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DAATON02 IIAPMENIAH2.

DUBLIN UNIVERSITY PRESS SERIES.

IIAPMENIAH2.

THE

PARMENIDES OF PLATO,

INTRODUCTION, ANALYSIS, AND NOTES,

BY

THOMAS MAGTJIRE,LL.D., D.Lix.,

FELLOW AND TUTOR, TRINITY COLLEGE, DUBLIN.

DUBLIN : HODGES, FIGGIS, & CO., GRAFTON-STREET.

LONDON : LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO., PATERNOSTER-ROW.

1882.

DUBLIN :

PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.

THE following edition is intended chiefly for the

Metaphysician. That reading, accordingly, has

always been preferred which makes the argument

more plain.

I am indebted to PKOFESSOR DAVIES, of the

Queen's College, Galway, for his careful revision

of the proofs.

TB.LNITY COLLEGE,

January, 1882.

INTRODUCTION,

TjmSTENCE is an aspect of thought. All exist-

^ ence is thought thought either actual or

possible. That is to say, every mode of existence,

when grasped by cognition, would be found to be

a mode of thought. Such is the position of the

Idealist.

2. The Idealist thinks his case made out, be-

cause all such notions as Matter and Things in

themselves, when examined, prove to be figments

figments made up of elements so incompatible, that

to affirm the one is to deny the other. So Berkeley

disposes of Matter, by the bare statement that what

is inactive is not causal, and vice versa. The Ideal-

ist rejects a monster whose sole function is to fill a

gap, where there is no gap.

3. The rejection of a zero, made up of incom-

patibilities which cancel one another, has nothing

to do with the position of Plato and Hegel, that

Existence, when analysed, yields opposite mo-

ments. This brings us to the question What is

Philosophy ?

viii INTRODUCTION.

4. Philosophy -makes explicit to thought what is

implicitly contained in thought. Berkeley showed

that Sensible Qualities are modes of consciousness.

Kant showed that consciousness contained a Neces-

sary and Universal element, meaning by necessary

what is construed to thought as not possibly other-

wise than it is;and by universal what is thought

as exceptionless. These characteristics, Necessity

and Universality, Hegel extended to the object,

and so to the universe. Philosophy is thus the

explicitness of universal thought.

5. The other day, G. H. Lewes, while showing

that Physiology could not supersede Psychology,

pointed out that while Force could be translated

into Feeling, Feeling could not be expressed in

Force. Thus the most advanced Empiricism is

idealistic.

6. It may be said that Science will in time

express Feeling in terms of Force that it will

translate Psychosis into Neurosis. Granted : it is

nothing to the point : Neurosis is the antecedent,

and so can never be the consequent. Psychosis

thought will keep its coin of vantage.

7. According to the Idealist, thought is the

only object of thought thought is the sole instru-

ment of thought ;and the product of thought is

thought.

8. The instrument of thought is thought only ;

INTRODUCTION. ix

that is to say, we analyse a synthesis and recon-

struct a synthesis out of our analysis. We do

nothing more; yet this process condemns as im-

possible the prevalent opinion that Psychology is

Philosophy.

9. In the Timaeus, the Demiurge mixes various

ingredients in a bowl. Everyone sees that this is

Allegory. But when a Psychologist talks of the

interaction of Subject and Object of the action

of the Object on the Subject, he is unconsciously

allegorical.

10. The older hypothesis was that of Impulse,

e.g. Locke's. Yet impulse implies weight, and

weight, or gravity, is the result of the whole uni-

verse, and, so, cannot account for it. A billiard

player may assume that the weight is in the ball;

but a thinker ought to see that weight, or any

property of a part, must be the result of the whole,

and, so, cannot be prior to it. So of Force : it is

another word for Movement, and cannot, therefore,

originate.

11. So of Chemical Action : chemical action is

only possible, because it is the result of certain

conditions, and, therefore, cannot cause them. It

is easy to say, let Oxygen represent the Subject,

Hydrogen the Object, and Water the result

Consciousness. But the chemist can retranslate :

and the weight of the new product is that of the

x INTRODUCTION.

old elements. Dewar has shown that old elements

will form that new substance which is attended by

the greatest evolution of heat. On the other hand,

in the mental product the old constituents sur-

vive, and so the analogy breaks down on every

point.

12. So, Psychology starts with a Subject and

an Object; and by bringing the two into combina-

tion, and by feigning some reciprocal action either

mechanical or chemical generates the Universe of

Consciousness. As before, Subject and Object are

results of consciousness at a certain stage, and,

therefore, cannot generate it.

13. Des Cartes assumes an Ego, isolated from

the rest of the Universe. It is obvious that the

Ego is in contrast to the non-Ego ;to evolve the

non-Ego from the Ego is to offer a proof of that

which the proof pre-supposes, and without which

the proof would be unmeaning.

14. Locke's Essay is of value as a reply to the

Psychology of Des Cartes. As a piece of philo-

sophy, it assumes that there is a Mind on one

side, and a set of Things on the other. It is

mere Psychology.

15. Natural Realism is not Philosophy. Natural

Realism tells us ' ' that along with the presentation

of the Object there is always a simultaneous pre-

sentation of the Subject, the two being mutually

INTRODUCTION. xi

related to each other." * True;

but this postu-

lates Subject and Object : that is, a Universe,

and that Universe cut in two. It is mere Psy-

chology.

16. Atomic theories cannot be Philosophy: they

assume Space and Quantity ;that is, from an aspect

of the Universe they explain the whole.

17. Molecular theories cannot be Philosophy.

To the assumptions of Atomism they add the as-

sumption of Quality, and of Difference of Quality.

Quality, like quantity and space, must be a result

of the Universe. Clerk Maxwell considers that the

family likeness of the molecules is an argument

that they are not original.

18. Sir John Lubbock has calculated, on the

authority of Loschmidt, Stoney, and Sir W. Thom-

son, that the molecules of gases are not more than

the fifty-millionth part of an inch in diameter. It

is obvious that any one of these molecules involves

the whole problem of Natural Realism, aud of the

relation of Psychology to Philosophy. Sorby is of

opinion that in a length of 1-80,000 of an inch there

would probably be from 500 to 2000 molecules

500, for instance, in albumen, and 2000 in water.

The nameless fraction of an inch presents us with

space and its contents as surely as the field of the

* Honck's Hamilton, p. 83, n.

xii INTRODUCTION.

seventy-five millions of worlds, of one of which our

earth is but a fraction.

19. Movement in the line of Least Resistance

assumes Space, and a System of Pressures.

Granting that Space and Motion are Metaphysical

Ultima, Philosophy asks why Space and Motion

are found in combination. How did the Atom

acquire its tenure of Space, and why did Space

tolerate the intrusion ?

20. Evolution is not Philosophy. If a thing is

evolved from within, the process is more than the

mere accretion with which the doctrine starts. If

the thing gathers material from without, like a

rolling snowball, then the process belongs to Me-

chanics or to Chemistry.

21. "Life," as Virchow expresses it, "is the

sum of the joint action of all parts, of the higher

or vital ones as of the lower or inferior. There is

no one seat of life, but every truly elementary part,

especially every cell, is a seat of life." Granting

that this statement gives us the results of Physio-

logy, the philosopher must ask," What brings

' the

parts'into juxtaposition ? Is it merely a case of

juxtaposition, or how otherwise? What is apart*?

What is higher ? What is lower ? What is joint

action ?" Socrates would not have had much trouble

with a man who described Life as the action of

vital parts.

INTRODUCTION. xiii

22. Huxley enunciates the hypothesis of Evolu-

tion thus :

" The successive species of animals and

plants have arisen, the later by the gradual modifi-

cation of the earlier." As before, if the modifica-

tion be from within, the fact explodes the theory :

if from without, modification is accretion.

23. Sir John Lubbock tells us that " an aston-

ishing variety of most beautiful contrivances have

been observed and described by many botanists,

especially Hooker, Axel, Delpino, Hildebrand, Ben-

nett, Fritz Miiller, and above all Herman Miiller

and Darwin himself. The general result is, that to

insects, and especially to bees, we owe the beauty of

our gardens, the sweetness of our fields. To their

beneficent, though unconscious action, flowers owe

their scent and colour, their honey nay, in many

cases, their form. Their present shape and varied

arrangements, their brilliant colours, their honey,

and their sweet scent are all due to the selection

exercised by insects. In these cases the relation

between plants and insects is one of mutual advan-

tage." A Platonist might put it thus: " Insects

select flowers by selection." "That is, the idea domi-

nates the process, not vice versa. At all events, the

process implies prior capacity, and therefore reserves

for discussion What is Capacity, What is Relation.

That is, Physical Science, as always, owes its exis-

tence to notions which its professors discard.

xiv INTRODUCTION.

24. Professor Huxley, in referring to the nervous

system as "that which co-ordinates and regulates

Physiological units into an organic whole," uses

more metaphysical terms than Virchow. That is,

both use terms borrowed from thought to explain

that which, according to them, is the explanation of

thought. Neurosis is explained by Psychosis, while

Neurosis is the only scientific explanation of Psy-

chosis.

25. Spontaneous generation throws no light on

Philosophy. Waiving the decisive objection that it

would describe a process which takes place in Time,

what does the doctrine amount to, if established ?

That a mixture of turnip-juice and cheese is, under

certain conditions, an antecedent to life. The doc-

trine is invested with importance by the ignorant,

who persist in obtruding on Science the notion

Cause, which Science affects to discard.

26. The Scientist, to set aside Metaphysics,

reduces Causation to Sequence. If Causation be

Sequence only, Thought is not caused by Neurosis.

But, in order to degrade Thought, he invests

Neurosis with causal power, so that the destruction

of Neurosis involves the destruction of Thought.

Thought is the Whole of which Causation and Se-

quence in time are parts very small parts, indeed.

27. Professor Williamson, in his opening address,

gives a sketch of the theories which guided Chemis-

INTRODUCTION. xv

try fifty years ago, and of the changes wrought in

them by fifty years' work. Chemical explanation

has got rid of predisposing affinities." Our present

explanation" (of a certain phenomenon)"

is a sim-

ple statement of the fact that under the conditions

described, zinc displaces hydrogen from its sul-

phate." The statement is anything but simple, as

it amounts to this : zinc one set of relations dis-

places hydrogen a second set of relations from its

sulphate a third set of relations. A Hegelian would

not ask for a more idealistic position than Professor

Williamson's simple statement of the fact.

28. Physical Science is not Philosophy, for it

requires antecedence and consequence only as an

explicit basis. As an explicit basis, for the analysis

of antecedence and consequence may lead to a great

deal more. In fact, it led to the Idealism of Kant.

29. That Science is apparently content with

antecedence and consequence is seen in Professor

Burdon-Sanderson's address: " Science can hardly

be said to begin until we have by experiment

acquired such a knowledge of the relation between

events and their antecedents, between processes

and their products, that in our own sphere we

are able to forecast the operations of Nature, even

when they lie beyond the reach of desired obser-

vation." That is, we predict consequents, because

they are caused.

xvi INTRODUCTION.

30. Clifford and Lewes hold that the Uni-

formity of Nature ought to be expressed as the

Law of the Collocations of Changes. That is,

they merely postulate Simultaneity, Succession,

and Fixed Order. What more could an Idealist

require ?

31. Herbert Spencer's Heredity may account

for Necessity as a fact. It does not explain what

the Idealist contends for not merely that a notion

is what it is, but that it is explicitly thought as

not possibly otherwise the Necessity of Leibnitz,

Kant, and Hegel.

32. Mr. Whittaker, in the interest of Empiri-

cism, reconciles Empiricism with Idealism :

" in the

final statement of Empiricism, 'relations' are just

as fundamental as '

feelings.' All that afterwards

becomes thought is implicit not in mere feeling,

but in the primitive relations between '

feelings.'"*

Feelings are capable of primitive relations, simply

because both presuppose one intelligible whole

the position of the Idealist.

33. Taking a portion of the Universe, in order

to account for the Universe, is as idle as to suppose

that a square on a chess-board is the cause of the

board. There can be no fraction outside the whole,

and the business of Philosophy must be analysis.

*Mind, No. 24, p. 507.

INTBODUCTION. xvii

34. Taking analysis as the instrument of

thought, Plato, in the Parmenides, analyses the

Universe into TO ev and raXXa TOV >os; the posi-

tion of TO ev explaining everything, and its nega-

tion nullifying everything.

35. Positing TO ev, the Universe, as conceived

by Plato, may be best described in the words of

Hegel:*" Free and infinite Form, as a Totality,

involves the principle of Matter in itself" taking

Form in his sense of Complete Whole of Charac-

teristics. Without TO ev, we may have provi-

sionally an Empiricism like that of Hume and Mill,

Farm. 164 b;but this, when examined, will end in

Nihilism, Parm. 165e.

36. The intelligible element, vindicated byKant and elaborated by Hegel, is variously termed

Ideas and Numbers. The Ideas and Numbers are

substantially identical, but Idea denotes the in-

telligible in relation to the sensibility, while the

Numbers are the movements of the pure, intelli-

gible process.

37. To ev brings the Parmenides into close re-

lation with the notices of Platonic doctrine pre-

served in Aristotle and his Scholiasts, as TO ev is

the formative element in the Idea, and the spring

from which the Numbers flow.

Logic, p. 204, Wallace's translation.

b

xviii INTRODUCTION.

38. Xenocrates has given a hypothetic genesis

of the Ideas. It is only to assist apprehension, as

yeVecris implies evolution in time, which of course

does not apply to the Ideas, e/c TOV peyaXov /cat

fjiLKpov VTTO ToG *Ei>6s io'ao'BevTtov eyevovTo av, el

SVVO.TOV avras fy yevea-Oau. Schol. 828 a, 1, 2.

39. To ev is neither Number nor Idea, although

without it we should have neither Number nor

Idea. Number a/H0/x6s is, according to Greek

arithmeticians, o-vcmj/za ju,oi>a8a>z>. Theon Smyrn.

23. To ev is the dpx*l of Numerables.

40. As TO ev has for its contre-coup TO oLTreipov

indefinite plasticity the first Number is the Dyad,

avroSvas. That is, The One and TO a-rrapov, as two

items, constitute the System of Two Monads17

auToSva? the Prime Dyad. Arist. Met. B. iii.

The Dyad has for its Material TO oiTreipov, and for

its Form TO ev : at irpa)Tov yeyovmai 8vo /zoi/aSe?

a>9 e^ vXrjs fMv TVJS 'AopicrTOv AvaSo?, etSov? Se TOU

'Evo? TOV AVTOC^O? S^Aoi'OTt auTat TreTrot^-

Trjv TTpoiTrjv AvaSa. Syrianus ap. Schol. 818 J,

46-9.

41. As the Indefinite Dyad is Majus and Minus

TO /u,eya and TO piKpov each moiety is a monad.

These two monads, with TO ev as unifier and equa-

tor, constitute the System of Three Monads the

Prime Triad17 avTOT/oias: at Se TTO.\IV

yeyovmai T/aet? /ao^aSe?, w? e uX^s fj.ev/cat

XIXINTBODUCTION.

rrjs 'Ao^ourrou AvaSos, etSous Se TOV Avroevds,

/cacrtr>}i> AuTOT/HaSa. $yr. ib. 819 #.

42. Lastly, the Indefinite Dyad as plastic,

taking on itself the Prime Dyad as formal, con-

stitutes the System of Four Monads the Prime

Tetrad77 avrorerpa,^: IK rfjs AuroSuctSos /cat TT^S

v AuctSos ^v 'Ao/oio~roi> /caXet AvaSa, ctTrereXoui'

TerpaSa' ov crwrt^eVre? avra? (^c. ra? SvaSa?)

ov8e Kara Trp6<r6e(Tiv av^ovre?, dXXa rrjs 'Ao/atcrrov

AvaSog SiTrXacriacr^s TI^V AvroSvaSa, /cat ovrco? 0,770-

Te/couV^s nji/ Ter/aaSa. /S'j/r.ib. 819*, 26-31.

43. The Archie Dyad do/no-ros Suets is no

blank infinite. It is plasticity, aVefcXeiTrro?, Syr. ib.

907 a, 25. Its virtues are best given in the words

of Syrianus : KLvr]TLKr)v ovcrav a-pxfy iravra* ra eiBrj

yovipov 7r\r)povi> Swa/xew9 /cat Trpodyew ets aTroyeW^-

<jiv TCOV Sevrepuv /cat Tpiratv av\a)v etStot'. Syr. ib.

906*, 3032. Sevrepuv /cat rpirtav avkw eiScov are

the squares and cubes of the Prime Numbers.

44. The Archie Dyad CIO/HO-TOS Suets is the

link between Plato's Physics and Metaphysics. It

is Movement both logical and mechanical. All

mechanical movement, whether purely mechanical

or chemical, is in reality a brief description of

relation between two moments. All qualities are

relations in disguise. Analysis, therefore, is the

supreme organon.

45. The two components of all things, TO ev1

b2

xx INTEODUCTION.

and TO aireipoV) are thus Metaphysical Ultima dis-

covered by analysis, and not agents in the me-

chanical, chemical, or so-called psychological sense.

46. Why did Plato use such barren terms as

TO ev The One, and ra\\a All the rest of it?

To ev is the geometrical unit, and Geometry is the

medium between Sense and Intellect. Aristotle's

usual term for Mathematics, as Plato viewed them,

is TO, fJLTav.

47. Previous to Plato, the notion The One had

been so far developed :

a. Xenophanes deduced Unity from the theolo-

gical notion Moral Perfection, making Unity a pre-

dicate of Essence :

b. Parmenides, by identifying subject and ob-

ject, made Unity both the logical and substantive

essence of all real existence :

c. Melissus made Unity a predicate, but deduced

it from infinity :

d. Zeno defended Unity by proving plurality

impossible.

48. In Aristotle's hands the notion Unity became

Substance, and in that shape was transmitted by the

schoolmen to modern thought. It is obvious that

the modern atom is a Lilliputian substance.

49. The One being positive, TaXXa TOV ho<s is

thrown off as its contre-coup, by the process which

Hegel elaborated.

INTKODUCTION. XXI

50. Anti-Platonists, from Aristotle to Jowett,

ask Where are the Ideas ? "Would a Kantian

entertain the question Where are the Categories,

and Ideas, and Forms ?

51. According to Hegel, evolution is Specifica-

tion : according to Haeckel, specification is Evolu-

tion. That the road up is the road down must be

seen in time.

THE PAEMENIDES OF PLATO,

THE PAKMENIDES OF PLATO.

philosophical portion of the Dialogue is

-L divided into two parts : the first extends from

127 d to 135; and the second from 135 to the end,

166. The first part deals with the question of the

relation of the Ideas to sensible things ;the second

with the relation of the head-Idea The One to

everything else. The first part discusses generallythe relation between the supersensible and the sen-

sible;

the second elaborates the relations of the

paramount metaphysical entity The One to all

its subordinates, including sensible things. Thesecond part is thus a particular application of the

first; but, as The One is the paramount entity, its

relations are all-pervading.

With regard to the first portion, we are told byMr. Jowett that Plato has anticipated the criticism

of all future ages on his Ideas. Mr. Grote declares

that there are no dialogues in which the Parme-

nidean objections to the doctrine of Ideas are

elucidated or even recited. But surely all the

objections which are urged in the Parmenides are

xxvi THE PAEMENIDES OF PLATO.

based on an assumption with which the sound

doctrine of Ideas has nothing to do.

(1). The Idea is spaceless and timeless. This

disposes of the objections illustrated by the dayand by the sail: 130eb le, par. 6.

(2). The Idea rtmst either admit of finiteness or

proceed to infinity. This disposes of the objections

urged in 132 a b, and in 132 d 133 a, pars. 7 and 9.

(3). The Idea cannot depend for its cognitionand existence on man. Its essence cannot be

concipi: B. 2, b d, par. 8. This to Plato would

be a truism.

