then.

(6) Instead of adding another member to a catalogue it

occasionally sums up. 478 tira-ivy Kai ^67^ Kai 56rj (v.l.), his

praise and blame, in fact his opinion altogether.

(c) Kal8-r|

K.O.L introduces a climax or the crowning point of

a reasoning, 47 c, in point of fact.

(if) We sometimes find /ecu . . Kai instead of re . . Kai for

both . . and, 45 A Kal ravra irpo/j.ridovfj.ai, & KptYwy, Kai &\\a

KCLLT<H, and yet, 440.

p.a : see VT\.

|j^v . . 8^ are used irregularly in 44 B (the clauses not being

parallel), but here the reading is disputed. In 43 D we have

fj^v without any corresponding 5^ but following what is practicallyan adversative clause : ov TOI 8r) cupiKrai, d\\a doKef }ju6v /J.QI jj^eiv

Certain words follow a /j.ev clause, without 5^. Thus occasion

ally d\\d with a stronger adversative force than that possessed

by 5^, which is rather antithetic than adversative, or elra and

^Treira, cf. 45 A.

irpwTov (wv is several times used in this dialogue without anysucceeding de (or even elra or tireira) ; twice it is followed byaXXa, 48 A and 50 I)

; also see 46 c, 50 E, 52 D.

In fiv ofiv we must distinguish cases where the two particleshave their separate force, with a 5^ clause as in 52 D, from" cases

where they are used as the Latin immo vero, to correct some

previous statement or go beyond it (English nay, rather ), 43 ATTO.VV ptv ovv, 4411 tvapyts ptv ovv. Cf. Aesch. Enm. 38deiffaffa yap ypaus oudfr, di TiTrats jj.ev ovv. In this combinationot5v emphasizes the affirmative or denial and ptv is a very lightindeed.

}jLvTOt= however, 540 3/iws /i&rot d TI ofei TrX^oi iroirifftiv

\tye.

vf\ : only used with accusatives of the oath (which are governedby 6fj.w/uLt understood), 500 ravra VT] Ai a, u> ZaiArpares. VT\ is

66 CRITO

used in affirmative oaths, /zd being used with negative oaths,

except where vai precedes, in which case it is affirmative. For

/ted compare 43 B ov pa rbv Ata.

vvv = as it is, a contrast with a supposed state of things,

44!) ei yap &<j)\ov. . vvv 5 ovdtrepa oloi re, 53 A vvv 5e br} OVK

e^t/x-ej/ets rois ufj.o\oyr)/j.evois ;

ZTI Kal vvv even now, at the eleventh hour, 440 rt Kal

vvv e/ioi ireidov Kal (rujdtjTL. Compare Kal vvv Ti= and even

now, 49 E e/xot /j.ev yap Kal irdXat OVTW Kal vvv frt 5o/ce?.

OVKOVV therefore, 47 A, B, C (when accented OVKOVV = there

fore not ). Elmsley proposed to write the words always OVK

ovv, making it interrogative or not as the context requires, but

this rule breaks down in practice, for OVKOVV is found with the

meaning therefore with the imperative, e.g. OVKOVV t/cdvws

^X^ T<J}>

Plat. Fhaedr. 274 B.

ofiv is probably for tbv ^ = 6v), and so the accusative absolute

of the participle," this being so. Its first force is really/ cf.

ry 6vri.

In this dialogue it is used as a particle of inference, so, then,

accordingly, both in statements and in questions, e.g. 430STjXoi oftv K TOVT(t)v TUJV dyyeX&v, on ij^ei T7)/j,epov, and 47 E

ap ovv fiudrbv rjfjuv

(a) It is also used with 5^ before it, especially to dismiss some

previous consideration and resume the" original train of thought,

Soph. Ant. 688 crov 5* ovv irttyvKa iravra irpoffKOireiv.

(b] Also to emphasize one of the members of a disjunctivesentence with eire, /i?7re, or ovre. See also ptv ovv.

iroT is used with indefinite pronouns in the same way as our

English particle ever, 47 E 6 ri TTOT tarl TU>V ^

irov= presumably, I suppose, 44 A, 45 A, 47 E, 490, 530.

iro)s = in a sort of way, 46 D Ae^ero 5<: TTWS e/cdtrrore tide .

irois adds energy to a question, 43 B elra TTWS OVK evdvs

{n-rjyeipds u,e; how was it that you did not.