(4). The Idea cannot exist in total aloofness from

man;for this would deprive man on the one hand

of all objective knowledge, and God on the other of

all knowledge of human knowledge. The obvious

conclusions are, that we have a knowledge of the

Idea, and that God has so too. These conclusions

are quite in accordance with the other Dialogues.It is curious that what Mr. Jowett regards as the

true theory of Ideas that they exist only in the

mind is deliberately rejected by Plato in this

Dialogue. If the paramount One does not exist,

the result is Phenomenalism and Nihilism. In the

same way, Mr. Green, in his introduction to Hume,shows that without Identity and Causation the

sensualism of Hume and the phenomenalism of

J. S. Mill are impossible, and with them untrue.

To moderns, the difficulty is to conceive that

the Idea, while timeless and spaceless, is likewise

objectively existing. That Plato held the Idea to

THE PAKMENIDES OF PLATO. xxvii

be timeless is evident from numberless passages,

from the authoritative passage in the Timaeus,

and the express statement of Aristotle that Plato

was the only philosopher who held Time to be the

result of what we may call creation. The Idea is

likewise a fortiori spaceless. Space, according to

Plato, is the creature of an illicit process of reason-

ing, and it is not an object of the senses nor of

natural belief. Its double function is to express

the apparent but unreal identity of phenomena in

a state of flux, and their dependence on the higheressence of the Idea. Aristotle's testimony is con-

clusive on the point. He asks why Plato does not

locate the Idea in space. Phys. iv. ii. 5.

If the Idea be not in time or in space, howdoes it exist ? In the mind, says Mr. Jowett. In

what mind ? If mind means the human mind, qua

human, then we are reduced to individualism. I

may infer, or I may not, that there may be some

other being with a mind like mine, more or less.

If we say in the Divine mind, or in the Universal

mind, then the Idea will only be an accident of

the higher consciousness. But if we mean by Idea,

as Plato did the Form which perfectly and com-

pletely dominates pure thought, and which domi-

nates ours to a smaller extent then it is true

to say that the Idea is not only logically but

substantially prior to thought and volition, Divine

as well as human, and is therefore independent of

both. Surely in a narrower sphere, where a manhas consciously grasped the Law of Identity or the

xxviii THE PARMENIDES OF PLATO.

Law of Contradiction, he sees at once that these

Laws are something more than the facts of his

own brain something more than actual clearness

or passing confusion. But, first, as human thoughtis dominated consciously or unconsciously by the

Laws of thinking, so the Divine Thinking is domi-

nated by the Ideas. To say that Ideas exist in the

mind is much the same as saying that the Law of

Gravity exists in a man's watch.

The relation of the Idea to sensible things, and

of God to both, is somewhat as follows : The Idea

consists of two elements, the One and the Indefinite.

The Indefinite is pure Passivity. Neither of these

elements is created. They are co-eternal with God.

God is good. As Aristotle explains it, Goodness is

the matter, and One, the form, of the highest Ens.

God is also Cause, the notion which brings the Oneand Goodness into communion. Goodness works

through Causality, according to the type set bythe Idea of Good. Consequently, the Law which

dominates Goodness in its Causal Energy is logi-

cally prior to that Energy. On what does the

Summum Ens work ? On the Indefinite, or the

passive element in the Idea, the space, or rather

place, of the Timaeus. The first causal act of

Summum Ens imposes the Law of mere sequenceon Passivity. The result is, a chaos of unpredictable

sequences, a notion grasped by Milton. The second

causal act of Summum Ens is to impose on Chaotic

sequence predictable sequence or physical Law, and

the result is, the Sensible World. The God of

THE PAEMENIDES OF PLATO. xxix

Plato thus creates nothing, he organises Passivity.

Aristotle's question, Why the Idea is not in space,

if pressed home, comes to this : Why is the whole

Idea, with all its Form and Matter, not in a small

fractional result of its Matter misconceived, namely,Place ? That Space is not an independent Entitycan be proved by other considerations. The non-

existence of a Vacuum inside the world is stated

positively in the Timaeus, where its existence would

seem necessary, in the case of one moving body

displacing another. This phenomenon Plato explains

by the hypothesis of circular motion, a motion

which may be exemplified by moving a set of balls

round the edge of a "solitaire" board. He has

been charged with inconsistency in allowing the

structural solids, the Tetrahedron, the Octahedron,and the Icosahedron, to combine in different pro-

portions, all the while he denies the existence of

Vacuum. He may easily be defended by the con-

sideration that the complement of the interstices is

furnished by TO aneLpov the element of Passivityor Receptivity in the Idea.

What then is the Sensible Thing, the Sensible

Idea of Locke and Berkeley ? Relatively to us, it

is strictly TO ^aivo^vov, TO yiyvopevov, that which is

in course of presentation, and which, therefore, ex

vi termini, is passing away. Objectively, it is the

causal action of God, working through the Idea, on

the senses. Logically, and chronologically, it is

distinct from the Idea. In essence, it is the con-

trary of the Idea, as the one is ever abiding and

xxx THE PARMENIDES OF PLATO.

the other is momentary ;and finally, with regard

to theories of perception, the sensible thing bears to

its Idea or rather congeries of Ideas the relation

only of a sign to the thing signified."Mind," says Shelley,

" cannot create, it can

only perceive." This is the popular view. It is

the usual confounding of Brain and Thought. In

the individual, Sensation precedes Thought; Neu-

rosis precedes Psychosis; but Neurosis Brain

presupposes Space, Time, and all the constituents

of Intelligibility.

Everybody agrees that what is in consciousness

may be safely dealt with. But the question arises :

Is there anything outside consciousness ? In the

language of the Dialogue, if TO ev is the formative

element, what is raXXa rov evos? In other words,What is TO oLTreipovj which Aristotle represents as

the second element in the Idea ? It is food for

Form TO Trepa<s. To alter Clifford's term, it maybe called Form-stuff. And this Form-stuff, at a

certain stage of development, is the xPa or spaceof the Timaeus the only passage in Plato's writings

which Aristotle finds at variance with the official

statements in Plato's lectures. Phys. iv. ii. 5.

To make Space an ultimum in the Platonic

Genesis is as preposterous as to make Hegel a

Hamiltonian because he allows Richtigkeit to the

pabulum of the senses. To aneipov is not outside

consciousness. It is part of consciousness : it is

there as TO aTrtLpov. The chemical metaphor has

taken such hold, that when we talk of an element

THE PAEMENIDES OF PLATO. xxxi

of consciousness, we almost eo ipso assert that it is

not to be found in the mature consciousness, exceptin a totally different shape. But, in Plato, the

original aspect of the element reappears in the

compound : TO aireipov is TO aTreipov, and will not

be anything else. Plato is thus a thorough-goingIdealist : TO aireipov is part of the domain of

thought.

In applying the terms of modern speculation

to Plato, it is not meant that he had before him

modern problems in their present shape. But the

best teaching of our time is the importance of

history as a basis of criticism, and this teachingshatters the doctrine that we must read a philo-

sopher by what went before and not by what comes

after him.

Hegel allows Richtigkeit, but not Wahrheit, to

the sensible element. Plato is more idealistic;for

while in the Phaedo he combats the notion that

the sensible element is delusive, in the Republic he

argues that the same volume of raw material mayand does admit of opposite relations.

The most striking passage in the Dialogue is

where Parmenides rebukes Socrates for withholdingideas from mean objects. This is not really at

variance with the passage in the Timaeus, 66 d-67 a.

There he states that Smells are the result of air and

water affecting the organs, and that they are dis-

tinguished merely as pleasant or the reverse. In

the Philebus, Smells are not preceded by any

craving, and so far are higher than the plea-

xxxii THE PARMENIDES OF PLATO.

sures of repletion. In our day a great poet has

written :

Flower in the crannied wall,

I pluck you out of the crannies;

Hold you here, root and all, in my hand,

Little flower but if I could understand

What you are, root and all, and all in all,

I should know what God and man is.

This is genuine Idealism. What we call a single

thing is the concourse of all relations the corn-

plexus of all Ideas all in all.

nAPMENIAHS.

TA TOY AIAAOrOT ITPOSnilA

KE$AAO2, "I

AAEIMANT02,J> Characters in the Introduction.

ANTI<J>2N.

'

TAAYKON, J

Characters in the Main Dis-

cussion.

1IAPMENIAH2,

API2TOTEAH2.

IIAPMENIAH2.

St. III. 'ETretSir) 'AOrfva^e oiKoOev e'/c KXao/z,eva>i> d(/>t/co- introduc-

p. 126. /) \ > / A ' v tion.

juec/a, /car ayopav everv^ofjLev Aoet/Aavra) re /cat,

' \ O' ~- <>

'

< >* ' L CePha -

t' /cat /xov Aapo/xe^o? TT;? ^et/aos o Aoet- lus relates

-L ? -ir ' \ ^ * ^ > ~ his intro-

atP ' e97?'w KecpaAe, /cat et rou oeet TOJI/ auction to

e ^ ^ ' j / j* * \ \ ^ vC1 / 1? Antiplio.

7)/x,et? OVVOLTOI, (ppa^e. a\\a p.ev 017, enrov

ya>, 7rdp6Lfj.i, ye eV avro rovro, SeiycrojLtevos v^wv.

Xeyots av, e^/, r^v Se^cri^. /cat ey<u elTrov, ra>

vp,a>v TO) ofjLOfjLrfrpia) rt ^v ovo/xa ; ov yapTrats Se TTOV

lyi'ore TO irporepov

Sev/Do e/c KXa^o/Aevw^' TroXu? Se

eKeivov. TO) pev yap iTdrpi, 8o/cw,

Trcivv ye, e^>iy' avrw Se ye 'Avrt^aiz/. dXXa

rt /xdXtcrra irvvOdvei ; otS', etTrov eyw, TroXtrat jaot

etcrt, jaaXa <f)i\6cro<j)OL, d/c7y/coacrt re on ovros 6

'Az/rt^aiv Ilv^oSwyaa) rtvt ZTJVCDVOS eratpw vroXXa

c ei/reru^/ce, /cat TOVS Xdyov?, ov? TTOTC ^CDKpaTrjg

/cat Zujvtov /cat Ila/a/xevtS^s SteXe^^o-a^, TroXXd/cts

d/covcras TOV IIv^oSwpov aTro/x^/xovevet. aX'TjBr),

f(f)f), Xeyet?. TOVTOJV roivvv, elTrov, Seo//,e^a Sta-

/covo*at. dXX' ou ^aXeTrov, e^ry* jaet/ad/ctov yd/> av

avrovg eu /adXa Ste/AeXeV^crev, euet vvv ye /caret rov

TraTnrov re /cat OJJLCOVVJJLOV Trpbs iTnrLKrj TOL TroXXd

Star/ot^Set. dXX' et Set, tw/xev 7ra/o* avrov' apri,

B2

4 I7AATONO2

yap evOcvfte ot/ca8e ot^erou, ot/cct Se eyyus > Mc-

XtVfl. raura etTroWes ey8aStoftei>, /cat KareXaySo/xev p. 127.

TOZ> 'A.VTL<j>o)VTa ot/cot, yaXivov TWO. ^aX/cct e/cSt8dvTa

(r/cevdVat' IVetSr) Se e/ceu>ov aTnjXXdyr) ot re dSeX-

<ol eXeyop avr<w ai^ eVe/ca irapeipev, aveyvapicre re

fjieK r^s Trporcpas 7TtS^/xtas /cat /xc ^CTTTa

/cat SeofMevoiV rjfAuv SteX^etv TOVS Xoyoug TO

u>KVL' TroXv yayo (^17 epyov flvai' erreiTa

Stryyetro.

2. Antipho 6(^17 Se ST) 6*A.vTi<f><t)v Xeyetp roi'

relates, v >i/ / >TT/I/ N /\-Lthe autho- ort acpiKOLVTO 7TOTC ets iLavauirjvaiCL TO, /iyaXa b

rity of Py- , y /5 VNTthodorus, a AV)VtoV TC Kttt llayO/xevtO^?. TOl' /XCZ/ OWconversa- o f/\e>\ />/ ^ j/^tionbe- oir^v ev ftaXa or) TT/aecrpvTTp etvat, (r<poopatween \ \ o\ />\ \ ^ / \ ^

Socrates,KCL\OV O KayOLUOV TrjV O\\IIV, TTtpl TV)

Zeno, and / \>-/ ry/ o\>\Panue- TTC^TC /cat egrjKovTo, /tf)va)va oe eyyvs erw^ rerra-nides : the ' ' T >/o\\ / >o

particulars PaK VTa TOT eiVdL, VjJir)K7) O /Cat yapieVTOi tOtV

meetfng-'CCt ' e

"

at aTOI/ TTtttt/ca TOV

viva.1. /caraXvetv Se avrous e<^)7y Trapa TW.,],,,;,] >,,(, > V / T7- ^ TON \>| //Itreatise on

KTOS ''"Ct^OV? CV KepCLfJLeLKO)' Ot Ol) /Cttt a(pt/C<TC/at C

Existence. T($j, Te ^w/c/oar^ /cat aAXous Ttj'as fter' aurou

ug, liriBvfj,ovvTa,^ aKouerat TOJV rou

Tore yo.p avra TrpaTov vif

Sw/c/aar^ Se el^at rore <r<f>68pa veov.

avayLyva)(TKeLv ovv aurot? roi' Zyvava avrov, TOV

8e HapjjLei/iBrjv rv^elv ea) ovra' /cat et^at Tra^u

ert XotTrov rwv Xoywv dvaytyvwcr/cojaeVw^,

avros re eTretcreX^etJ^ 6^)17 6 IIu$oSa>pos d

/cat TOI> TlaJievi,$rv xer' avrou Kat 'Attr-

TOV Tov rpiaKovra yevopevov, /cat

ctTTa ert e7ra/covo-ai TWV yyoa/x,/u,aTOJV ov

ye, dXXct /cat irporepov d/oy/coeVat TOI)

FIAPMENIAHS. 5

rov ovv 2co/cpari7 d/covcravra TrdXtv re /ceXevcrat Firstpartx / ( //) ~ / x / > ~ of the

Ti]v irptoTiqv VTrouea'Lv rov Trpcorov Aoyov avayvcovat, dialogue:\ > Q / / f / prelimi-

/cat avayvcoo-f/eto-rjs, TTCOS, cpavat, co Ziyvcov, TOVTO nary dis-

\ t > \ \ ' \ * y <> ~ > \ cussion,e Aeyets; et TroAAa ecrrt ra ovra, cos apa oet aura the relation

r ? \/ o\o\>o/ o/ To E?Sjjre eti/at /cat avo^oia, TOVTO oe or) aovvaTOV to sensible

ovre ya/) ra avojAoia o/xota oure ret o//,ota

olov re etvat ; ovv oura> Xeyet? ; ovrw, <bdvai TOV 3. Socrates

criticizes

OVKOVV et aovvaTov ra re avo/xota o/x-ota Zeno, and

T vvv ,/ >0/ 5^ ^\\^ wislieS t<>

etz>at /cat ra o/xota at'o/xota, aowarov 017 /cat TroAAa know if he

^ >\ \\v* / * \o/ is ng11* in

etvat' et ya^ TroAAa177, 7rao"^ot at' ra aowara; the view he

apa rovro eo-Tiv 6 /8ouAoi>rat <rou ot Xdyot, ov/c Zeno says

aXXo rt ^7 Stajaa^eo~^at Trapa TrdvTa ra Xeyo/xeva, "Thent > \\ /j > ' *

'

y u)

cos ov TroAAa ecrrt ; /cat rovrov avrov otet o~ot zeno "

/ TV \ / </ \ says So-re/c/xT^ptov etz/at CKCLO-TOV TUTS Xoywv, cocrre /cat crates

/ / /) v "affree

r)yet rocravra re/c/x^pta Trape^eo-c/at, oo-ov? Trep witg Par_

128 Xoyov? ye'y/aa^as, a> ov/c eo-rt TroXXa; ourcu Xeyets,

^7 eya) ov/c 6p0at<s KaTapavBdva) ; ov/c, dXXa, cravat

rov ZT7^(wva, /caXcos o-wrj/cas oXov ro ypa/x/xa 6

ySovXerat. fAavOdvo), eiirelv TOV ^w/cyoar^, d> Ilap-Existence

tS^, ort Zrjvaiv o8e ov JJLOVOV Ty aiXXy crov

<itXta ySovXerat a>/cetwcr^at, dXXa /cat rw crvy- menides1 ' ' '

puts his in

ypa/x/tart. ravroz/ yap ye'ypa^e Tpoirov TWO. oirepthe affir-

o~v, jaera^aXXcov Se i7/xas Tretparat e^aTrarav cos tliat Exis -

\ / ^ /tenc

f, Serepov rt Aeycuv. o~v jtxev yap e^ rots 7rotT7/xao"t^

one." Zeno

d , s T rpv rr- V ' ' '

b ev cpTys etvat io llav, /cat rovrcov re/c/x^pta Trape^et that his

\ v-rwoox-y > \\'j T tnesis is a/caAws re /cat ev ooe oeav ov TroXAa qrrjo-iv ewat, reductio ad

, CNNJX >\\ N //i x absurdum

re/c/x^pta oe avros Tra/xTroXAa /cat vra/x/xeyecfy vrape- of the an-

\-? \ >*// \o\\ \\/ tagonistic

^erat. ro ovi/ rov /xev ev cpavat, rov oett?) TroXXa, thesis, i.e.\v e/ \/ <x <>\^^ greater ab-

Kat ovrcus e/carepov Xeyetv, coo-re /x^oev rcov avrcov surdities

> / ?^ 51 ' \' >/t\ follow

etpry/cevat oo/cetv cr^eoov rt Xeyovras ravra, v?rep from sup-c v *\\ j ' c \j / posingi)/xas rovs aAAovs c/>atverat v/xtv ra etp^/xeva Existence

6 DAATONO2

plural than elpr)o~0ai. vat, <f>dvai TOV Zrjvuva, a*

from sup- \ 5> * \ > x / /) ~ / >

posing (TV o ovi> Tijv a\r)tfLav TOV ypa/xttaros ov trav-Existence /i / <>. c 4 /

one. ra^ov Tjcrtfycraf /catrot a)(nrep ye ai Aa/cati>at c

cr/cvXa/ce? ev /xera^ets re /cat t^evets ret

dXXd trparrov ^ev <re TOUTO \av0dveL, ort ov

rdiracTLV ovrat cre^vvverai TO ypafji^a, wcrre

crv Xeyets oiavorjOev ypaffivai, rov? dvOpunovs 8e

a>s rt /xeya StaTrpaTrd/xevoV dXXa

a>v crv/u,y86/877KOTa>z> Tt ^"Tt ^^ Td

yc dXr)0e<; fioijBeid rts ravra ra ypa/u,/Aara TO>

u Xdyw 777)69 rou? eTTi^et/aovvras avrbv

a>s et eV e<rrt, TroXXa /cat yeXota (rv/u,-d

rw Xdyw /cat eVavrta avr&>. dvrt-

Xeyet ST) ovv rovro TO y/od/M/xa Trpos TOWS rot

TToXXd Xeyovrag, /cat dvraTroStScocrt ravra /cat

TrXeteo, rovro @ov\6jjievov SrjXovv, a>5 ert yeXotd-

re/9a Trdfr^ot ai^ avraivT) vir60eo~L<;, et TroXXd CO~TLV,

fj rjTOV eV etvat, et rt? t/cavais eTre^tot. Std

ToiavTTfjv or) <f>i\oviKLai> VTTo veov OVTOS e/otov

eypd^ir), /cat rts avro e/cXei//e ypa<eV, ware ovSe

/SovXeucracr^at e^eyeVero, etr' e^OLCTTfov avTO ets e

ro ^>OJ5 etre /xr;. TavTrj y ovv ere \avOdvei, a>

S<w/c/3are5, ort ov^ VTTO j/e'ou <^>tXo^et/ctas otet avro

yeypd^Ocu, dXX' VTTO TrpearfivTepov <^>tXort/xta?'

eiret, o7re/3 y' etTrov, ov /ca/cai? aTret/cacras.