TC following o#re= but, 52 c OVT tieelvovs rou? \6yovs

al<rxvvet. . Tr/adrreis re.

rt= to some extent, in some way, 46 D ei ri /J.OL d\Xot6re/)os

, compounded of jrot_iyDU see and vvv then, retains

their separate forces, 44 A ov roivvv r^s eiriovo-rjs r//uepas

APPENDIX R 67

avrbTJeu>.

Sometimes like TOI it is used with the imperative,

5IC ffKoirei TOIVVV. In 52 C $TL roivvv ev aurfi ry Sixy e^v it

has to be translated moreover.

o>s strengthens adverbs, as 46 D, 48 C uJs a\rjdws. Beginninga new sentence it almost = for, 45 D ws tyuyc /cat virtp <rou . .

APPENDIX C

EXTRACT FROM JOWETT S TRANSLATION

JOWETT S Plato stands so high among standard English trans

lations that it would be difficult to go outside it for a model.It may not be as literal as the translation of an examineewould be expected to be, but it has surpassing merits as a

translation;the first is that it does not read like a translation

but like a work originally composed in English, an ideal at

which even the most literal translation should aim ; the second is

that it reflects the style of the original ; the subtle combinationof distinction and simplicity is reproduced in the English. Notranslation of Plato would be adequate which could be accusedof being grandiloquent or inflated ; but, on the other hand, there

will be a danger of simplicity degenerating into poverty, and

austerity becoming frigid. I here quote Jowett s translation of

Chapter XIII."

Soc. Then the laws will say : Consider, Socrates, if this is

true, that in your present attempt you are going to do us wrong.For, after having brought you into the world, and nurtured andeducated you, and given you and every other citizen a share in

every good that we had to give, we further proclaim and givethe right to every Athenian, that if he does not like us whenhe has come of age and has seen the ways of the city, and madeour acquaintance, he may go where he pleases and take his

goods with him;and none of us laws will forbid him or interfere

with him. Any of you who does not like us and the city, andwho wants to go to a colony or to any other city, may go wherehe likes, and take his goods with him. But he who has ex

perience of the manner in which we order justice and administer

the state, and still remains, has entered into an implied contract

that he will do as we command him. And he who disobeys us

is, as we maintain, thrice wrong ; first, because in disobeying us

he is disobeying his parents ; secondly, because we are the

authors of his education ; thirdly, because he has made an agreement with us that he will duly obey our commands ;

and heneither obeys them nor convinces us that our commands are

wrong ; and we do not rudely impose them, but give him the

alternative of obeying or convincing us ; that is what we offer,

and he does neither."

68

EXERCISES ON THE TEXT

N.B. The references to the chapters are rather as a source

of vocabulary than as illustrating the constructions.

EXERCISE I. Time. Chapters I. and II.

1. About what o clock do you go to the prison ?

2. I tried to rouse the jailer very early to-night, and have

long been afraid that he would not open the door.

3. I was very wakeful last night, but hope to see you in the

course of the coming day or the day after.

4. The day after Socrates was killed I arrived at Athens,and have been there a fairly long time.

5. To-day very early I come from Athens, tomorrow I shall

arrive at Sunium, and it seems likely that I shall be in Delos

the day after.

6. I wonder that you can sleep at this hour.

EXERCISE \\.-Indefinite Sentences. Chapters III. and IV.

1. Wherever he came, people welcomed him.

2. Whoever knows me well will not think that I regardthe opinions of foreigners.

3. Whenever the informers cause you trouble here, take myadvice and escape to Thessaly.

4. He did not know that wherever he wished to go he wouldhave to lose a great deal of money.

5. When he knew what to do with himself he was ready to

spend money.6. If you wish to do good, the friends you can take care of

are numerous.

EXERCISE III. Genitive and Accusative Absolute.

Chapters V . and VI.

I. Though it was nece-snry to educate his sons, he said that

others must look after them.