4. Socrates dXX' aTToSeVouat, <bdvai TOV Sw/cpdrn, /catsets forth

( c /; /^ /his theory 7ryovaai oj? Xeyet? evetv. rooe oe aot etTre* ovofGenerali-

^ ^, ^ A

c x t ,

zation,that vojMLi,L<s etvat avro /cat7 avro etoos rt O/xotorero?,the things x ^ , ^ , , A v , A , 10 .denoted by /cat ra> rotovrw av aAAo rt evavTiov, o ecrrti/ Avo- 129general , ~^ ~ v >>N \xMords may fJiOLOV' TOVTOIV Oe OVOtV OVTOtl' Kttt

fJL/Cttt CTC

participate v . . *S N \\ v V "in opposite /cat raAAa a or) TroAAa /caAov/xei'

I1APMENIAH2. 7

it ra pev rrj<s 'O/AOtor^ros /AeraXa/AySdvovra o/AOta ^ST?, but

yiyvecrdai ravrrj re /cat /cara rocrovrov ocrov av fify them-

\/->/ \ P. \ /> > / /selves can-

fj^eraXafjipavr), ra oe ri7? AVO/AOtoreros avopoia, not admit

v S v > /

'

/ > i / , o N > / of incom-ra oe a^orepcov apyorepa ; et oe /cat rravra patible

/ * >/' \ n ' > * affections :

evavri(t)V OVTOJV ap,(porep(i)i> jiteraXa/Apavet, /cat eo~rt e.^. a man, / i~<// \>/ \is one, andb TO) jaere^etv a/A<potv o/AOta re /cat avo/Aota avra so partici-

//! / >\ \ \\<// pates in

avrot?, rt vavpacrrov ; et jaei/ ya/3 avra ra o/AOta Unity: but

/; >/ / *\/ he may berts aTrefyaivev avo^oia yiyvo^eva i] ra avo^oia aiso one Of

v / y-j> -yjovv/ / many, in

o/Aota, repas ai>, ot/Aat, i)V et oe ra rovruv /Acre- wiuch case

dfJL<f>orepa)v dfjL<f>6repa d-no^aivei irerrovdora, p^

e/totye, o> ZTyvwi/, droirov 8o/cet etVat, ovSe

ye et e^ aVavra a7ro(^atvet rt? rw jaere^etv rovcai^never

7

'Ews /cat ravra ravra TroXXd ra> nXTy^ovs av

/Aere^etv dXX' et o ecrrw *Ev avro rovro TroXXa

c d-TToSet^et, /cat av ra IloXXd S?) eV, rovro 17817

^av/Acto"o/Aat. /cat Tre/st raiv ctXXcov artdvrtov acrav-

ra>s' et /ACI' avra ra yeVi7 re /cat etS^ eV av-

rols aTTO^at^ot rdvavria ravra rfdOrf Trdcr^ovra,

d^iov Bavfjid^ew et 8' e/Ae eV rts a-TroSet^et ovra

/cat TroXXd, rt davpavrov, Xeywv, orav /ACV p*ov-

XrjraL TroXXd diro^aiveiv, as erepa tiev ra evrt

Se^td ttov eVrtv, erepa Se rd CTT' dpicrrepd, /cat

erepa ttei/ rd rrpotrOev, erepa 8e rd oina-Oev, /cat

dVtw Kat Karat a>o"avrws' IlXi7^ovs ydyo, ot/Aat,

d p/try&' orav Se eV, epet ws eTrrd rjp,a)v ovrwv et?

ey<u et/At dvOpuiros, ttere^wv /cat rov 'Evas' c5o~re

dXrjBr) aTTO(f>ai,veL dpfyorepa. edv ovv rts rotavra

eTfi^eip^ TroXXd /cat ev ravra dno$aivew, Xt#ovs

/cat |"vXa /cat rd rotavra, (^yjcrofjiev avrov TroXXd

/cat IV aTroSet/cvwat, ov ro *Ev TroXXd ovSe rd

IToXXd ev, ovSe' rt Oavpacrrov \eyeiv, dXX' a7re/o

8 HAATQN02

av iravres 6/xoXoyot/Aep" eap 8e Tt?, 6 PUP Sr)

eya> eXeyop, rrpvrov JJLCV Statp^Tat X^P^ avra

/ca#' avra ra 1817, otbp 'O/uoum/Ta re /cat 'Apo-

p.Oi6rr)ra /cat ITX-j^o? /cat TO *Ep /cat Sracrtv e

/cat KtPTio-iP /cat irdvra ra rotavra, elra eV

eavrot? ravra Svpa/xepa crvy/cepappvcr#at /cat Sta-

KpivecrOai a7ro(f>aivrj, dyat/xTip ap eywy', ^77,

crTctis, a) Zijvuv. ravra Se avSpetw? /ACI/

/l \ N / * *7)yovfiat Treirpayiiarev&uai' TTO\V JJLEVT av

Se /aaXXot', &s Xeyw, dyacr^et^v, et rts

avrr^v aTropiav ev avrots rot? etSecrt

ToSarr&is 7rXe/co/xeV>;v, axnrep iv rots o/aw/AeVots 130

on^X^ere, OVTOJ /cat cv rots Xoytcr/xo> \afjij3avo-

/xeVot?

5. Socrates XeyovTO? 877, eii'n 6 IIu#oSa>pos, roudeniesthe ^

'

, , , % , , , , ,

umver- Tttvra avTos /A^ otecTC/at e<p e/cacrTOvsality of

N N , _v

eifSTj. He TOP T LLapfJieviO'rjv /cat TOP Ztrjvuva, TOVS oe iravvallows that / ^ N/IVthere are T ttVTO) 7TpOO"^etP TOP POVP Kttt ua^a tS

7;O. O\' ^c / N

Beauty, Xovs pXcTTOPTa? jotetOtap ws aya/xepov? TOPGoodness, v T v / ,, N

and such OTTCp OVP /Cttt TTavOra/XCPOV aVTOV 6t7TtP TOP 11 ap-like ;heis /o, <;>_,/ ./ c ^. 9* /i

doubtful /Aeptor^p, o> S&>/cpaT5, <papat, ws agios et ayacrc/atabout the <>c>\ ^\' ' >/\rexistence T7)? op/ir;? TTjs CTTt Tou? Xoyovs' /cat /u,ot etTre, ai>ros b

of etS-n for vvo/ e\/suchthings

crv o^Tw OLTflprjcraL a>? Xeyct?,as Man,Fire and aTTCt > X^P19 " Ta rovT(av avWater : o ^ ? \

and he iscrot

"

oftotoY^To? exofjitv, /cat *Ep Sr) /cat IloXXa /cat Trapra

o/(7a v^v ^^ Zrypwpos T^/cove? ; e/AOtye, ^>apat TOP

suchthings^w/cpaTT;. r^

/cat TO, TotaSe, etTretp TOP

^.u^ ,, otop At/catov Tt eTSos auTo /ca#* avTo /cat KaXou

Filth. Par-menides Kal *Aya^ot) /cat TTttPTtop av TWP roLOvraiv ; pat,replies that /,this is a

<f)dvai. Tt ', dv0pa>Trov etSos

IIAPMENIAH2. 9

OtOt77jltetS eCTjUei> TToivTUV, CLVTO Tl cTSo? 'AvOpWTTOV human

* TT > * * "nnS A ' \77 Hvpos 77 /cat Toaros ; ev airopia, <pavaL, rro\- thinking,

x /cj

/ * T-T /o x , /and that

Aa/cts 017, <w ilapfJLevLO'r), irepi avrw yeyova, Trorepa nothing is

i / ^ v , / * ^\ \ ? v reaU7 vile -

<po.vai ojcnrep Trepi eKtivw i) aAAw?. ^ /cat

a> ^w/cpare?, a /cat yeXota So^etez/ av

otov pt^ /cat 1117X05 /cat 'PUTTOS ^ aXXo o

rt aTLfJLOTaTov re /cat ^avXorarov, aTropets etre ^pr)

<aVat Kat rovrco^ e/cacrrov eTSos etvat ^wptg, ov

d aXXo avra)z/ 5^ 17/^615 jotera^etpt^o/xe^a, etre /cat

^17 ; ouSa/xw?, <f)dvai, rov ^(OKparrj, dXXa ravra

joteV ye, aVe/> &p&fiV, ravra /cat etz/af eTSog Se'

rt avraiv olrjBfjvai etvat /x^ Xtav ^ arorrov. 17877

Trore' /xe /cat e0pae ^ rt77 Tre/ot TTOLVTUV

eVetra orai' ravrr) crrw, <f>vya)v

Setcras fti; TTOTC ets rtv' d/3v0ov (f>\vapiav e

SI/) /^/r O^ >_i' JA /^ONta<pt7a/3w e/cetcre o ovz/ a<pt/co/xei/O5, et? a vw 077

eXeyofjiev 1817 e^etv, Trept e/cet^a

e StarptySw. ve'os yap el ert, ^>a^at TOI>

a) ^w/cpare?, /cat OUTTW crov dvretXTyTrrat

a>$ ert di/rtX77i//erat /car' eja?)^ So^av, ore

drtjadcrets' vvv Se ert TT/OOS dv6pa>7ra)v airo-

Sta ri^v i^Xt/ctav.

roSe owjitot etTre. So/cet crot, as <^]7?j

etvat 6. Par-

*5>v ^ '^ N ^\ \ \o/ v nienides

etO77 arra, wv raoe ra aAAa /xeraAa/xpaz/ovra rag discusses

,, / >^y -p .-. / \ the ratio-131 eTrtoi'v/uas avrwv tcr^etv, otov OfJLOioTirjTos peis /xera- naleof

Xafiovra o/xota, Meye'^ovs Se /xeydXa, KaXXovs re

/cat At/catoo-w775 St/catd re /cat /caXd yiyvecrdaL.

irdVu ye, ^ctj'at ro^ ^aiKparr). OVKOVV T^rot oXov Srou etSovs 77 pepovs e/cao-rov ro fteraXa/x/3dVov

/aeraXa/>t/3d^et ; 7^ dXXT? rt? av peraX^LS x^P^rovrwi/ yeVotro; /cat TTWS aV; etTrei'. Trorepoi/ ov^

10 OAATONO2

whole or

by way of

part, either

simul-

taneouslyOr 8UCC68-

sively, *'..

the elSos

is both

amUime-

So/cet O~Ot oXov TO CtSos CV e/cdoTO) etVttl TWV\ \ "**<-> / N \ / i / v

TTOAAwv ev OV, T) 7T6D?; Tt yap /CtoXvet, (pavat TOV<.,_-. /<?>' A v * \ i

, w HapfjLevior), evetvat ; ev apa ov /cat b

\\^ N* VxTTOAAOt? W3tS OVCTLV O\Ol>

KCU av117.

ov/c av, ei

otoj'17 rjfjiepa. /xta /cat

17 avr?) ovtra<^\\ N

a/Aa ecrrt /cat ovoet' rt fj.a\\ov avrr)

<TTLV, el OVTO) /cat e/cacrrov TCOV etSaii/

ev ev vracrtv a/xa ravrov'

CLTJ. ^Seco? ye, <dVai, ai

Sw/cyoare?, eV TO.VTOV a/xa TroXXa^ov Trotet?,

et tcrrto) /caTaTreTaoras TroXXovs av6PMTTOVS

iV eTTt TToXXots eTvat oXov ^ ov TO TOIOVTOV i^yetc

Xeyetv; to~a>?, <f>dvai. rjovv o\ov e^>* e/cao~To> TO

e/ vv * / * M ^\ \ *\ \tcrTtov etiy av, ^ fJiepos avrov aXXo e?r aXX<u;

fieyoos. /y,ey3to"Ta apa, <f>dvai, a> Seo/cpaTe?, ecmv

CLVTO, TO, 1817, /cat TO, /xeTe^ovTa avTaiv pepovs av

/x,Te)(ot, /cat ov/ceVt ev e/cacrTw oXov, dXXa pepos

e/cao"TOu avetTy. ^>atvTat OVTW ye. 17

ovv e

o~ets, a) Sw/c/3aTC9, ^>avat TO *Ev eTSos

aXrjdeia /jteyDt^ecr^at' /cat eVt ev eb"Tat; ou

etTretv. opa ya/o, ^>avat* et avTo TO Meye^os/cat e/cao~Tov Taiv vroXXoiv /xeyaXwv ^teye'^ou? /Ltepet d

o-fjLLKpOTepa) avrov TOV Meye'^ov? /xeya eo~Tat, apaov/c aXoyov ^avetTat; TTO.VV y, (f)Trj.

ri Se'; TOU

*Io~ov /iepos e/cacrTov cr/xt/cpov aTroXaySdv Tt e^et w

eXaTTOvt ovTt avTov TOUvlo~ov TO e^ov to*ov TO>

ecTTat ; dSuvaTOv. dXXa TOV S/xt/cpov jae'po? Tts

T7/xa)v ei^et* TOVTOV Se avTov TO o~^tt/cpov /xet^ov

eo"Tat aTe /xepov? eavTOv OVTO?, /cat ovra> S^ avTo

TO Sfu/cpov /xet^ov ecrTat' w 8' av TrpocrTeOfj TO d^>at-

eV, TOVTO o~/u,t/cpoTepov eo"Tat dXX' ov yu,etov ^ o

DAPMENIAH2. 11

trpLv. OVK av yeVotTO, <dVat, rovro ye. T(V ovv

rpoTTOv, etTretv, a) SwK/3are9, TO>V et8wv crot ra

aXXa /xeraX^i/ferat, jjLijre Kara pepy /x^re Kara

oXa jucTaXa/xySdvetv Suvd/xeva ; ov ttd TOV Ata,

<f>dvaL, ov /xot So/cet ev/coXov etVat TO TOLOVTOV

TI Se 817; 7rpo9 ToSe 7ra>9 e^ets; TO irdlov ; ot/u,at 7. The> o A v TS * /i f origin of

132 o~e e/c TOU Totovoe ev eKacrrov etoo? oteo~t7at ewcu thetheoiy

TrdXX' aTTa /xeyaXa o~ot 80^17 etvat, /xta TI? unique? ^>o/ e >\^> >\ / >^/ elSos : if

oo/cet toeaT) avTT) etvat CTTI Travra LOOVTI, thee?8osbe

v/i * * IT ' t n f >\ /] \ ' j ' absolutelyot/ev ev TO Meya i^yet etz/at. aA.fjtfr) Aeyet?, (pavai. distinct

/$NJ \ ^TIT' x v\\ v x \ 5N from theTt o avTo TO Meya /cat TaAAa Ta /xeyaAa, eav

sumofpar-ticulars,

Tt, avauantitv is

*7TOU jaeya <pavetTat, a> ravra

fyaivea-Oai; eoiKev. aXXo apa eTSo? /xeye^ov? dva-I ' ss/ v-m/r'/l v N it. is

<pavr)a"TaL, Trap auTO TC TO Meyec/og yeyoz'o? /cat ^Ta jjiere^ovTa avrov' /cat eut TovTots au Tracrtv

um(lue -

erepov, w TavTa irdvTa /xeyaXa eo~Taf /cat ov/ceVt

8^ e^ e/cacrTW crot TO!>I> etSwv ecrTat, dXX' dweipa

TO 77X^05.

dXXa, <f>dvai, a> nap/xe^tS^, TOZ^ Sw/c/octT^, ^ g. The>o^v T/ / \o T8os per-

etowv e/cacrTOi/i)

TOVTOIV voTrj^a, /cat ovoafjiov ^3 ^ay/ / /i v\ \ /) * 5 i be an intel-

7rpoa"rjKy eyytyvecrcrat aAAot/t 77 e^i//v^;ats' iectualCon-

v >*</ </ v \*y nent whinhOVTW ya/9 av e^ ye eKacrrov

ear) /cat ou/c av eTtexistsy

/ A^>^V5\^ 'T // Air> flip miTirl

Trao-^ot a vw 017 eXeyeTo. Tt ovj;; <f>avai, evOf the con-

e/cacrToV ecrTt TWV vo^/aaTwv, vorj^a Se ouSei^os; ^utthV

dXX' dSwaTov, etTreti'. dXXd Ttvo?; vat. WTOS TJ Hypothesis' eventuates

c ov/c OVTO?; wTO?, ovv evo9 Tti^o?, o eTTt Trcrtv l}1a

dilemma,

e/cetvo TO voTQ/xa eTrov voet, /xtav Ttvd ovcrav ioeav ;and either

alternative

vat. etTa ov/c eI8o? eo~Tat TOUTO TO voovuevov ev is an.

at -

surdity.

etvat, del ov TO avTO eVt Trdcrtv / dvdy/c^ av

12 HAATONO2

<f>aiveTat. Tt Se 877; etTreti/ rov Ilap/xevtS^v, OVK

dvdyKr), el raXXa <i)s TW>V etS<Sz> /xere^etv, 17So/cetz/

crot e/c vor)fjidT(t)v e/cao-TOz> eo'at /cat vravra ^oetv,

^ votjpaTa 6Wa dvorjTa eli/at; dXX' ouSe rovro,

<dVcu, <=xet Xoyoi'.

9. r8r? dXX', a) TLapfjievt^rj, /xdXtora e)motye /cara^aiVeratmay per- ^ v x

- ,

haps exist woe e^eti'' Ta jLie^ etoT^ raura a)(nrep Trapaoety/x-ara a

objectively t/ / NC-\V\\ / >/as Types to eOTClt'CU /

T7/ <plCTt, Ttt OC ttXXtt TOUTOt? Ot/C^atwhich sen- \ ^ / \ //i ^ *

sibiethings /cat ett'at, o/AOtcu/Aara' /cat17 /xec/egts aurT; rot

conform: Vxx , . ^j^^ >v\\ *>but this aXAots ytyvecTc^at TCDV tiouv OVK a\\7j rts r\

et/ca-

hypothesis /) > >? vjv vo r/woiild crVrjvai avroi?. et ow Tt, 917, eot/ce rw etoet, otovinvolve an > \ -yo \ v *? > /i '

infinite Te e/CetVO TO CtOO? /Ltl) OfJiOLOV .Wai TO> IKO.<TUVTI,series of /i> v->j //i * * ^

mediatingKa" O<TOV ttVTW CKpCDfJiOLOJUir) ; Tf

O"Ti Tt? fJLTTj^aVT]

ftSn, which \/ \/</ T >v \

is absurd :To OfJLOLOV jLtl) O/XOtO) O/XOtOV tVttt ; OU/C eOTt. TO

for the 5i\v ^/T>> /\ >' N

oe OIJLOLOV rat o/xotw a/3 ov /AeyaXTy a^ay/7 ei'o?

umque- TOV auTov etSovs jaeTe^etv ; aWy/a?. ou S' av TO- e

o/xota fJiere^ovTa o/xota ^, ou/c e/cetj^o eo^Tat avTo

TO eTSos ; TravTCtTracrt /ACV ouz/. ov/c apa otoi' T*C> </ T > C1 v v 'S'C' *\ \ *

Tt TO> etoet ofiOLOV etz^at, ovoe TO etoos aAAa> et

Se ^17, Trapa TO eTSo? det dXXo dva(j)a^rjcreTaL

etSo5, /cat av e/cetvd TO> opoiov y, erepov av, /cat 133

ovSeVoTe TraucreTat det KOLWOV etSo?

TO eTSog T&> eauTou /leTe^o^Tt o/x-otov

Xe'yet?. ov/c apa ojototbY^Tt TaXXa

/ATaXa/>ty8dvet, dXXct Tt dXXo Set

et. eot/cei/. opas ow, <avat,

00-17 17 OLTTOpia, edv Tt? etSr; 6Wa/ca^* avTa Sto/ot^Tat ; /cat /tdXa.