70 CRITO

2. Though it was forbidden to go to law under presentcircumstances, they said they would not wait.

3. You do not seem to have escaped when you had the

chance of getting away.4. When the city was betrayed, he and his children escaped.

5- While \ve were desiring to consider it fairly, Crito said

he would never agree to the plan.6. Since it must be done, it is time to do it.

EXERCISE IV. On tfv and U. Chapters VI. and VII.

[The sentences should he recast in very simple Greek withp.ei>

and 6e .]

1. His principles differed greatly Irom his practice.2. We should always discriminate in giving praise.

3. We must fear the praise of bad men, but not their blame.

4. Some men are wise, some are just, but many do not

combine justice and wisdom.

5. Among doctors knowledge of this subject is not universal

but partial.6. He disobeyed the doctor, but did not disobey the trainer.

EXERCISE V. ov, pr], ov/J.-TJ and /J.T] ov.

Chapters VIII. and IX.

1. Do not make these excuses : I am afraid there is notruth in what you say.

2. You certainly shall never say that I make life of more

importance than truth.

3. If you cannot see what we are to do, do not contradict.

4. If he had not understood all about it, he would not have

kept quiet.

5. Perhaps we have nothing to do except consider the

opinion of those who always speak the truth.

6. Are we to try to do what those recommend who do not

act justly themselves?

EXERCISE VI. The Infinitive and Verbals.

Chapters X. and XI.

1. We must say that in every way to do wrong is worse than

to be wronged.2. To shirk the argument does not differ from running away.

3. One must think that the many are right in saying that

seeing is believing.

4. What shall we say in answer to those who teach us that

abiding by wrong counsels is a good thing ?

EXERCISES ON THK TEXT 71

5. Tis better to have loved and lost than never to have

loved at all.

6. Since to do wrong is always disgraceful we must despisethe speakers who persuade the city in this way.

EXERCISE VII. Conditional Sentences, Chapter XII.

1. If the state orders it, we shall all have to obey.2. If you were to strike your father, would you be able to

say that you had acted justly because you had been struck first ?

3. He would not now be in the law-court if he had been

really wise.

4. If men do all the good they can to their country, theyare everywhere well spoken of.

5. If only you had not deserted ! What might you not benow if only you had then been brave !

6. If they say that all men are educated in music and

gymnastics, they are wrong : but whether we must blame themor not, I cannot say.

EXERCISE VIII. Particles. Chapters XIII. and XIV.

1. He might have gone away to Corinth, I suppose, but as

it is, you know, he is always in Athens.2. Do look. Why, pray? First because I told you,

and then because the sight will please you.

3. So no one could justly attack me at any rate for not havinggone after all to another city.

4. Do you really think that he is capable even now of givingevidence that he did this?

5. These are the laws which you must regard if you do wishto be a good citizen.

6. And yet who could believe that a man who said that hecared for his father would have said these words ?

EXERCISE IX. Prepositions. Chapter XV.

1. Having gone to Athens with Crito I was looked after byan old man from my town.

2. How could you bring yourself to run away to a strangerwhen you had escaped from prison ?

3. He is brave, and just as well as brave.

4. Those who talk about justice often speak for the sakeof talking without justice.

5. If you talk contrary to the laws you will be put to death

by the judges as working the ruin of the citizens.

72 CRITO

6. By heaven, I mean to leave these parts and go awayto Thessaly. In heaven s name do not do so.

EXERCISE ^.Active and Middle. Chapters XVI. and XVII.

1. I don t know what he did except that he made a journeyfrom which he gained nothing.

2. Do not make life of more account than doing good to

your friends.

3. Obey me and it will be better for you all.

4. I evidently did not persuade him though I tried to makehim show me the agreement.

5. Who could venture to say that our rulers are beginningto be wise ?

6. He made a resolution to appear to be his friend, even

if he was not really.