10. If the ev TOLVVV Icr9i, fydvai, on a>s eVos etTretv

5f8j exist r/ >w \> / >* -?o w

absolutely, ttTTTet avT^? oo^ (TTLVr) (LTTOpia, et ev etOo? e/cacr- b

we cannot v >/ >iy/ /i/ ~know TOV TG)I/ OVTtoV ttCt Tt Oi^Opl^O^VO^ Ur)(Ti<i. 7TWS

FIAPMENIAHS. 13

877; et7reti>. TroXXd jjiev /cat dXXa, <f)dvaL, /xeytcrrov them, since

o\ /<> v / c>\ / \ / an absoluteoe Tooe. et Tts <pat77 JUTJOC irpocnrjKeiv avra yty- object

im-

/ /iv ?/; OT \ phes as its

v(DO~Keo~ua.i OVTO. rotavra ota (papev oeiv eivai ra correlative

S r\/ * * s^'." a faculty of

1017, TO) ravTa, Keyovn OVK av \OL Tts evoetga- absolute

/i v i/o \ \\" / * know-crt/at on yeuoerat, et

/XT) TTO\AO>V rv^ot e/X7retpos iedge;and,* J/D^ ^ V-- J ' '/a/x SJ^ ' conversely,&>v o a/xcptcrp^roji' /cat

/LIT) a.<j>vr)<s,ue\oi oe vrai/v

Deity, as

TToXXa /cat ir6ppa)0v Trpay/xarevo/xeVov TOV evSeLK- absolute18

c vvfjievov eVecr^at, dXX' airiOavos eiTj 6 ayvtoarra C01j^ nofe

'

avra ea>at. TT^ 817, a) HapiAevtSr) ; ^ ^s

g

s

o _

-* / V"?^*/ ^ * liitp Trnmv,o)KpaTr). ort, a> 2w/c/3are?, ot/xat av ^ e ^\\ ^"\\ v s/ Zl'' x ii! pniilH

/cat o-e /cat aXXov, ocrrtg avrirjv TWO, KO.U avr^v > c ma

e/cdcrrov ovcriav riOerai elvai, ouoXoyncrai av irpot-owkncnr-

' '

ledge, and

rov /xev jjLTjSeiJLLav avrcof etvat ev 77/^1^. 770)9 ya/o av therefore

aur?) /ca^' avrrjv ert 6177 ; <^dvat rof ^(OKparr).without

/caXai? Xeyets, etTretv. OVKOVV /cat oo-at rwv tSewv knowledge,which is

Trpo? aXXT^Xa? etcrtv at eto~tv, avrat Tryaos avras absurd.

d 7771^ overtax e^ovcnv, dXX' ov Trpo? rd Trap* 77/x,rv

etre Ojaotwyaara etre 07717 877 Tts avTa rWerai, a>v

77jLtet9 /zeTe^ovT9 etvat e/cacrTa e7rovo/x,a^o/x^a' Ta

Se Trap' T^jatv ravTa, 6/xwvv/xa ovTa e/cetVot?, avTa

au 77/369 auT<x ICTTLV dXX' ou 7rpo9 Ta 1877, /cat

tov dXX' ov/c /cetva>v oo~a au ovo/xd^eTat OVTCUS.

Xeyets; <f>dvai TOV ^(OKpdrr). olov, <j>dvai TOV

, et Tts 77/>tcuvTOV Secr7roT77S 77 SouXos

CTTiV, OVK aVTOV ACQ-TTOTOV 877 7TOV, 6 CCTTt AeCTTTO-

e T77S, 6KLVOV SoOXoS CCTTtV, OvSe ttVTOU AovXoV, O eCTTt

6 SeO~7TOT77S, dXX' aV0pa)TTO<S O)V OLV-

IO~TLV' auT77 Se

AovXe^as eo~Ttv o ecrTt, /cat SovXeta ao-avT(us,

AouXeta auTT^s AecrTTOTetas, dXX' ou TO, v

TT/OOS e/ceti>a TT)V OVVO.[JLLV e^et ovSe e/cetva

*

14 nAATONOS

rrpo? 17/40.9, dXX', 6Xe'y&>, avrd avroiv /cat 77/36?

aura e/cetvd TC e'crrt, /cat TO. Trap' i7/ouv tueravrw? 134

Trpos eavTci' ^ ov /xav^dvets 6 Xe'ycu ; Haw y',

eiTretv TOV 2a>/cpdr7, |u,av#dva>. ov/covv /cat eVto--

TTjfJiT), <f>dvai, avrr) jotevo ecrrtv 'ETrtcrT^/A'*; rJ? o

ecmv 'AXry^eta avr^? cu> e/cetviy? 117 irL(TTtjfJir} ;

Trdvv ye. e/cacrr>; 8e av r&iv eTTttrTiy/xwv, -^ ecrnv,

e/ca(TTOv rail/ OVT<DV, 6 ecrrti/, et>y ou> eTrttrr^Ty* ^

ov ; vat.T)

SeTra/)' 17^u> 7TL(TT'ijfJL'rj

ov rrjs Trap'\ /) / * \t/ e >e<>

aA^c/eta? etiy, /cat au e/cacrrT; 17 7ra/o i^^tv

TUV Trap* r^fjilvOVTMV e/cacrrov av 7rt(7- b

etvat ; dvay/oy. dXXa /a?)v avra

ye ra etSry, a>s 6/xoXoyets, ovre e^o/xev ovre Trap*

i7/uv oTov re etvat. ov yap ovv. ytyvaJ<r/cerat Sex

ye TTOV VTT' avrov rov etSou? TOV T^S

avra TO, yevi^ a eo~rtv e/cao~Ta; vat. o yeOVK

e^ofjiev.ov yap. OVK dpa vrro ye rjpaiv yty-

va)o~/cerat raiv etSaiv ovSeV, eTretSr) avr^ov /xere^o/tev. ov/c eot/cev. ayvwo-rov apaecrrt /cat avro TO KaXov o eo~Tt /cat TO

'

/cat trdvra a STJ a>9 tSe'a? avras ovcra? V7roXa/>t)Sa- c

vo/otev. /ctvSvvevet. opa S^ ert TOVTOV SetvoTepov

ToSe. TO Trotov; <^atT7? av ^ ov, et?rep eo-Ttv avTO

Tt yevos 'ETTtcrT^/A^?, TroXv avTo a/cptySeVrepov etvat

^ T^V rrap' ^/xtv eTTtcrTif/x^v ; /cat KaXXo? /cat TaXXa

Trdvra OVTOJ? ; vaA ov/covv etTrep Tt ctXXo

t, ov/c av Ttva /otaXXov ^

crTaT^v eVtcrT>7/u,^v ; dvay/oy.

ap' ovv otos TC av ecrTat 6 #e6g m Trap* ^/>ttv

ytyvcio^/cetv avT>)v 'ETTtcrTif/x^v e^wv; Tt yap ov;

oTt, e^ 6 ITap/x,evtSi75, oj/AoXoyr^Tat ^/xtv, a> Sw-

IIAPMENIAH2. 15

/c/oares, /^V e/cetW rd 1817 TT/OO? rd irap

rrjv ovvapiv e^eti/ j)v e^ei, wre rd Tra/o*

77/009 e/ceti'a, dXX' aura TT/OOS aura e/cdrepa. o)fio-

XdyTirat ydyo. OVKOVV el irapa rw $e&>

17 d/c/3t/3eorrari7 Aeo-Troreta /cal avr^ 17a

'EiriO-TijiJLr), OUT' av17

AecTTroreta17

e TTOTC a^ 8eo~7rocretev, ovr' av17

yvolri ovSe rt aXXo rw^ Trap' r){jJZv,dXXa

17/xets r' KLVQ)V OVK ap^Ofjiev ry Trap* rjfji

ovSe yiyvaxTKOfjiev TOV Oeiov ovSev rrj

eVtcrT77ju,T7, eAcetvot re au Kara rot' avrov \6yovovre Sea"7roTcu ypttov elcrlv ovre yiyvoMTKovcri ra

av6paireia TrpdyjjiaTa Oeol ovres. dXXa/AT) Xtav,

6(^77, ^av/xacrro? 6 Xoyos 17,et rt? TOJ/ ^eov diro-

crre/)i7crete rov etSeVcu.

ravra /aeWot, a) Sw/c/oares, e^ 6 Hapjjivi8r)<;, n.10 r Nyv\\ N ' ' \\ v> *> out eWn,135 /cat ert aAAa TT/OOS rourot? TTCLVV TToAAa avayKaiov there can

v \ vo >\ ?> >?>./ v be no phi-

e^etv ra 1017, et eicrtv avrat ai toeat TO>Z/ OVTCOVlosophy.

/cat 6/otetrat tt? auro rt e/cacrrov eTSo?" aJo-re d,7ro-

/oetv re TOZ^ d/covot'Ta /cat a^KT^reiv as oure

ecrrt raura, etre o rt /AaXtcrra 117, TroXX^ az/dy/oy

avTa etvat 777 avOpwirLvr) <vcrei dyvwcrra' /cat

raura Xeyovra So/cetv re rt Xeyetv /cat, o d/)rt

', ^av/xa<rra>5 w? SvcravaTretcrrov etvat' /cat

Trdvv fj,v ev(^>vov5 rov SwrjcrofJievov

a)? eo~rt yevo? rt e/cdo~rov /cat ouo~ta avr

b avrrfv, ert Se Bavpao-TOTepov rov vpij<roi>To<; /cat

dXXov Swrjarofjievov StSd^at raura iravra t/caz/ai?

crvy^copa) crot, e^7, a) IIa/3-

6 Sco/cpdr^g; irdvv yap JJLOL Kara vow

Xe'yetg. dXXa /xeVrot, etTrev 6 HapfAeviSrjs, et ye'

16 nAATONOS

rts 817, o) Sci/c/aares, avp,r)

ecttret etS?7 r<av OVTCDV

eu>at, eis TrdWa rd vvv ST) /cat dXXa rotavra aTro-

^8Xe'i/as> ft^Se rt optetrat eTSos evos e/cdcrrov, ovSe

6Vot Toeifet rv StaVotav eet, AT ea>v tSe'ai>

OVTCJV e/cacrrov TTJV avrrjv e eu/at, /cat ovrajg rr)^ c

rot) StaXeyecr#ai Svvap.w TravTaTracrt Sta^^epet.

TOV TOIOVTOV /xei/ ovv/>tot 8o/ct9 /cat /xaXXov |)cr-

0f)(r6aL a\7)6fj Xeyet?, <f>dva,i.

12. Par- Tt OW TTOtT^CTetS <f)lXo(TO(j)La^ 7T/3t / TTOt Tptyeimerudes , , , ,, A /> ^expounds ayvoovfjievcov TOVTOJV ; ov Travv

/x,otoo/cw Kauopav

the Method v / \/>\of phUoso- e*' ye T&> Trapovn. Trpa* yap, enreiv, irpw yv/u>acr-

ever^hy- Ofyai, O) Scu/Cy3aT5, Opitf.<rdau. TTi)(Lpel<; KaX6v T Tt

pothesis \ A / \ . /i\ v * v >s **

should be /cat ^KdlOV Kttt AJCLUOV /Cat CZ' CKCLCTTOV T(t)V eiOQiV

evevoycra yap /cat Trpcorjv crov aKOvatv StaXeyo/AeVov d

ev^aSe 'A/3t<7TOTeXet TftJSe. /caXr) /otev ouv /cat ^eta,it to be * * /i c e / ^>\ >\/ v\

true and6U t

""t' ^ O/3/11?' ^^ O/3ftCtS CTTt TOVS XoyOU?* eX/CVCTOV

negatively, ^ cravTov /cat yv/xvacrat /LtaXXov Sta 777? So/cover^?

Ft^benot ^XPyla"rOV ^VOLL Ka^ la&OVfvfylfi VTTO TO)V TTO\\O>V

true, and dSoXeCTYta?, US CTt VCOS t' Ct 8e LfW, (T Sta-tue conse-

quences <everat 17 dX-n^eta. rt? ovt' 6 TOOTTOQ, tbdvai, a>negative

'

andposi- Hapuev&Tn, rrt'S yuuvacrtas; OVTO?, elirelv, ovireptive should '

be com- ri/coua'as Zrii/ojj/os. irX-nj/ rovrd ye crou /cat TTOOSpared.

Socrates, TovTOv r)ydcr0r)v etTrovro?, ort ov/c etag eV rots econtinues

e f ,_ N N \\/ >

Panne- OpOipeVOiS OVO6 TTtpl TaVTa Tr)V 7T\aV7)V 1Ti(TKOireiV,nides, had , v % j * /v / * \ / \ //onghtlv aAAa Trept e/cetva a /u,aAto*ra rts av Aoya) Aapotconceived >**/ T o^/ vithat the /cat eto^ av rjyrjcraiTO etvat. oo/cet yap yxot, e^;,difficulties , JSN V \\T \x

voevarising TavTT) ye ovoev ^aeTTOV etvat /cat o/xota /cat avo/xotafrom In- \\-ye* \v / s/compati-

Kat aXAo oTiovv ra ovra Trao-^ovrabilities lay \ \ > \ o \ \ / * >

in the KCtt KttAwS y, 9^. ^l) O Kttt TOOC ert 7T/)OSregion of / <*\/ v /i/

rli7, and Tovrw Trotetv, /XT) ILOVOV et ecrrtv e/cacrrov VTTOTIUC-not in tii6 ^ ^/*o' * ^ c /i /

region of ptvov (TKOTreiv ra ^vfipaivovra e/c ri;s vTroc^ecretus, 136

11APMENIAH2. 17

dXXd /cat el p,r) earn TO auro rouro VTrorldecrOai, sensible

el /3ouXet /zdXXov yujuvacr^vat. TTCOS Xe'yets; c/>dvat. Pai-me-

olov, e<f)Trj,el /3ovXet Trepl ravr^s TTJS uTro^e'crecos, emplifies

t //} > \ \ / > / \ j- his methodvireuero, et TroAAa ecrrt, rt \prj gvp.- by suppos-

n ' \ w TT \ \ ^ ^ < v ^ S e

pauvew /cat aurot? rots IIoA.Aot5 77/305 avra /cat thesis

\ \ T-, \ t-r-, \ / e \ \ \ 7roAA. ^(TTt

7T/005 TO Ez^ /Cat, TOJ E^t7T/305 T ttVTO /Cttt 7T/)O5 applied to

\ TT \\/. v^j /> \\' '\ * rb ev andra noAAa /cai av et ^ ecrrt TroAAa, ira\iv a-Kotrew to ri

f f o ' \ ty-, \ \ ^ ..-.- \ \ ^ \ 7ro\\c{, andTt gVfJLprjO-eTai /cat TO) E^t /cat TOtS IlOAAOtS /cat the counter

\ \ v v "\\\ N/?/5 <?>\ thesis ei u^ib 7T/30S avra /cat TT/)O? aAA7;Aa /cat awts av

e /i > v e>-v / *> \v />/> nrml

wotty, et ecrrtv O/aotor^? ^ et/XT) ecrrt, rt

ec/> ^*

e/care/ja? r^s V7ro$e'crecos ^:

v//-/37^crerat /cat avrots

rots V7rore#etcrt /cat rots aXXots /cat Trpos aura /cat themselves' anamcom -

TTyoos aXX^Xa. /cat vreyot 'A^o/xotov 6 avros Xoyos,h

/catTreyot Kt^ifcrecos /cat Sracrews, /cat Trept reveVews

/cat <#opcts, /cat ?rept avrou rou Etz^at /cat rou/x-^

Elvaf /cat eVt Xoyco, Trept orov av det VTrodfj as

/cat ws ov/c ovros /cat 6riow aXXo Tra^os

, Set (TKOTrelv ra ^vfJifiaivovTa Trpos avro

c /cat 7T/3OS e^ e/cacrroif rwz/ aXXcov, o rt av TrpoeXy,

/cat Trpos TrXetw /cat TT/JOS ^u/xTravra wcraurcus' /cat

raXXa au Trpos aura re /cat TTyoo? aXXo o rt dv

Trpoaipf) det, eav re a>9 oV virodfj o vTreriOecro,

edv re a>9 /x^ ov, et jLte'XXet? reXe'cos yv/x-vacrd/Aevo?

/cvyot&js 8toi//ecr^at ro dXrjOes. d^^avov, ec/ny, Xe'yet?,

ai Hap/jLeviSr), 7r/3ay/xaretav, /cat ov o-<f)6Spa

6dv(t>' dXXd jaot rt ou St^X^e? avros vTr

d rt, tW fJidXXov KarajJidBo) ; iroXv epyov, (frdvai, <S

^cu/c/aares, Trpocrrdrrets a>s r^Xt/ccuSe. dXXd crv,

eluelv TQV Sw/cpdr1

^, Z-^vwv, rt ou StTjX^e? rjiuv ;

/cat rov Zi^wva e^ yeXdcravra c/>dvat, aurov, a)

, Sew/xe^a Ilap/xevtSov' JLIT^ ydyo ov c/>avXov

C

18 DAATON02

y o Xeyet. ^ ov^ 6pa<s ocrov epyov rrpoo~rdrre^ ;

el p.ev ovv TrXetovs yfiev, ov/c av d&ov r^v Selo~0aC

aTrpewf) yap ra TotavTa TroXXwv evavriov Xe'yetv

aXXw? re /cat T^Xt/covYar dyvoovo~L yap oi TroXXot

OTI avev TavTiy? rrjs Std rravrw Ste^oSov re /cat

TT\dvr)<; a&vvarov evrv^ovra rw dX^^et i/ouv e^eiv.

eya) pev ovv, 8> Ila^o^ei/tS^, ^wKparei crwSeo/xat,

13. Par- Tavrarj t7roz>ros rov ZVGJVO?, e^ny 6

consents to (f>dvai TOV Hv06$(t)pOV, aVTOV T SetO"^at TOV Hap-arguethe x v % ^ v

question, as /XCVtOOV /fat TOZ/ A/OtCTTOTeX^ /cat TOU? aXXov?,totne exis- , , , ,.

/i * \ > ^ ^ *\ \ " N

tenceof evoeigacruai o Aeyot /cat/xi) aXXw? Troieiv. TOV

finnat'ively ovv Tlapp.evi^v, dvdyKir), <f>dvai, ireWeo-Qai. /cat

and nega- c^ \>To/v /i/

tively: he TOt OO/CCU//.Ot

TO TOV I/3V/CtOV tTTTTOV TTeTTOVUevai, 137takes Aris- t> > > /i\ \ o * j >

totle, after- ^ e/cctvo? auA.TjTr) ovTi /cat TTpecrpvTepo), v<p apfjianwards one /\\ ~/5 \5.> ^ /

of the /xeXXovrt aytovieio~uai /cat ot epTreipiav rpe^ovnThirty. as\ /\\ e \> /v * i \ \

his assist- ro fteXXov, eavTov a7ret/cao)i> a/ccuv e<p>; /cat avro

OVTO> Trpecr/3vTr)<s &v et? TOV epaira dvay/ca^ecr^at

teVat* /cdycu jLtot8o/ca> /jte/Avi^/xeVo? /actXa ^>oy8et-

o~Qai, TTCOS ^T) TT^Xt/covSe ovTa Stavevcrat TOIOVTOV

re /cat TOCTOVTOV TrXTj^o? XoywV o/iws 8e Set yd/3

Xa/3teo~0at, eTreiorj /cat, 6 ZTJVOJV Xeyet, avroi eo~^ev.

rroOev ovv 877 dp^ofJieOa /cat Tt TT/OWTOV virodrjo-o- b

a; f) /8ovXecr#e, eTretS^Tre^ So/cet TrpayiMareLatSrj

dv rca.itf.iv, arc e/xavTou dya^w/xat /cat TTJS

efjiavrov V7ro0eo-ea)<;, Trepl Tov 'Evo? avTov virode-

p.evo<s, etT eV eo-riv etTe ja^ eV, Tt ^p^ ^vpfiaiveiv ;

irdvv fj,ev ovv, <f>dvai rov ZijvcDva. Tts ovv, etTretv,

/otot diroKpLvelrai ; ^ 6 veatraros; 7)KiO~ra yap av

TroXvTr/aayjaovot, /cat a otTat jadXto~T* dv a

voiro' /cat d/txa e/xot dvaTravX' dv en? 17 e/cetvov

IIAPMENIAHS. 19

c/cptcrts. erot/xo9 o~ot, o apfjLevi'r), <>vai, rovro,

rov 'Apto~rore'X77' e/xe ydp Xe'yets rov vewrarov

Xe'ywv' dXX' epoura o>? dTro/cpivov/xe'vov.