INDEX

ayuv Ti/i7?T6s, xii, 51

Academy, x

Accusative absolute, 36, 37Accusative with verbal, 43

Adeimantus, ix

aiptw, 43d/couw, passive to

\<.yu, 48

&Kvpos )( Kvpios, 46dXXd, 6 1

dXXa 57j, 54AXXo TI rj, 45, 51,61AXXws^at random, 39&v, with future, 53, 60

42<<j}, 48

Anniceris, x

Anytus, xi-xiv

diraipu:, 53

a.TrodvTi(TK(i}, 30aTroi/cia, 49

i, 41

, 54

Apology referred to, 35, 51

fipa, 62

dpa, 62

Archelaus, 51, 54Aristocles, ix

Arginusae, 34Attraction (inverse), 36, 42av, 62

avTa = the subject, 33, 38, 42

fiaOvs, 29Bodleian text, 57

,56

dp, 62

, 37

, 49Genitive, 30. 31

Glaucon, ix

dai/j-ovtov, xii, 56

56, 63817, 63SJjXa ST], 41, 58ATjXca, 3057;X#r on, 525i77roi , 645r}ra, 64

5t/uos, used personally, 34, 59

Dion, x

Dionysius, x

8oKl /J.V /JLOL TJ^ftV, 578oKel ffoi, 46SoKifjMaia, 4956^a ware 5o\-e?^, 5 2

73

74 CRITO

5oOXo$ TWJ> v6/j.(t}v, 47

INDEX

with 3rd person of subj.,

75

55

(J.T) 0V, 30, 42Middle future used passively,

50, 54Mixed conditional sentence, 38fjiop/j.o\i>TTOfj.ai, 38fj.ovcri.K-r] and yv/j,i>a.ffTiKr], 47

41

40"ovs, 39, 42 > 45vvv, 66

8/J.oi.os, 38tifj-oios KO.I

7rp6repoi>, 42Omission of copula, 33, 35, 46Optative assimilated, 35

Orphans in Greece, 36&rt, with direct quotation, 46, 47ov M, 32, 38, 4206 fda, 32, 57oi)5ets 6 s, 53

ouSeYepa, 34owcoOi

,66

ciV, 66

oCros, contemptuous, 43otfros, deictic, 35oSrot

4i>0d8e, 57

39TrciXat, 297raj>rds /iSXAov, 44irapaKpovw, 39Trapa/mtvd}, 43

Participle as protasis, 45, 52,

53. 55TraOcrat and ?raue, 43jreidfiv )( (3t.dfeff9ai, 49TTC^OU, 32, 57Perfect of resulting state, 46Pittacus, 44Plato, his real name, ix

; his

life, ix, x, xi

ir\elffTov &t.ov, 53irXij/A/AeXiJs, 30Plural, 38, 50

)( TTOltD, 5OTTOtW )( TT/XXTTW, 48Trore, 66TTOl

,66

Trpayfj-a, 53Trpa.KTOi>, 39Trpdrrw, 367r/)6, in preference to, 54TrpoStSoycu, 36irpos, 37irpCJTov fj.fr, 38, 47, 65Pronominal prestatement, 337TWJ, 66

TrcDy, 66

Relative followed by demonstrative, 41

Relative sentence passing into

main clause, 37

Repentance of democracy, 34

Satyrus, 31

2t/*/itfas, 35Socrates as soldier, 48, 50Socrates champion of the laws,

xvi

Socratic method, 44, 47

Sophroniscus, 36^.OVVLOV, 31

Stevenson, R. L., 40Suffering as viewed by Greeks,

40Suicide, 37

ffVKoQdvTtjs, 34ffvv, 42

, 46Ko.0 S\ov Kal /j.tpo$ (illo-

gically extended), 47

re, 66

redvavou, 30reXew ^.dpiv, 43Tetralogy composed by Plato,

x

Tetralogy of Dialogues, xv

44, 3029

76 CRITO

i, 66i 8t 8

..

rt followed by 6rt, 41

rtj, understood, 44rts, with force of litotes, 32r6 /ACTO, TOUTO, 45rb ffbv /i^pos, 36, 46, 55roivvv, 66

TOIOVTOS, 39rpcxfir) and TrcuSeia, 47Travels of Socrates, 50Ti/7xdvw, with participle, 44,

5?Ti>x?7 ^70^77, 31

29

, 48, 54

Hyperbaton, 47vTTo\oyi^ofj.aL, 43

, 31

<f>aii>ofjLat,with participle, 43

37, 32

xvii

Chiasmus, 40, 58X^pi s, adverbial, 32

, omitted, 50wj, 67

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