Etev 877, <dvat' et ev eVrtv, (l)aXXo rt ov/c 14. Second* * \\ \ m^ *r< -* * /<r\ * v part oftheav

117TroAAa lo Jit'; TTW? yap av; (2) ovre apa dialogue:

/ s v </\ > \ c* ^ T /^/ the relationavTov ovre o\ov CLVTO oet etvat. rt 017; fTb*Ei>\/ </\ / / //5>\\ w< A

TO JU,/3O9 7TOV OAOU jJLpO<S CO'TLl'. VCLl. TL O TO _</\ \ v* * / o \ v\ * y A. ineoKov ; ovyi ov av jae/ao? jjirjoev 0,7777,

oXoi/ av 117; affinnatiTe,

/ > i / v rpv j * if the OneTra^v ye. afjuporepcos apa To Ev e/c pepcov a.v exist: and

v</\ * \/v >/ >iB. The177,

oAoi> re o^ /cat pep?) ^Xov ~ ctvay/c^. a/^cpo- negative, if

d/ * v </ m v a-n \\^ >\\> > the One doTepais av apa OVTOJS lo Ev TroXXa 6177,

aXX ou^ not exist.

eV. aXyBf). Set 8ex

ye /XT) TroXXa aXX' ev avrb (A). The

o^ vsv v\v v / </>- affirmativeoet. ovr a/3a 0X01^ ecrrat ovre /xep^ eget, argrgument:

> A v m^ ^T< ' / o \ > ^ > o\ (I.) Theet > eorat To EJ/. ov yap. (3Jov/cout' et ^oev first Hy-

/ v*5\ v ^\v pothesis :

pepos, OVT av ap^T/jv ovre reAevr^v ovre e j Tj,

"Ej,

V / \*VCN >\ep(ot j^e/or; yap av 77077 avrov ra rotavra

v >/i^ /J^^ v \ ' \\ One uncon-etTy. op0a>s. (4)rat ^i/ reXevr77 ye /cat apxn daitme<i

,

/ e/ ^O>vv *m x "TI ^/ifi OweTrepa? e/cacrrov. TTW? 6 ov; aTretpov apa To Ev,

admitsofno

et ufa apxfr M reXevr^v eXet. aTretpov. (

V / V V \ * /\ pite avev o^Tijuaros apa' ovre yap av o~rpoyyvXov ^

c,

ovre ev^e'os /xere^ot. TTOJ? ; o~rpoyyvXov ye' TTOVJ^y

^

eo~rt rovro, ov av ra ecryara TravrayTi 0,776 rov 3) Whole;/Vt/

(4) Begm-ptecrov tcrov aireyn. vat. /cat /XTIV ev^v ye, ov nin?>

'

^ Middle,

av ro aeVov da(iotv rotv ecrydrotv CTrtTrpocr^ev 77. End; and

, , * v , , ;isthereforo

ovrw?. ov/covv we'pT? av eyot To Ev /cat TroXX av fafipov;

v > , fl/ V \ . (5)tasno

177,etr evaeo? o-^/xaros etre 7rept(pepovs /xere^ot. Figure,

/ XT v v ,/jv v / ,either cur-

TTOVV /xev ovv. ovre apa evc/v ovre 7rept<pepes eo~rtv, vihneal or

>/ >e>v/ v >/i /\v> "> rectilineal ;

138 CTretTrep ovoe /xep77 e^et. opc/cus. (6j/cat /XT)V rotov-(6) is not

/ * o* v v '^'''xx localized

rov ye ov ovoa/xov av177*

ovre yap ev aAAw ovre either rela-

< ^v ~5 /5 "\\ \* /\ tively toev eavrw etT;. TTOJS 077 ; ev aXXa> /xev ov /cv/cXw itself or to

* / e>j/ >T/ \ anythingTTOV av Trepte^otro VTT e/cetvov ev w evetTy, /cat eise ;

C 2

20 nAATONOS

(7) has no

stationarystate, hasno motion-

ary state

either byway of (a)

modifica-

tion, or (#)rb <j)fpfff-

6ai, motion,either cir-

cular, or

progres-sive, or

qualita-tive

;

u av avrov O.TTTOLTO TroXXots* TOV 8e eW?

re /cat d/xepous /cat KVK\OV ^ fjLTe^ovTo<; dovvarov

7roXXax>7 KVK\O> aTrrecrBcLL. dovvarov. dXXa fj.r)v

avTO ye eV eavrw ov /cai> eavro etry irepie^ov OVK

aXXoT) avrd, euirep /cat ev eavr&I t7?*

ev TW yap b

rt u>at /a^ Trepie^ovTi dSwarov. dSwarov yap.

ov/covt' erepov jj,evaV rt et>; avro TO Trepte^ov,

crepov 8e TO Trepte^o/xevov ou yap oXov ye a^o)ravTov a/Aa 7reto~eTat /cat TrotTycret' /cat OVTCU To*T1 * * * >\\ x ?' V *Jbv ov/c av etry eTt ev aA.A.a ouo. ou y*/3 ou^'

ov/c apa eo~Tt TTOV To "Ei^, /xifre ei/ eauTw /^^TC eV

aXX<y evov. ou/c CCTTLV. (?) opa 17, OUTCOS f^ov

et otoV re ecrTtv kcrravai fj Kivei&dai. T'L S^ yap

ou; 6Vi KLVOVfJLevov ye "^ <f>epOLTO fj dXXototTO av*

avTat yap /xoVat /ct^i^crets. vat. dXXotov/xevov 8e c

m \ *l-l ' O / / A V T '^ /

To Ev eavTOv aovvarov irov ev eTt et^at. aovvarov.

OVK apa /caT* aXXotwo-tv ye /ctvetTat. ou ^atVeTat.

dXX' apa TO> <e'peo-#at; to-co?. /cat /x^v et <f>epoiTO

TO eV, i^TOt ei/ TO> avTw dv Trept^epotTO KV/cXa> ^

jaeTaXXaTTOt ^wpav erepav e eVe'pa?.

ov/covz/ /cv/cXa> jaev Trept^epo/xevov CTTI jneVov

/cat TO, Trept TO /xeVov

ectvTov' w Se jLt^Te jaeVou /xifre d

Tt5fJir)^OLl>r)

TOVTO KVK\(O TTOTC

^rat; ovSe//,ta. dXXa Sr) ^wpavdXXoT* dXXo^t yty^eTat /cat OVTW /ctvetTat;

etTrep ye 817. ov/cow etvat /xeV TTOV eV Ttvt avTO

vaL ap' ovv ylyvecrOai ert dSu-

et ev T<W TI ytyveTat,

ov/c dvdy/cT^ jtx^Te 7ra> ei' e/cetvw eTvat ert eyytyvo-

pevov, P.TJT eri e^w e/cetvov TTo.vra.Trao'LV, etTrep S->)

dXXa

evrt To ju,eo~ov

varatTepov ; OVK eWow 07717

HAPMENIAH2. 21

eyyiyverai ; avdyKrj. et apa n dXXo Tretcrerat

e TOVTO, eKelvo av JJLOVOV Trdcr^OL ov l^epr) 117'TO

fj.ev yap oV Tt avTOv 17817 eV e/cetz><y, TO Se e^w 117

a/>ta' TO Se/AI) e^op p^eprj ov^ olov re TTOV eo~rai

ovSevt oXop a/Aa /Ai^Ve CVTO? etj/at

> \ /! 'fv C> ^ ' / > > '/I* "\

aA.rfur). ov oe /oii^Te />tepi7etcrt

^,171/ o

ov, ov troXv ert aSvvaTMTepov e

TTOV, fJLTJre Kara ^6/317 /XT^TC KOTO, 6'Xov e

139 fyawerai. OVT' apa Trot top /cat ep TW yiyvopevov

dXXaTTet, OVT' ep TW

OVTC aotovjae^ov. ovic eoLKtv. Kara Tracrav apa

K.ivr)(TLV To *Ev aLKivr)Toi>. aKivrjTov. dXXa jaip /cat

ea/at ye (f)a^ev eV TtPt avTo warpv. <a/xep ya/>.JO'V \ J^> / '^' V VO.*

ovo apa 77OTC ev T&> afTw eo~Ttz>. Tt 017 ; oTt 17017 a.v

iv e/cetvoj117

eV w TW avT<y eo~Tt^. irdvv /xep ovv.

dXX' OVTC eV eauT&> OVTC eV aXXw otoV TC ^p avTa>>^ 5 \ ^> 5 O / V JV-riN rt-,-,

evetvat. ou yap ovv. ovoeirore apa eo~Tt lo \^v

b ep T<W avTw. ov/c eot/cep. aXXa/AT)I>

TO ye> >^'^ v/i>e / v */)>ep TO> avTw ov ovc/ r

f]O~v^av ayet ovc/

^ * / m v *TTI v e vov yap otoi/ TC. lo EP apa, &>s eot/cev,

ecrTi7/cep OUTC /cwetTat. OVKOVV or) (^atveTat ye. (8) has no

/ \>o,\ \ / v/)> c / ^ ^ Identity,

(ojovoe jJirjvravrov ye ov# eTepw OVTC eavTO) therefore

v ><>>?</ v v/no Diver-eo~Tat, ovo av erepov ovre avrov owe erepov sitj; no*y /o./v / *\ Similarity,av

eLf). Tt 017; erepov pev irov eavrov ov evos therefore

e * v \* v</ '\^3^* \no Dis-

erepov av117

/cat ov/c av eur) ev. a\.r)ur). /cat

jarp ravrov ye erepco ov eKelvo av elf], avro

c S' ov/c av117'

wore ovS' av OUTW? etiy 6Vep

eo~nv, ev, dXX' erepov eWs. ov yap OVP. ravrov

fjiev apa erepa) rj erepov eavrov ov/c eo~rai, ov

yap. erepov Be ye erepov ov/c carat, liw? av ^P. ov yap evl irpoo~YJKeL erepw nvbs elvai, dXXd

22 OAATONO2

ttdvto erepa>, aXXo> Se ovSevt. opOax;. raJ /xev

dpa ev eTvat ov/c ecrrat erepov fj otet; ov Srjra. d

dXXa /xr)v et/XT) rovrw, ov^ eavrw ecrrat' et 8e

/XT) avroj, ovSe avrd' avro 8efjifj^afjif)

ov erepov

ecrrat ertpov. 6p0a><s. ov8e

ecrrat. TTW? 8' ov; ov^ T^TTC/

c6vcrt9, avri^ ST^TTOU /cat Tou Tavrov. rt 817; ort

OVK eVetSai> ravrov yei^ryrat ra> rt, eV ytyt'erat.

clXXa rt/XT7*> ; Tots IloXXots ravrov yevo//,ei>oj> TroXXa

dvay/c^ ytyvecr^at, dXX' ov^ v. a\r)0rj. clXX* et

To *Ev /cat To Taurot' /x^Sa/x^ Stacieyaet, OTrore rt

ravrov eytyvero, clet av ev eytyvero, /cat OTrore eV,

ravrov. rrdw ye. et apa To *E

ecrrat, ov^ tV eavrw ecrrat' /cat ovr<w? IV ov

eV ecrrat' clXXa /x^v rovro ye dSvvarov aSvVarov

dyaa /cat TaJ 'Evt ^ ere'pov erepov eTvat ^ eavr&>

ravrov. aovvarov. ovra) orj erepov ye ^ ravrovfTlV *T-, V>* *>*/ V > \

lo liiV ovr av avroj ovr av ereyoa> etry. ov yapovv. ovSe /x^v o/xotoV rtvt ecrrat ovS' dvo/xotov*/5> ^ "/!> e/ / / v \ >/

over eavrw ov# erepa>. rt 017; ort ro ravrov TTOV

TreirovOos o/xotov. vat. Tov 8e' ye 'Evo? ^(opl<s

<j>dvr) rrjv c/>vo~tv To Tavrov. <f>dvr) yap. dXXa HO

/XT)V et rt TreVov^e X00/3^ Tov *v etvat To ""Ev, 7rXeta>

av etvat rrtTrovOoi f) eV rovro 8e dSvvarov. vat.

ovSa/xws ecrrtv cipa ravrov TTCTTOV^OS etvat To *Ev

ovre ctXXw ov#* eavra>. ov ^atverat. ovSe o/xotov

dpa Svvarov avro elvat ovre d'XXw ov^' eavrw. ov/c

eot/cev. ovSe tt^v erepov ye rferrovOev etvat To "Ev*

/cat yap ovra) TrXettu av rrerrovBoi etvat ^ ev. TrXetw

yd/3. rd ye tuyv erepov rrerfovBos r) eavrovr}dXXov

dvd/xotov av etry ^7eavrw ^ dXXo>, et7re/3 ro ravrov b

IIAPMENIAH2. 23

1TTTOv9o<S O/AOtOV. OyO^W?. To Se' ye "Ev, OJS eOt/CV,

ovSa/iois erepov TreirovOos ovSa/xais dvo/xotov eVrtv*/) V/)> f / \ T> V V

over eavra) ovu erepta. ov yap vv - ovre apa

o/xotov ovre dvo/xotov ovff ere/aw ovre eavrw av et7y

To ^Ev. ov ^at^erat. (9) Kal ja^ TOIOVTOV ye oV (9)nomode

oure tcro^ ovre avicrov ecrrat ovre eavrw ovre aXXa>. tity, either^v \*/>>/ v >/r Equality,

7717 ; tcrov/u,ei^

oi' ro^ CLVTIDV fjierpcov ecrrat e/cett'w w Or In-

<? / ^j'5''' * \ VT equality, or

r).i^at. ^iL,ov oe TTOV

17eAarrov o^, ots Excess;

*.<-/ -?/> \j\/ \/ thereforeav gv/JL^eTpov rf,

TOIV JJLCV tkarrovtov TrAeta; no Defect;</> ^O\ v / >\' / T^>eget, rwv oe peiLpvav eAarrco. vat. ots o

/XT) (yv^^erpov, ra)v jaev (TfJUKpoTepajv, raiv Se

LTpa)V ecrrat. TTO>S ya/3 ov; OVKOVV

dSvvarov ro /AT) /xere^ov Tov Avrov17 /xeV/awv rail/

avrwv etvatT^

aiXXcov OIVTWOIVOVV rti)v avrwv ; aSvva-

rov. tcrov />tev dpa ovr* av eavra> ovre dXX&>etTy,

/AT) raiv avrwv fterpcw ov. OVKOVV tJMwerai ye.

dXXa/XT)V TrXetovcuv ye /Aerpwv ov

T^ eXarrdvwv,

d ocrwvTrep /xeV/acuv, rocrovrwv /cat jue/aaiv av et^' /cat

ovroj? av ov/ceVt ev ecrrat, aXXct rocravra o<rairp

/cat rd perpa. 6p0a)S. el oe ye evo? juer/oov etT;,

to~ov av ytyvotro ra> /xeVpw' rovro Se dSvvarov

e^dvTi, tcrov rw avro etvat. e<f>dvr) yap. ovre dpaevo? /xeVyoov /xere^ov ovre TroXXaiv ovre oXtycov, ovre

ro TrapaTrav Tov Avrov juere'^ov, ovre eavrw Trore, a>s

eot/cev, ecrrat tcrov ovre aXXar ovS' av /xet^ov ovSe

eXarrov ovre eavrov ov^* erepov. TravrdVacri //,ev

e ovv ovrcus. (lO)rt Se'; Trpeo-fivrepov 17 vewrepov r} (io) nov > \ t\ / * mv rty-, o o \ mode of

rT)v avrT)v T)Xt/ctav e^etv To Ev oo/cet ra> ovvarov Time;

etvat ; rt ST) yap ov ; ort TTOV i^Xt/ctav /ACV TT)V

avrr)v e^ov 17avrw

T7dXXa> lo~6rr)ro<s ^povov /cat

/xe^e'^et, a>v e'Xeyo/xev ov /xeretvat Tw

24 IIAATONO2

t, ovB' 6/xotor^T09 oure tcrdr^ros. eXeyopev yapovv. /cat

fjirjv/cat on d^o/xotor^To? re /cat dvio~6rq-

TO? ou ^tere'^et, /cat rouro eXeyopev. irdvv /xeV ouV.

ouV oloV re ecrrat ru>os 17 TrpecrfivTepov 77vewTe- HI

elvat, 17 r^i/ avrrjv i^Xt/ctav e^etv rw, rotourov ov ;

ov/c ctp'av et7^ veurepov ovSe 7T/oecry8vre-

ovSe r^v avTrjv i^Xt/ctav e^ov Tort

Ev ovre avrw

ovre aXXa>. ov <atVerai. a/a' ow ov8e eV ^p6va> TO

irapdirav Swatr' av etvat To ''Ei/, et rotovroi/ eoy ;

17 ov/c dvdyKT), eaV rtiy

ev ^pova>, del avrb avrov

Trpecr/BvTtpov yiyvtaOai ; dvdyKr). OVKOVV TO ye

irpeorfivTepov del veuTepov TrpecrftvTepov ; rt ^r\v ;

TO Trpeo-fivTepov dpa eavTOv yiyvopevov /cat vewre- b

pov eaurov a/xa ytyverat, elrrep /xe'XXet e^eti' orov

TrpecrySurepov ytyverat. TTOJ? Xeyet? ; a)8e' Sta-

<f>opov erepov erepov ovSev Set yiyveor6a.i 77817 wro?

Oia<f>6pov, dXXa rov/otet' -^817 ovro? 17877 etvat, rou

8e yeyovoro? yeyo^eVat, rou 8e jaeXXot'ro? /xe'XXetv,

rou Se yiyvojjievov oure yeyovevat oure /Ae'XXetv oure

et^at TTG> Sid(f>opov, dXXa yiyvecrBai /cat dXXw? ou/c

et^at. dvdyKT) ydp. dXXa/AT)!/ rd ye irpea-ftvTepov c

Sia<o/3or?79 veuTepov eVrt /cat ouSevo? aXXou. eo~rt

ycip. ro a/)a irpecrfivTepov eaurou yiyvopevov dvd-

yKt) /cat veatTepov a/Aa eaurou yiyveo-Bai. eot/cev.

dXXa /XT)^ /cat ^re 7rXeta> eaurou yiyveo~6cLi xpovov

I^T/JT' eXdrraj, dXXa roi' to~ov yjpovov /cat yiyveo~0ai

eaura) /cat etvat /cat yeyovevai /cat jaeXXetz/ eo~eo~0ai.

dvdyKrj yap ovv /cat raura. ai'dy/oy apa eo~Tiv, a>?

eot/cev, ocra ye ei^ xpova> eVrt /cat ^ere'^et rou rotou- d

rou, eKao~Tov auraiv r?)v avTijv re auro aura)

/cat irpecrfivTepov re aurou a/xa /cat

IIAPMENIAH2. 25

ytyveo~#at. /ctvSvvevet. dXXafjLrjv

Ta> ye 'Evt TOJV

TOiovYcyv 7ra$i7ju,aYcov ov8evfjLtTTJv. ov yap jaerryv.

ovoe dpa ^povov avTw ju,eYeo-Ttv, ovS' eo-Ttv ev Ttvt

Xpdvw. ov/covv 817, a>9 ye 6 Xoyos atpet. (ll)rt(ii)no

ovv ; TO r)v /cat TO ye'yove /cat TO eyty^eTO ov Xpovov tion, nor

*/}><* / ^\ / \ Existence;

/xet/egtv oo/cet crrj^aiveLV TOV TTOTC yeyovoTO? ; /cat

jjLaiXa. Tt Se ; TO eoTat /cat TO yevi7o~eTat /cat TO

r

yvrj0ijo~eTai ov TOV eVetTct TTOV /^e'XXovTog ; vat.

TO Se 877 ecrTt /cat TO ytyveTat ov TOV vvv

Trdvv jiiev ovv. et dpa To *Ev ^Sajar

/LteTe^et Xpdvov, ovTe TTOTC yeydvet OVT'

OVT' T^V TTOTC, OVTC vvv yeyovev OVTC ytyveTat OVT''

ecrTtv, OVT eetTa yevicreTat ovTe yev^o-eTat OVT

eo~Tat. aXrOeo-TaTa. eo~Tiv ovv ovo*ta? OTTOUS av

Tt /xeTao"^ot aXXcus ^ /caTa TOVTWV Tt ; ov/c eb"Ttv.

apa To *Ev ovo-ta? /xeTe^et. ov/c eot/cev.

v mv <x-|-,> i / >^> v

apa ecrTt lo Ev. ov <patveTat. ovo apaOVTOJ? eWtv WO-TC ev elvat' etTy yap av 17817 ov /cat

> / /' '\\> v m v *n " </

ovo~tas /xeTe^ov' aXA a>? eot/ce, lo .hv OVTC ev eo~Ttv

ovTe eo~Ttv, et Set TW TotwSe Xoyw Trto-Tevetv. /ctv-

142 Svvevet. (12)6 8eJU,T) eo~Tt, TOVT&J TGJ jai) OVTI

177 (12)no

* *>* \^ >o>" v logicalav Tt

ijGLVTOJ

77avTov ; /cat TTWS ; ovo apa ovo/>ia accident

t >^>o\\/ >o/ / s\ eitner ofCCTTtV ttVTW OVOe XoyO9 OVOC Tt? eTTtO-T^/Xiy OVOe Name or

f /i >5'>5'/i*- >/ p>>> /y Definition ;

atcrc/Tio'ts ovoe ooga. ov 0atveTat. ovo ovo//,a4- and nov >o\\/ ?^'-

'5' >^^ ' psycho-Tat apa ovoe XeyeTat ovoe ooga4eTat ovoe yiyvw- f gicai

>o/ v i t _4 / j correlative,O-/CTat, OVOe Tt TCOV OVTWV aVTOV atO~C7aveTat. OV/C either as

v -?? v"? >m v <*T-I ^/3> v Notion,eot/cev.

r)ovvaTov ovv Trept To Ev Tav# OVTW?

perception

eXetv ; ov/covv e>otye So/eel.

b ygovXet ovv eVt TT)V VTio^eo-tv TraXtv e^ dpX>75

eTrave'X^w/xev, eav Tt i7/xtv eVavtovo"tv dXXotov(f>av

f} >

Travv juev ovv /SovXo/xat. ov/covv ev et eo~Tt,

26 nAATONOS

The mean- <iaueV, TO, o~vviBaivovTa irepl avTov, Trota TTOTCing of the

,Second TvyxaVet oWa, Sto/AoXoyriTe'a raura' ov^ OVTGJS ;

/ v ex ><-. v ? r/thesis. i/at. opa Or) eg ap^r)?- fv et ecrrti/, a/>a otov re

Seavro etvat /xe, ovcrta? e /AT /Ltere^etv; ov^ oto

re. OVKOVV Kal7)

ovo~ta Tov 'Evas 177 d^, ov TavTov

ovcra T<5 'Et't; ov yap a> eKew-r) rjv e/cetVov ovcrta,> ^> * .

< rn^ *T^ * ' ^ >\\> vOVO O.V KLVO To Ev KIV7)<S /UtTet^V, aAA O/X,OtOJ/

ai/ ^v Xeyett' eV re etvat, /cat IV eV. ^ui/ Se ov^ c

avri; ecrrlv17 VTTO^ecris, el ev ev, TL

vew, dXX' et Iv ecrnv' ov% ovrws;

OVKOVV as aXXo rt o~r^fialvop TO ecrrt rov eV;

ap ovv aXXo ^ on ovcrtas /-lere^ei To

, TOUT* ai/177

TO Xeyopevov, CTretSav TI? cruX-

L7rr) OTL ev ecrTu>; Travu ye.

II. TA IIaXu> (1)S>) Xe'yw/xev, e^ et ecrri, Tt

SecondHy- , T > > > / / N

pothesis: O~KO7TL OVV, L OVK CLVdyKr) TaVTTfJV Tr)V$V fl ZtfTl * ^ r-^ rt-i-i / f= ft Tb "E.v TOLOVTOV OV io &V Q-^fJiaiVeLV, OLOViffTIV OV ~. -pcv >\v rri^ CT1 N V \ / \

= e*TJ>*Ey TTWS; woe. et TO eo~Tt 1 ov Ez/o? ovTOS XeyeTat /cat

ovffias Uf- rn\ rtn v e/ ^ ^\>\ >\ TT

T<=xe, Ti ^ Ev TOV OVTO? evo<s, eo~Tt oe ou TO avro H TC'Ev admits /~\ > / \ rn^ n ^ ' <^^\>/ r<

Ovcrta /cat To Ei>, TOV auTOu oe e/cetvou, ov Vcow-

traru ore- * t \ f >>/ \\v\aPa OVK avay/c77 TO ptv oXov

(1) IfThe ^ ov e^at avTO TOVTOV Se ytyvecr^at /xopta To TeOne exist, -n N tri v TT"* ' ' ' e /

thatis.par-^^ Kat ^ ^^at ; OLVayKTr). 7TOTpOV OVV

ticipatein'*''' '

existenceTWI/ ^plltiV TOVTUV fJLOplOV fJiOVOV TTpOCTepOVfJiev,

tpn t}if /\ / r / / m

One is L- TOV X V ftO/3tOf TO ye fJLOpLOV TTpOCTpTfJTGOV ; TOVfinite in

quantity

finite in"\ N<"\ * jv***-!- \rtity

Xov. /cat oXov a/oa ecrTt^ o ai/ evT),

/cat popiov

irdvv ye. Tt ow; TO>VfjLopiatv

TOV 'Evos ovTO?, TO Te e^ /cat TO ov, apa e

7^To *Ev Tov Etvat popiov r) To

*

Tov 'Evos fjiopiov ; OVK avtir). traXiv apa /cat

KaTpOV TO T V tCT^et /Cttt TO OV,

OAPMENIAH2. 27

yiyveTdi TO ekdyicrTov IK Bvolv av popioiv TO

fiopiov, /cat Kara TOV avTov \6yov OVTOJS det, o Tt

* / / / \ / > \ *

Trep av popiov yevrjTaL, TOVTW rw [topic) act tercet' To re ya/>*Ev To *O*> aet tcrXet /cat To *O To *Ev

143 WCTTC dvdyKr) Sv del yiyv6p.evov ^SeVore eV

etvat. TrazTaVao-t ftev ov^. OVKOVV aireipov av TO

Tr\rj6os OVTOO Tort

Ev 6z/ etTy ; eot/cev. (2) t#t 8^ (2) If the

\ o v s / i \ / ^ VT-, One parti-/cat r^oe ert. 7717; ovo-ta? (pa/xev jaere^etv To Ev, cipatein^\v / ^5'^ ^^m v *TI * \ \ x Existence,oto evTiv ; vai. /cat ota ravra or) lo Ev o^ TroAAa Number

<x 'O/ >vm^ *n * ' J must exist.

ovrws. rt oe; avro lo Ev, o 017

avev TOVTOV ov <^a/xev ^ere^etv,

ye ei' JJLOVOV <f>avrjo~eTaL rj /cat TroXXa TO avTo TOVTO;

b/, ot/>tat eywye. tSwju,e*> ST^' aXXo Tt erepov

dvdyKrj TTJV ovo~iav avTOv elvai, eTtpov

'eiirep pr) Ouo~ta To "Ei/, dXV &>s e^ ovo-tas

dvdyKr). OVKOVV et eTepov p,ev 'H Ovo~ta, eTepov Se

m\ VT-, v * rn v *T* rri ^ /~v ' r * vTo Ev, OUTC TO> ev To Ev Tr)9 Ovo-ta? eTepov ovTe

TO) ovcrta etvat 'H Ovo~ta Tov 'Evos dXXo, dXXa Twt t

e/oo) Te /cat "AXXw eTepa aXX^Xcui/. vrdvu /xei/</ s >/> Vrn^ C T-I * v m ^Ct>O~T OV TttUTO^ CCTTtV OUTC 1&> Jbvt OVTC Iry

Ova-La To "ETepov. TTW? yctyo ; Tt ovv ; edv Trpoe\a>-

cjj^eBa avTa>v etTe ySovXet Tr)v Overtax /cat To ''ETe/ao^

etTe TT)I> Ovo-iav /cat TodEi/ etre To *E^ /cat To

ap OVK ev eKao~Tr) Trj 7Tpoa.ipeo~ei Trpoaipov-

a> 6p6w<s ej^et /caXetcr^at dfji(f)OTepa) ; irais;

aiSe' eo~Tiv ovo-iav elnelv ; ecmv. /cat av^ts eltrelv

ev ; /cat TOVTO. ap' ovv ov^ etcaTepov avTolv

eiprjTai; vaL Tt 8' oTav et7ra> ouo~ta T /cat eV,

apa OVK df4<f)OTep(t) ; Trdvv ye. OVKOVV /cat eav

ovcrta TC /cat eTepov Y) eTepov Te /cat ev, /cat OVTW

28 riAATONOS

<f>e/cdcrrou a/z,<&> Xe'yw; vat. a> 8' av d

6p0(o<s Trpoo-ayopev7)o-0ov, apa olov re djjLffxo

\ t \ f ^ ' ^\ ' > T ' *>*/u,ev auraj ewat, ovo oe

JUT) ; ov^ otov re. eo o av

Suo rjTov, eart Tts i^-rj^avr) pr) ov^ tKarepov avrolv

ev etvai; ouSe/xta. TOVTOJV apa eTTtiirep crvvSvo

e/cacrra v}Jifiaivei etvat, /cat ev av eti^ e/cacrroi'.

et Se li/ tKacrrov avruv ecrrt, crwre-

ei'os OTrotouout' IQTWIOVV crvtpyia ov rpLa

yiyverai TO. iravra; vai. rpia Se ou ireptrra, /cat

Suo apna; TTG>S S' ov; rt Se'; Svotv OVTOW OVK

elvai /cat 8ts, /cat Tpivv OVTOIV ryots, etTre/o e

TO) re Suo TO 8t? ej^ /cat r<5 rpta ro r/3ts

eV; avdyKT). Svolv Se ovrow /cat Sts ov/c dvdyicrj

Svo Sts eticat; /cat r/atwz/ /cat rpts ov/c avdyKr) av

rpia ryat? etvat; TTW? S' ou; rt Sex

; rpLwv OVTOJV

/cat Sts 6W&>v, /cat Suoti/ OVTOLV /cat T/HS OVTOIV, OVK

avdyKr} re r/3ta St? eti/at /cat Svo T/HS; TroXXi^ ye.

aprid TC ayoa d/3Tta/cts ai/ eti^ /cat TrepiTTa. TreyDtTTa/cts

/cat dpna Tre/otTTa/cts /cat irepLTTa d/3Tta/cts. CCTTLV 144

OUTCOS. et ouv ravTa OVTWS e^et, otet Ttva

VTroXetTrecr^at, o> ou/c dvdyKiq etvat ;

ye. et a/3a ecrTtv eV, dvayK-rj /cat dpiO^ov etz/at.

(3) If dvdyKir). (3)dXXa /x,^z/ apiOpov ye 6Wos TroXX'

Numberparticipate

etl?

KCLt """X^C/OS aTTeipOV TtoV OVTWVTj

OVK a7Tet/3OS

7rXi7#et /cat jaeTe'^wv ovcrtas yiyverai; /cat

Kvi^ti'ii, .. / >>^>/lv/distribu

7raj'u y t ou/covv et 7ras aptt7/xos ouo~tasfoWo tn \\r V ^/l^ /*Inti t

Kat TO PPIOV e/cao~TOv TOU a/oto'/x.ou /xeTe^ot az/

; vat. evrt Trdvra apa TroXXd wTa CH Oucrta b

/cat ouSevos aTrocrTaTet Taiv OVTMV, ovre

TOU cr/xt/c/ooTctTov OUTC TOV /xeyto"Tot; iy TOVTO

/cat a\oyov epeo-Qai ; TTWS yap av 817 ovo-ta ye

DAPMENIAH2. 29

row dTTOcrrarot ; ovSa/xa>?. /caTa/ce/cepjaaTto--

rai apa as otoV re cr/zt/cpoTaTa /cat /xeyiara /cat

TravTa^ws ovra, /cat /Aejaepto~Tat TrdvTdiv juaXtcrra,

c /cat eo~Ttfte'p?; dnepavra Trjs Ovcrta?. e^et ovrws.

TrXetcrTa apa ecrrt ra /Ae'pr; avrrjs. TrXetcrra

(4) rt ovv ; ecrrt rt avTaiv, o eitrrt />tev /tepos T^g (4) If

.-.>/ >o\/ / \* / Existence

Ovcrta?, ovoev pevroi {Jiepos ; /cat TTOJS a^ rotovro ye- be dis-

xx >v T v * t \/ tributablevotro ; aAA eLTrep ye, oi^ai, ecrrtv, avay/a? avro aet, to Infinity,<>> *?></ / ^ o\o\o/ the One

eaxnrep avT),

> ye rt ewat, fj,r)dev oe aovvarov. must be>/ \<r v e/ /^rri'< /^' / distribu-

avay/cTj. TT/JO? airavTi. apa e/cacrra> rw liy? Ov(rta? table like-

/ / rn x *TI * V ' v wise.

/xe/aet TrpocrecrTi To Ei^, ov/c aTroKenro^evov ovre cr/xt-

Kporepov cure /u,eto*/o5 /xepovs oure aXXov ou

ovrcu?. apa ovt ez' ot* TroXXa^ov ayaa oXov ecrrt;

TOVTO a^pet. dXX' aOpa), /cat opw art dSwaroi/. /u,e-

dpa, etTrep JU,T^oXov' dXXw? yap TTOV ov-

ajaa anacrL rot? T^5 Ovcrta? /xepecrt TrapeV-

rat, ^ ^te^Lteptcr/jteVov. vat. /cat/AT)*/ ro ye jueptcrrov

vroXX-r) avayKt] etvat rocravra ocrarrep l^epr). avdyKr).

OVK ap aXirjOrj aprt eXe'yo/xev, Xe'yovre? a>? TrXetcrra

/Aep1?*H Oucrta vevefjirj^evr) etTy. ot8e yap

e Tov 'Evo? vevtjJLrjTai, dXX' tcra, a>s eot/ce, Tw '

oure yap To *Ov Tou 'Evos aTroXetTrerat oure To

*Ev TovvOvro?, dXX' e^to~ovcr^ov Sv' wre del Trapa

irdvra. iravrdTracrw OVTU ^atverat. To "Evd'p'

avro /ce/cep^tartcTjLteVov VTTO TrJ? Ovo"ta9 TroXXct re

/cat dVetpa TO Tr\.rj66s Icrnv. fyaiverai, ov ^QVQV* \* \\ /J >\\ v N ^m v *T-I

apa TO ov ev TroAAa ecmv, aAAa /cat auTo lo Ez/

VTTO TovvOvTOS Staveve/x/^jaeVov TroXXd dvay/cT; etvat.

TravrdiracrL fj,ev ovv. (5) /catJU,T)V

6Vt ye oXou TO. (5) The

* v N v vOne must

jaopta /Aopta, 7re7repao~jaevoi/ av et^ /caTa TO OAOV exhibit

rnv </n, * / v - <n N /Rest and

lo Ev ^ ov Trepte^eTat VTTO TOU oAov T.a />topta; Motion.

30 OAATONO2

dvdy/oy. dXXd firjv TO ye Trepte'^ov Tre'pas av117.

145

- c-5 v m\ Art v * V / / v

TTCDS ov; To Ev apa ov tv T ecrTt TTOV /cat

TToXXd, /cat oXov /cat jaopta, /cat TreTrepacr/xeVov /cat

dVetpov ir\ij6ei. <atveTat. ap' o5V ou/c, eVetTrep

TreTrepacr/xeVov, /cat ecr^ara c^ov >' dvdy/oy. Tt 8';

oXov ov ov/c ap^rjv av e^ot /cat /xecro^ /cat reXeurryv ;

^ otov re rt oXov elvat a^ev rpiwv TOVTMV ; KO.V rov

ev briovv avTo>v aTrocrrarTy, e^eXrycret ert oXov

OV/C 0\TJ(TL. Kttt d/3^V 877, O>S OLK, KCU\ / v * m v vn v '\\ v ^ ' v

/cat pecrov exot aj; ^ *'*' eXot" aAAaJU,T)V

TO ye b

/ / >v *"\\OJ^ (T)(aTO)v avre^et ou ya/3 av aXXaj?

ov ya/3. /cat cr^rnjiairo<s oij TWOS, a>s

eot/ce, TotovTov ov /AeTe^ot av To "Ev, T^TOI evOeos

^ o~T/)oyyuXov 17

yap dV. ap' ov

ecTTat /cat ev dXXw ; TTW? ; TWV /xepoiv TTOV e/cacrTov

c/v >\ \>o\>\ ir\ vev TGJ oX<y ecrTt /cat ovoev C/CTO? TOU OAOV. ovT&>9.

TTOLVTO. 8e TO, /ne'p^ VTTO TOW oXov 7repte)(eTat ; vat.

/cat /XT)V Tct ye irdvTa pepy TO. avTou TovEv ecrTt, c

/cat ovre Tt TrXe'ov OVTC eXaTTOv ^ iroivTa. ov yap.> \ s vx rri\ Vy, > o> v >

OVKOVV /cat TO oAov 1 o Ev ecrTtv ; TTW? o ou ; et

dpa TrdvTOi TO, fJLprj iv oXw Tvy^dvet ovTa, ecrTt Se

Tot TC TrdvTa To *Ev /cat auTo To "OXov, Trepie^eTai

8e VTTO Tov *OXou Ta TTOLVTO,, virb Tou 'Evo? av/ mx v-p, \ v * vo f^v Ay-, \

Trepte^otTO To Ev, /cat OVTOJ? av 1707; To Ev auTo

ev eavTw etTy. <^atveTat. dXXd /txeWot TO ye oXov

av ov/c ev Tot? /Ae'pecrtv e'crTtv, ouTe ev Trdcrtv ovre

eV Ttvt. et yap eV Trdcrtv, dvdy/c^ /cat ev eW. ev d

\e\\* >*v & s *TIVI yap vi

fir)ov OVK av eTt TTOV ovvaiTO ev ye

aTracrtv etvat* et 8e TOVTO /aev TO ev TO>V airavTwv

ecrTt, TO Se oXov ev TOVTO) evt, TTW? ert ev ye Tots

IIAPMENIAH2. 31

Tracrtv eveo~rai ; ovSa/z,o>9. ovSe /u/^v ev Ticrl TOJV

(j,epa>v. el yap ev Tier! TO 6'Xov117;

TO TrXe'ov

av ev TO) eXdrrovi elrj, o ecrnv dovvarov. dovva-/ \ * O > \ / 5 > \ 01 J

TOV yap. fJLrjov o ev TrXetocrt

fjirjoev evi

JJLTJOev

airacri Tots {j,epeo~L TO 6'Xov ov/c dvay/oy ev erepa)

e Ttvt etvat, f) /A^Sa/iou ert elvai ; avdyKf). OVKOVVV* >O\* V </\ O\V > O\ev ov ovoev av enq, okov oe ov, eTreto?)

OVK ev avTw eo-Tiv, dvdyKT) Iv d\\a) elvai ; Trdvvf \ v mv -,-, /\ >"\\ >' T5>\

ye. T) jue^ ayaa lo k>v okov, ev aAAw eo~TiVi)

oe

TO, irdvra pepy ovra rvy^dvei, avro ev eavTw* /cat

OVTCU To *E^ dvdyKrj avro re ev eavT&> elvai Kal eve/ >/ <)' N JL V rn v *n * ' '

erepa). avayKTj. OUTCU OT) 7re<pv/cos lo Ji.j' ap ov/c

dvdyKr) /cat Ku>eto~6ai /cat eo~rdvai; TTVJ ;

TTOV, eifrep avro ev eavTw eo~Tiv. ev yap evl ov /cat

146 e/c TOVTOVfJir) perafialvov ev TW avTw av etTy,

evV / ^O/ > ^5\*eo~Tt ya/D. TO oe ye ev T&> avTW act ov

eo~TO<s ST^TTOU dvdyKf) del elvai. Trdvv ye. Tt Se';

TO ev erepa) del ov ov TO evavriov dvdyKrj fjirj^eTror'

ev TO) avTaJ elvai, /xTySeTroTe 8e ov ev TOJ avTw firjoe

eo~Tavai, pr) eo~To<s oe Kive1o~6ai ; OVTW?. dvdyKir)A> m \ v-n >/ > >\* \>/apa To Ev, avTO Te ev eavT&j aet ov /cat ev erepco,

del Kivelo-BaL re Kal eo~rdvai. <baiverai. (6) /cat (6) The* f\

\ ,/ OT >\ \<y Une must

/z/r)vravrov ye oet etvat auTO eavTw /cat erepov exhibit

, ^ ^m'^ :*'A\\ ' s/ > Identityb eavTOv, /cat Tot? AAAotg wcravTajg ravrov re /cat and Diver-

</ ^> % * - Jl^^f I1- ji H ^ sity with

erepov etvat, et?re/3/cat Ta rrpoauev rrerrovuev. TT&JS ; regardto

itself,TTttV 7TOV 7T/009 ttTTttV WOC e^t TttVTOV CCTTtV nd

(j8)

v *>\ \ \T o></ / ^ TSA.AO,

erepov rjeav ^ ravrov y /x^o erepov, ftepos av

everythingv / \*v v * \/ else besides

eti TOVTOV, Tros o OVT<U?

oXov av117. c^atveTat. dyo*

ovv To Ev avro avTov

jLte'po? eo~Ttv; ovSa/xws. ov8' a^oa w? 7T/3O9 /xe^oosjvt'NVX *v \e\/ V >

avTO avTov oAov av117, 77y>o<?

eavTO /ae/oo ov. ov

32

V */ >\\* T f / > N mV "r-i

ap otov re. aXX apa erepov ecrrtv evos To Ev;

ov S^ra. ov8' apa eavrov ye erepov av177.

ov c

/xe'vrot. et ovv /xTfre erepov /XT/^' oXov /xT^re /xe'pos

avro Trpo? eavro eVrtv, ov/c di/ay/c^ ^17 TCLVTOV

avro eavTO) ; avdyKr). rt 8e ; TO ere/ow^t oV

ur<w ovro? eavra> ov/c

avro eavrov erepov et^at, et7re/3/cat CTepcoOu eo-rat;

e/xotye So/cet. ovrw /x^v e(f>dvr) e^ov To "Ev, avro

re ev eavrw o> a/xa /cat ev ere/aw. e^dVi? yet/3.

erepov apa, o9 eoiKev, eurj ravrrj av eavrov To ""Ei/.

eot/cev. rt ow; et rov rt erepov ecrrtv, ov^ erepov d

wros erepov ecrrat; d^ay/cry. ov/covv ocra/AT) eV

eVrtv, airavd* erepa Tov 'Ei/os, /cat To *Ev raiv /AT)

eV ; 7TW5 8' ov ; erepov apa av elr) To *Ei/ Twv *AXXwv.

erepov. opa 817' avro re Tavrov /cat To "Ereyoov

ap' ov/c evavTia dXXi^Xotg; TTW? S' ov; ^ ovv e^e-

X>^o-et Tavrov ev Tw 'Ere'poj ^ To ^Erepov ev TavraJ

Trore etvat; ov/c e^eXi^o-et. et apa To ""Erepov ev

Tavrw /x^SeVor' eVrat, ovSev eo~rt rwv OVTCDV eV w

eo*rt To ^Erepov xpoVov ovSeVa. et yap ovrtvovv e

etrj eV ra>, e/cetvov av rov ^povov ev Tavrw eoy To

""Erepov. ov^ ovra>?; ovreos. eiretS^ 8' ovSeVore>,J^>/ >' * *ev fa> avra> eo~rtv, ovoeTrore ev rtvt rcov ovra>v av* m v *T '\ ^^ v > v > <> \ *

etry To Erepov. a\r)urj. ovr apa ev rotg pr) ev* * m " C T-I ^ ' * mN *-n J \ T*

ovre ev lw Jbvt evetry av lo Erepov. ov yap ovv.> " m ** *TI x ' * * m v *-n ^ * A

ov/c apa T<w Erepw y av et>7 To Ev rcov/xr) ev

> S ^ N VA m^ 'T? N * ' > C> vovoe ra

/XT) ev Tov Evo? erepa. ov yap. ovoe

/XT)V eavrot? ye erep' av et^ dXX^Xajv, /AT) /xere-

^ovra Tov 'Erepov. TTCO? yap; et Se /xiyre avrots 147

erepa eVrt /x-^re Tw 'Erepw, ov iravTir) 77877 av

e/c^>evyot ro/XT) erepa etvat dXXT^Xwv; e/c^)evyot.

OAPMENIAH2. 33

>\\v \ C> v m ^ -!-! / / v \ <y >

aAAafj.r)v

ovoe lov Evos ye jaere^et ra /XT) ev ovv * \ A ? 'XX' * A 1> >X ^J^ > S*

yap av/XT) ev T]V,

aXXa7717

av ev rjv. aXTicfy. ovo* > /) \ V V \ \ V 9 O V V * Vav aptcfyxos etT7 apa ra

/XT)e^ ouoe yap av OVTOJ

fj,r)ev r)V rravTaTraa-Lv, apiOpov ye e^pvra. ov yap

ovv. ri Se; ra/XT) ev Tov 'Ew? apa /xo/na

f)KOLV OVTCD fJLerel^e Tov 'Evog ra /XT)

ev ;

b>v / \\<y> \^\\v v>*et apa TravTrj TO pev ev eo~n, ra oe

/XT) ev, OVT av

/xoptov TWV/XT) ev To *Ev

117ou^' oAov a>5 /xoptwv'

v TV v m ^ C T-I v / */)> v\ eowe av ra /XT) ev lov Evo? /xopta, ouc/ oAa &j?

/xopta> T<y 'Evt. ov yap. dXXa /XT)V e^a/xev ra

/xT^re /xopta /xif^' oXa /xif^' erepa aXX^Xc^v ravra

eo~eo~0ai dXXi^Xot?. e<^a^ev yap. ^)ai/xev apa /cat

To *Ev Trpo? TO, /XT) ev OVT&JS ^XOI/ T0 avTO eTvat

avrots; <f)a>uev. To *Ev apa, ag eoiKev, erepov re

Taiv *AXXwv eo~rt /cat eavrov /cat ravrov e'/cetvots re

c /cat eavroj. /ctvSwevet <f)aiveo~0ai e/c ye rov Xoyov.

dp ovv /cat o/xotoV re /cat dvo/xotov eavrw re /cat

Tots AXXot?; to~a)9. eTreiorj yovv erepov TOJV "AXXaiv

e<f)dvr), /cat TaXXa TTOV erep* av e/cetvov etri. rt

/xT^v ; ov/covv OVTOOS erepov TwvvAXXwv, wcrTrep /cat

TaXXa e/cetvov, /cat ovre /xdXXov ov^' rjrrov ; rt yapav; et d'pa /XT^TC /xdXXov /xif^' T^TTOV, o/xotw?. vat.

ov/covv27 erepov elvat TreVov^e Twv "AXXwv, /cat

TaXXa e/cetvov wcravrws, ravrrj ravrov av

d etev To re *Ev Tots "AXXots /cat TaXXa Tw 'Evt.

Xeyets; wSe' e/cao~rov raiv ovo/xdrwv ov/c e?rt rtvt

KaXets ; eycoye. rt ovv ; ro avro ovo/xa etTrots av

TrXeovd/cts >7 aTra ; eycuye. rrorepov ovv edv /tev

aira177175, e/cetvo Trpocrayopevets ovirep eo~rt rov-

vo/xa, edv Se vroXXd/cts, ov/c e/cetvo ; T7edv re aira^

edv re TroXXd/cts ro avro ovo/xa <f>0eyr), TroXXi)

D

34 I1AATONO2

dvdyKrj ere TO avro Kal Xe'yetv act ; TtfJii/jv ; OVKOVV

Kal TO erepov oVofta ecrnv eiri nvi ; rfdvv ye. orav

dpa avrb <f>0eyyr), edv re aVa edv re TroXXaKts, OVK e

or' aXXw ovSe dXXo n 6Vo/Aaets ^ e/cetvo ovtrep rjv

ovopa. dvdyKr). orav ST) Xeyupev OTI erepov [icv

TaXXa Tov 'Ei^d?, erepov Se To *Ev TaivvAXXwv, St?

TO erepov eltrovre^ ovSeV Tt /xaXXov CTT* aXX^ dXX'

evr* eKeivr) rff <f>v(reL avro del Xeyofiev, rjo-irep r\v

rovvofjia. Trdvv ^ev ovv. y dpa erepov Ta)v ^AXXaw

To *E^ Kal TaXXa Tot) 'Evos, KO,T avrb TO erepov 148

TreirovOevai OVK dXXo dXXd TO avTO av 7re7rov6b<s etr)

To *Ev Tot?yAXXots' TO 8e irov rc/Lvrbv

opoiov' ov\i; vat. y Srj ToAEv erepov lav

Treirovdev etvat, KOT avrb rovro avrav aTra&LV opoiov

av eirf dirav ydp diravroiv erepov eo~nv. eoiKev.

aXXctfjirjv

TO ye OJJLOLOV TO) dvop,oia> evavriov. vat.

OVKOVV Kal TO erepov TW avT<w. Kal TOVTO. dXXd

jJLrjv Kal rovro y e<f)dvri, 0)5 dpa To *Ev Tots AXXots

ravrov. e<f>dvrj ydp. rovvavriov 8e ye rrdOos ecrrl b

TO elvai ravrb Tots ""AXXot? TW erepov etvat Taiv

. Trctvu ye. y ye ^v erepov, o/xotov efiavrj.

vai. $ dpa ravrov, dvopoiov eo~rai Kara rovvav-

riov TTCt^O? T&> OfJLOLOVVrL TTCt^Ct. OifJLOLOV 8e 7TOV TO

erepov; vai. dvo/xotaio'et cxpa TavTov, ^ OVK evav-

riov ecrrai TW erepat. eoiKev. OJJLOIOV apa Kal

dvofwiov eo~rai To *Ev Tots *AXXots,"ft n-ev erepov, c

ofJLOiov, y oe ravrov, dvopoiov. e\ei ydp ovv 817,

cos eoiKe, Kal roiovrov Xoyov. KOI ydp rovSe e^ei.

riva ; firavrov TrenovOe, ^ d\\oiov rfeirov6evai, pr)

dXXotov Se Treirov6bs pr) dvopoiov, pr) dvopoiov 8e

elvai'rj

8' dXXo ireirovBev, d\\olov, dXXoto;' 8e

IIAPMENIAHS. 35

ov avopoiov etvat. aXyOfj Xe'yet?. ravrov re apa ovm^ A-n m " * A \ \ \ V V /> > i /

lo Ev lots AAAots /cat ort erepov ecrrt, /car afjifpo-

repa /cat /ca#' e/caVepov, o/xotov re av efy /cat

d dvo/Aotov Totg aXXots. TTCIVV ye. ov/covv /cat eavrw

a)o~avTCt>9, eVetvrep erepov re eavrov /cat ravrov eavrca

e(f>dvr), /car' djji<f)6repa /cat e/cdVepov ojuotov re /cat

dvo/xotov <f)avrjo-eraL ; dmy/cTy. (7)rt Se 17; Treyot (7) The~* /) m^*r< e ^ X TI^ V A\\ > Onemust

rou aTrrecrc/at lo JBi' avrov /cat loot' AAAwi/ /cat be in com-\c/ n/ ^y / munion

rou/XT) a7rrecrc/at Trept, TTOJ? e)(et ; (TKOireL. (T/COTTW. with itself

\ / > ~ f\ m^ TI J ' " an(l withauro yap TTOV ev eavra> oAa> lo lii/ ecpavvj ov.

T&AA.O,>/i^ ><-> ^'rri *A\\ \<x / ? everythine;OpU(i)<S' OVKOVV /Cat ev Tot9 AAAotS TO >; vat. ^ else; and

x * >m'^ v A\\ rn^^AXX v >v -p the Onee pev apa ev Tots AAAots, TW AAAwv aTrrotr av' ^ must he

SJ X ' v ' e ** rri ^ X y A\\ ' ' Out of COD1-oe avro ev eavrw, Icuv jutev AAAoov aireipyoiro munionX /I >\O\e^v >* ^v writli itplfanreo-uaL, avro be avrov airroir av ev eavrco ov. T^

c and TaA.Xa,

<f>aiverai. ovra) p.ev or) aTrroir av To *Ev avrov rewer

/cat TOJV "A\\a)v. arrroiro. rt Se ryoe ; ap ov irav

TO fJLeX\ov a\l/eo-0ai Ttvos e<f>erj<sSet /ceto-#at e/ceti/oj

ou /xe'XXet aTTTeo-^at, ravrrjv rrjv e$pav Kareyov r)

avjLteT* eKelvqv y eopa, y av Kerjrat ov anreraL ;

avdyKrj. /cat To *Ev apa et /xeXXet avTO avTov ai/fecr-

^at, e<f>er)<; Set ev0v<; fjLe&* eavrb Kelcrdat,, rrjv

e^oiJLevrjv ^atpav Kare^ov e/cetvi^?, ^ avTO ecrnv. Set

i ^ /->N T ^O/ x* m^ ATI ' *

149 yap ow. OVKOVV ovo ^ev ov LO Ev Trotiycretev av

TaOra /cat ev ovolv yatpaiv a/xa yevoiro' ecus S* av77

ev, OVK e0e\rjo~eL; ov yap ovv.rj avry apa dvay/oy

Tw 'Evt fJLyre Svo etvat /u-if^' arrreo~6ai avra) avrov.

rj avrrj. dXX' ovSe fjirjvTaiv "AXXwv afyerai. ri Srj ;

OTt, <f)ajJLev, TO jaeXXov a\jjeo~0aL ^(wpts ov e'^e^s Set

e/cetvw eTvat, ou /xe'XXet atyeo-ffai, rpirov Se avTwv

ev fjieo~(o p,r)oev etvat. a\r)0rj. Svo apa Set TO

oXtyicrrov etvat, et /LteXXet ai//t? etvat. Set. ectv Se

D 2

36 DAATONO2

TOIV Svolv opoiv rpirov TrpocryeVTjTat e^rjs, avrd ptv b/ * ' ^ v

i ' ' \ v o \ > /

Tpta ecrrat, at oe cu//ets ovo. vat. /cat ovrw 017 aet,

eVos Trpocrytyi/ofteVov, /otta /cat d^ts TrpocrytyveTat,

/cat (rv/A/Satvet ra? a\/;ei9 TOV TrXT^ovs r

fjoa eXaTTOvs etvat. w yap ra Trpwra Svo e

rrjcre ro>v ax//e&>v et? TO TrXetcy etvat TOV apid^ov 17

ras ai//et?, rw tcrw TOVTO) /cat 6 erretTa d

Tracrwv raiv ar//ewv TrXeove/cret. ^817 yap TO

a/xa ev TC TW apid^to 7r/)oo~ytyveTat /cat /u,ta ai/t? c

Tat? ai//O-tv. op6)<;. oo~a a/3a eo~Tt TO, 6Wa TOV

v, del /ita at at//et5 eXctTTov? eto~tv avTa>v.

el Se ye ev p,6vov eo~Tt, Sva? Se ^17 ecrnv,

ax//ts ov/c av177. TTW? yct/3; OVKOVV, (^a/xeV, Ta

vAXXa

Tov 'Evog OVTC ev <TTIV ovre /xeTe^et avrov, etTrep

aXXa ecrTtv. ov yd/o. ov/c dpa tvecrnv dpt^/xos ei/

Tots "AXXot?, eVos /x^ evoi^ros ei^ avrots. TTW?

OVT* d/oa eV CCTTI TdXXa ovre Suo ovre dXXov d

e^ovTa ovo/xa ovSeV. ov. To *Ev dyaa povov Icrnv A

ev, /cat Svd? OVK av et>7. ov (^atveTai. dx//ts

ov/c ecTTt, Svou>ju,^ OVTOIV. ov/c ecrnv. ovr*

To *Ev Taiv *AXXa>i> aTTTeTat ovre Td *AXXa Tov'

TTL7rep a\jJL<; ov/c eo~Tii>. ov yap ovv. ovrw 877 /caTa

TTOivra TavTa To *Ev Taiv TC *AXXwv /cat eavTov aTrre-

(8) The Tat T /cat ov^( aTTTCTat. eot/cev. (8) dp' ovV /cat

One admits * \ \ e^ Nm^^ixx **

of the io"oi> eo~Tt /cat avi(Tov avro) re /cat lots AAAots; TTOJS;

modes of > }* rr^ *TI * m *\ \ * v \ * * rri *\ \

quantity,et ptl'&V ir)

To Ev7;

TttXXtt77 tXoiTTOV, 77

ttV TaXAttEqual, m " e -n< x /y*'\ / f>>* 'll> ^<^'!Greater,

^ ov El/OS fJiei^O) T) eAttTTOJ, ap OV/C av TOJ ptV V CtVttt

To*E" ** T

"AXXa a-AAa Tou

'

El/05 ovre Tt ncicu

Tt eXttTTO) OLV177 dXXT^Xo)!/ ttVTatS y TttVTatS

\\n ** ' >\ \* ^ * ^ ^

i thinrat? ovcrtats' aAA et fte^ Trpos T&) Totavr etvat

plop e/ >/ * * N

e/caTpa to-OTTjTtt e^otev, to~a ai/177 Trpos

IIAPMENIAH2. 37

et Se TO, /xev jae'ye^o?, TO Se o-fJLiKp6rr)ra, r)/cat

/te'ye#os /xev To "Ev, o-//,t/cpoYi7Ta Se TaXXa, OTrorepo)

/-tev TO) etSet p,e'ye$os irpocreL^, /xetov av117,

w Se

crfjLLKporrjs, eXarrov; dvdyKr). OVKOVV ecrrdv ye Ttve

TOVTW 1817, To re Me'ye#os /cat 'H X/xt/cpoTTys ; ou

yap az/ TTOV, ja^ oVre ye, cvauTUO re a\\r)\oiv eirr^v

150 /cat ev rots OVCTLV eyytyi/otcr^^. Trais y-/3 av; et

dpa eV Tw *Ez/t cr/xt/cpor^s eyytyverat, 17x01 ei/ oXw ay

^ e^ jj.epei avrov eVetTj. dmy/CTy. rt 8' et eV oXw' JN^J/-^ *m'%

'1-1 N ? ' r'\

eyytyvotro; ov^t rj eg to~ov av la> \^vi ot OAOV

avrou TeTafJLevr) eltj rj Trepte^ovcra aurd ; S^Xoy 817.f ' * > >"- " NT <TT v* ' rp ^

'TTI r

a/3 ovt' ov/c eg tcrov /u,ev ovcra ti z,/xt/c/ooTT7Sla> iii^t

tO"i7 av avrw etiy, Trepte^ovcra Se fjiei^ajv ; TTOJ? 8' ov;

Svvarov ovz/ SjLtt/cpdr^ra 10-17v rw etvat ^ ju,et&> rtvd?,

/cat Trpdrreiv ye ra Meye'^ov? re /cat 'I O-QTT^TOS, dXXa

b /A^ ra eavrrjs; dSwarov. eV /xe^ oXw apa Tw 'Ez/t

ov/c av eti7 S/At/cpdr^?, dXX' elirep, ev/xe'yoet.

vat.

ovSe ye ev iravrt au rw fJLepec el Se /x^, ravra

TroiTJcrei dnep TT/OOS TO oXov' 10-17 eo~Tat ^ /xet^wv TOU

/AC/DOvs, eV w av del eVi;. awayKIT).ovSevt TTOTC

apa evecrrai TMV OVTMV Sjat/cpoT^?, /AI^T' ev ^epei

T/T' ev oXw eyytyvo/xeV^' ovSe Tt ecrTat cr^iKpov

avrfjs ^fjuKpoTyros. OVK eot/cev. ouS' d'pa

os e've'crTat e'v avTw. /tet^ov yap dv Tt117

c aXXo, /cat TrX^v avTou Meye'^ovs, e/cetvo ev w To

Me'ye^o? evetiy, /cat TauTa cr/at/cpov avrov OVK oWos,

ou dvdyKr) VTrepe'^etv, eaWep ^ /xeya* TOVTO Se

dSvvaTov, CTTeiS^ S/at/cpoT^g ovSa/xou evt. aXr)6r}.

dXXa, /x^v avro Meye^og ov/c dXXov peltpv rj avrrjs

Sjat/cpoT77TO9> ouSe S/xt/cpdTi75 dXXou eXaTTov ^ avTou

Meye'^ov?. ov yap. ovre dpa To, "AXXa /Ltet^to Tou

38 nAATQNOS

'Evo9 ovSe eXdrrw, /xifre Me'y0o9 /aifre S/xt/cpdrrjra

e\ovTa, ovre avrw TOVTCD TT/OOS To *Ev fytTov rrjv d

Svva/xtv Tr)v TOV VTrepexetv /cat vTrepe'^eo-^at dXXd

TT/OOS dXXrjXcu, ovre av To *Ev rovrotv ovSe Ta>v

*AXXa>v /jtetov av ovS' eXarrov en;, /u/rfre Me'ye^os

/xT^re ^fjLLKpor^Ta e^ov. OVKOVV (jxtiverai ye. ap'

ouV et /xT^re /aet^ov /xryre eXarrov To "Ei/ TG>V

avrb IKLVO)V pyre imepc^eiv nyO*

avdyKf). OVKOVV TO ye /A7yTe vTrepe^ov

TroXXi) avdyKr) e^ to-ov eu'cu, e^ Tcrov

v to"ov evat. TTOJ? yci/9 ov; /cat /x^v /cat avrd e

rr^ *-n x * \V *V /*//)ye lo Ev 77/309 eavro ovrcus ai' e)(of /x^re Meyec/os

8e "

e eavra> xire xt/crra eov ovr' a* > * e / t >\\> >,- v * +

OVT av vvrepe^ot eavrov, aXX eg tcrou ov tcrov av et^

eavr&>. Travv pev ovv. To *Ev a/aa eavra) re /cat

Tot9 *AXXot5 to-ov av etry. ^atverat. /cat yx^v avrd

ye ev eavra) ov /cat Trept eavro av117 ea>$ev, /cat

Trepi)(ov /xev /*eiov av eavrov etry, Treyate^d/xevov

Se eXarrov, /cat ovrw /xet^ov av /cat eXarrov117 151

avro eavrov To "Ev. et>/ yap av. OVKOVV /cat rdSe

dvay/o?, /x^Sev etvat e/cro? Tov 'Evds re /cat Twv

*AXXwv. 7T<S? yap ov; aXXa /XT)V /cat elvat TTOV Set

rd ye ov det. vat. OVKOVV TO ye ev ra> ov ev

/xet^ovt eo~rat eXarrov ov; ov y<i/> av dXXws erepov>e/ 5 / > ^^ >^^ /

ev ere/>w et^. ov yap. eTretOT) oe ovoev erepov

ecrrt ^(wpls Tcuv ^AXXtuv /cat Tov 'Evdg, Set Se avrct

ev ra> elvat, ov/c dvdy/cry i^Sry ev dXX^Xot? etvat, Td

re *AXXa ev Ta> *Evt /cat To *Ev ev Tots *AXXot9,

r) /ATjSa/xov etvat; (/)aiverat. drt yxev dpa To *Ev b

ev Tot9 *AXXot9 evecrrt, /xet^co av en? Td *AXXa Tov

'Evo9, Trepiexovra avrd, To Se *Ev eXarrov Twv

IIAPMENIAH2. 39

*AX\(ov, Trepie^o^evov' ort Se To,vAXXa eV T<w

To *Ev Toil/ "AXXa>z> Kara rov avrbv \6yovav

eirj, Ta SevAXXa Tov 'Ez/o? eXarra). eot/ce^. To

^Ev apa to~ov re /cat /Aeto^ /cat eXarroV ecrnv avro

re avrov /cat Tail/vAXXa)v. <atVerat. /cat

jaet^ov /cat eXarroi' /cat tcro^, to~a>v a^ etiy

c /cat 7rXetoV&)z> /cat e'Xarrovaj^ avrw /cat TotsvAXXot9,

S^ 8e fjierpuv, /cat peptov. TTOJ? 8' ov; tortuv

apa f^erpajv ov /cat TrXeioV&Ji' Kat ekarrovw, /cat

eXarrov av /cat ir\4ov eirj avro re avrov

/cat Tail/vAXXa>^, /cat tcrov aurw re /cat Tots "AXXots

/caret ravra. TTWS; ivirep jaetov eo~rt,

TTOV /cat fj,eTpa)v av efy avroiV O<T(I>V 8e perptov, /cat

jj.epa)v'/cat ai^ e'Xarrov, ao~avrft>s' /cat ofs to~o^,

/cara ravra. ovrcos. OVKOVV eavrov fJLel^ov /cat

,*\ * XV V **/ ^\'d eKarrov ov /cat to~ov to~a>v az/ etTy jaer/acov /cat TrXeto-

/cat eXaTTdVojv avrw 1

eTretSi^ Se {Aerpuv, /cat

TToiis 8' ou; to~&)V /xev ayoa i^epatv ov avrw

' ro ir\f)0o<; avrtoeir),

rf\tiov(i>v 8e rr\4ov,

e\arrova)v Se eXarrov rot' apiB^ov avrov. ^atVerat.\ ^m v\\ < ' *^T fn N VTI .

''

OVKOVV /cat Trpos laAAa wcrauroj? eget lo liii/ ort

/xev jjiel^ov avr&v fyaiverai, avdyKr) ir\eov elvai /cat

rov apiOfjibv avrwv' on oc orfJUKporepov, eXarrov'

ort Se to~ov /Aeye$et, tcrov /cat ro 77X^09 etvat Tot?v\\ / </ ^v-yev r^v *-,-, \

AAAots; avayKrj. ovr(t) or) av, ws eot/ce, lo ll<i/ /cat

to"oz> /cat TT\eov /cat eXarrov rov apiQ^ov avro re

avrov ecrrat /cat Totiv ^AXXwv. eo~rat. (9) ap* ow (9) The

v / / v </ y \ /One admits

/cat xpovov jutere^et To Ei>, /cat eo~rt re /cat ytyverat of the

, , , < ~ ^of

veonrepov re /cat 7rpeo~/3vrepoz> avro re aurov /cat duration,

TWPvAXXo>^, /cat ovre veatrepov ovre Trpecrfivrepov Simui-*c ^V^^V.NX / , taneous,

ovre eavrov ovre TOJV Ahkw, ^povov /xere^oi/ ; TTOO? ; and Sub-

40 DAATQNO2

sequent, etvat fJLV 7TOV aVTO) VTrdp^i, CtTTCp 1 1' COTtV. Vttl.

both with v CN r \ \

'

' * m f ' *

regard to TO OC ClZ'CU ttAAo Tt COTtV77 /xevegtS OVO"tas /ACTtt

itself and , , v v N

TSAAa, XpOVOV TOV TTttpOVTOS, OJCTTrep TO T)V /XTtt TOV 7Ta/3C- 152everything xx/i/ x^v* s /\else. A^AVt70T09 /Cat ttV TO COTOU /LtTtt TOV /Xe

OVCTLCLS CCTTt KOLVUVLCL ; (7TL yap. fJ.T)(i fJiV apa

yj>6vov, etTrep /cat TOV ea>at. Travu ye. OVKOVV

TTopevo/xeVov TOV \povov; vai. act a/aa 7rpeo-y8vT-

/aov ytyveTat eavTov, etTre/3 Trpoepx^TdL Kara ^povov.

wayKIT). ap ovv ^e^v^^Ba, on vecorepov yt-

TO TTpecrfivrepov irpecrfivrepov ytyveTat;

. ov/cow evretS^ irpecrftvTepov eavrov b

ytyveTat To ib*, veaiTepov av ytyvo/aeVov eavrov

7rpeo'/3vTepov yiyvoiTo ; dvdyKr). yiyverai p^ev 877

veatrepov TC /cat irpeo-fivrepov avTov ovrcu?. I'at.

eb~Tt 8e TTpecr/SvTepov ap* ov^ oTa^ /caTa TOV vw

yjpovov y yiyvopevov, TOV /xeTa^v TOV ^v TC /cat

eo~Tai; ov yap TTOV TTopevopevov ye e/c TOV TTOTC

et9 TO eVetTa virep^rfcreraL TO vvv. ov yap. apovv OVK e7rto~^et TOTC TOV yiyvo~Bai TrpecrfivTepov,

eirtioav TO> vvv CVTV^, /cat ov ytyveTat dAA* ecrTt c

TOT* 17817 Trpeo-ftvTepov ; Tfpo'Lov yap OVK av TTOTC

Xr)(j)0ei,r) VTTO TOV vvv. TO yap irpo'iov OVTOJS ej(et

a> djJi<f>oTpa)v (j>dTTTeo~0ai, TOV T vvv /cat TOV

eVetTa, TOV /^ev vvv d<^>te/>tevov, TOV 8' eVetTa eVtXa/x-

ySavofievov, /xeTa^v d/x^oTe'pwv ytyvo/xevov, TOV T

eVetTa /cat TOV vvv. dXrjOf). el 8e' ye dvdy/oj /XT)

TrapeXOelv TO vvv irdv TO ytyvd/xevov, evretSav /caTa

TOVTO77, eVtcr^et del TOV yt'yveo-#at /cat ecrTt TOTC

TOVTO o Tt av Tv^i7 ytyvo/xevov. </>atveTat. /cat To d

Ev apa, 6Vav Trpeo~/3vTpov ytyvo/xevov evTv^rj TGJ

vvv, TTO~\ TOV yiyvf.o~6ai /cat eo~Tt TOTC 7rpeo~/8v-

IIAPMENIAH2. 41

Tepov. Trdvv fjiev ovv. ov/covv ovirep eyiyveTo

TTpeO-fivTepOV, TOVTOV KCU eCTTlV' eytyVCTO Se ttVTOV ;

vat. ecm Se TO TrpecrySvYepov vecoTepov Trpecrflv-

Tepov ; eoTtv. KCU vedtTepov dpa Tore avTov ecrrl

To 'Ev, oTav TrpecrftvTepov yiyvopevov evTvyri rw

vvv. avdyKr). TO ye p^rjv vvv del Trdpecm To)

ota TTOLVTOS TOV elvac ecrrt yap del wv oTavnep y.

TTO>S yap ou; e apa ecrrt re /ca yyverai

repov eavTov /cal ve<t>Tepov To "E^. eoutev. 7rXeta>

Se ^povov avro eavrou ecrriv r) yiyverai, f) TOV lo~ov ;

TOV LVOV. dXXd /LA^V rdv ye to~ov yjpovov fj yiyvo-

(Jitvov f) ov Trjv avTrjv ^XtKtav \L. ira)<s S' ov ; TO

Se Trjv avTrjv r)\u<i,av )(ov OVTC TrpetrfivTepov ovre

vea>T6p6v eo~TLV. ov ydp. To *Ev dpa TOV icrov

\povov avTO eavTw Kal yiyvopevov KOI ov OVTG

V.(i)T.pQV OVT 7TpeO~(3vTpOV eCLVTOV lo~T\V OvSe yt-

153 yveTat. ov /xot Soicet. TL Se ; Twv "A\\a)v ; OVK e)(a)

\eyeiv. ToSe ye jjirjv e^ets Xeyeiv, OTL Td AXXa

Tov 'Evo?, elnep erepd eo~TLV dXXd /A?) eTepov, vrXetco

>\t/<)> \ \*<\*<? <'/ S> x

eo~Ttv evos' eTepov jjiev yap ov ev av yv, eTepa oe

OVTCL TrXetw evos eo~Tt Kal TT\rj0o<s aver^oi. ^XOL

ydp dv. 77X^^05 Se ov dpt6jjLov 7rXecovo dv /Liere^ot

^ Tot) 'Evos. TTWS S' ov ; Tt ovv ; dpL0(Jiov (f)ijo~ojJLev

TO* TrXetw ylyveo~6al TC /cal yeyove'vat TrpoTepov, 17

TO, eXaTTw; Ta eXaTTco. TO oXtytcrTov dpa TrpatTov'

b TOVTO S' eo~Tt TovEv ^ ydp ; vac. TravTouv dpa

To *Ev TrpwTov yeyove TWV dpuOfJiov C^OVTCUV. e^et

Se /cal TdXXa TrdvTa dpiO^ov, eivrep dXXa /calJUT)

dXXo eo~Ttv. e)(et ydp. TrpwTov Sex

ye, oT/xat, yeyo-

vo? TrpoTepov yeyove, Td SevAXXa vo~Tepov' Ta S'

varepov yeyovoTa vewTepa TOV TrpoVepov yeyovoTOs'

42 riAATONOS

/cat OVTO>S av etrj TdXXa vcvrepa Tov 'Ei'os, To Se

^Ei; TrpearfivTepov Ta>i> "AXXwv. eir; yap di/. Tt Se

>S T * v rriN *TI x J > * **

Tooe; ap av etTy To EP irapa <pvcriv Ti)v avrov

yeyoi'o?, ^ dSwaTov; dSwarov. dXXd ^tiyi/ ftep^ c

ye ej(ov etfxivTr) To ^Ei/, et Se ftepiy, /cat a*px*)

TeXevT^f Kal iLeaov. vai. OVKOVV TTOVTW

a>PX?) ytyverat, /cal avrov Tov 'Evos Kal e/cdo-rou

XXa>v, /cat /icrd Tr)i> ap^rjv /cat rdXXa iroLvra.

rov reXovs ; Tt ^17v ; /cat /Lt^v jMO/Dtd ye <f>TJ<ro-

TO.VT elvai iravra TaXXa Tou "OXov re /cat 'Ej>os,

avTo Se e/cetvo d/xa r^ reXevr^ yeyo^eVat e^ re /cat

oXoi>. ^r^croftev yd/). reXevn) Se ot/Ltat ye

ytyi/erar TOVTOJ 8* d/ta To *Ei> ire'^v/ce yi

OKTT etTre/) di/ay/oy avro To ^E^ /a^ vra/od <$>vcrw d

ytyvecr^at, d/xa TT? TeXevrfj av yeyow? vcrTaTov di/

TWJ/ "AXXwi/ vre^vKos etT? ytyvecr#ai. ^>atVeTat.

vewrepov apa Taiv *AXXcov To "Ev eo~Tt, Td S' *AXXa

Tov 'Evo? TrpecrfivTepa. OVTOJS av /aot ^atVeTat.

Tt Se 817; apxty T) dXXo pepos OTLOVV Tov 'Evo? T;

dXXov OTOVOVV, edvvep /xe'/aos ijdXXd

/AT) /AC'/OTT,ov/c

dvay/catot' eV elvat, /xe'pos ye ov; dmy/CTT. OVKOVV

To *Ef d/xa Te TW ir/awTW ytyvo/xeVw yiyvoir av /cat e

d/xa TO> SevTepw, /cat ovSe^o? avroXetTreTat TOJ^ dXX<oi>

yty^o/xeVa>i^, o Tt Trep di> TrpocrytyvT^Tat OTWOVJ/, ews

dv 7T/)6s TO earyarov SteX^ov oXov IV yeV^Tat, ovVe

/aeVov ovre TrpwTov OVT ecr^aTov OVT dXXov ovSe^os

a.Tro\eL<f>0v eV TT} ye^e'cret. 0X17^. TTOLCTIV apam^*i\\ x > N f\' v rn N VTI *Tots AXXot? TT)I/ avrrjv T)Xt/ctav to-^et To Ev. CUCTT

et /XT) xrapd (f>vo~iv 7T<f>vKev avTo To ^Ev, ovVe 77/30-

repov ov0' vcrrepov Taiv "AXXcuz/ yeyows di/ eoy, dXX'

d/xa. /cat /caTa TOVTOV TOV \6yov To *E^ Tai^ *AXXwi/ 154

IIAPMENIAH2. 43

ovre irpecrfivrepov ovre veatrepov avelr), ovSe TaXXa

Tov 'Evog* Kara Se rov rrpocrOev rrpecrfivrepov re

/cat veatrepov, /cat Td'XXa e/cetvov a>cravTa>s. rrdvv

fjiev ovv. ecrrt />iev ST) OVT&JS e)(ov re /cal yeyo^o?.

dXXa rt av Tre^ot rov yty^ecr^at avro Trpecrfivrepov

re /cat vecorepov Ttav *A\Xa)v /cat TaXXa Tou 'Ei'o?,

/cat jLtTyre veatrepov fJLrjre TTpea-fivrepov yiyvearOai ;

cipa axnrep Trepl TOV elvai, ovra> /cat Trepl rov yiyv-

b ecrQai e^et, ^ ere/owg; ov/c e^w Xeyaz>. dXX' eyaj

roo-w8e ye, ort et /cat rrt Trpecrfivrepov erepov

erepov, yiyve<r6al re avro Trpecrfivrepov ert, i} a>s

TO 7r/3wrov evBvs yev6[Jivov Sti^vey/ce r^ i^Xt/cta, ov/c

av ert Svvatro, ovS' au ro vedtrepov ov ert vewrepov

ylyveardaC dvtcrot? ya/3 tcra TrpocrriOe^eva, xpova)

re /cat aXXw orwovv, tcra> Trotet Sta^e/aetv del cxrumep

av TO Trpwrov $LeveyKy. TTWS ya/o ov ; ou/c apa TO

c ye ov rov ovro<; yiyvoir av rrore Trpecrfivrepov ovoe

veurepov, elrrep to-a> 8ta^>e/3et del rrjv rjXutiav' dXX'

ecrTt /cal yeyove irpecrfivrepov, ro Se veurepov,' osv >\/3^ ^m v ^n v * m ^

ytyveTat o ov. akrjtrr). /cat To Ev apa ov TwvvAXXa>v OVTOJV ovre rrpeo~fivrep6v rrore ovre veurepov

yiyverai. ov yap ovv. opa 8e et TT^Se rrpecrfivrepa

/cal vea>repa yiyverai. rrrj 817; y To TC *Ev Taiv

"AXXwv e<f)dvr) Trpecrfivrepov /cat Ta'XXa Tov 'Evos.

Tt ovv; orav To *Ev Ta>i>vAXXwv rfpecrfivrepov y,

A TrXetoo TTOV ^povov yeyovev V) Td vAXXa. vat.

TrdXtv 8^ or/co7ref e'dv rr\eovi /cal eXdrrovi

rov icrov ^povov, apaStotcret TO TrXeov rov eXdrrovos r

ov/c apa ecrrai, o Tt7re/o TO rrprov

rjv irpbs TaXXa i^Xt/cta OLa<j)epov Toc/

Ev, TOVTO /cal

44 OAATONOS

ets ro eVetTa, dXXd l&ov Xa^fidvov yjpovov Tot?

"AXXots eXaTTOv det rrj 17X1*10, Stouret avTatv 17 TT/OO-

Ttpov' TI ov ; vai. OVKOVV ro ye eXarroi/ oia<f>epov

17X1*10, 7r/)os Tt ^ -rrporepov veobrepov yiyvoir av fje

e^ ra> 7rp6(T0ev Trpos tKelva, TTyoos a T^ Trpea-ftvrepov

Trporepov ; vtwrepov. el Se e/ceti^o vewTepov, OVK

tKewa av TaXXa TT/OOS To *Ev npecrfivrepa f) irpo-

repov ; TTO.VO ye. TO /xei^ vetorepov apa yeyovos 7r/?e-

o-ftvTepov yiyverai Trpos TO Trporepov yeyovos re /cat

Trptcrfivrepov ov, ecrrt Se ouSeVore Trpeo-fivrepov, dXXa

yiyverai, det eKeuvov Trpeo-fivTepoV e/cetvo/u,ej/ yd/)

CTTI TO veatrepov CTTtStSwo-t, TO 8* eVl TO Trpeo-fivrepov.

TO 8' au Trpeo-fivrepov TOV veurepov veatrepov yt- 155

yi'eTat a)O-avT&J5. to^Te yd/3 avrolv et9 TO evavriov

TO evavTiov dXX^Xotv yiyvecrdov, TO/ot,eV vetorepov

v TOV irpeo-fivTepov, TO Se TrpecrfivTepov

TOV veatTepoV yevo~0a.i Se ou/c di^ ota> TC

el ydp yevoivTO, OVK av ert ylyvoivTo dXX'

elev d^, vvi' Se yiyvovTai fj,ev TrpecrfivTepa dX\TJ\CDv

/cat veuTepa' To /^ev ^Ei' Tai^ "AXXooi/ veatTepov

ytyveTat, OTI Trpeo~/BvTpov efyavr) ov /cat TrpoTepov

yeyovos, Td SevAXXa Tov 'Evos Trpeo-/3vTepa, OTL b

vo~Tepa yeyove. KOLTO. Se TO^ CLVTOV Xoyov /cat TaXXa

OVTOD TTyoosTo *Ev to~^et, eTretS^Tre/) avrov 7T/)e-

o-ftvTepa e<f>dvir)/cat TrpoTepa yeyovoTa. <atveTat

yd/) ovz^ OVTW5. OVKOVV y fj,ev ovoev eTepov eTepov

TTpeo~/SvTpov yiyvtTai ovSe vewTepov, Kara. TO lo~ut

dpi0fji(o d\\TJX(t>v det Sia<e/)eu', OVTC To *Ev Tai^

"AXXcoz' Trpeo-ftvTepov ylyvoLT av ovSe vea>Tepov, OVT

TaXXa Tov 'Evo?' i)Se d^XXw del /xo/)tw $t,a<f)peLv

dvdyKr) TO. npoTcpa TWV vcrTepwv yevopeva /cat Ta c

IIAPMENIAHS. 45

vcrrtpa T0)v Trporepuv, ravrrj or) avdyta] Trpeo-fivrepd

re Kal vewrepa dXXtjXwv ylyv.o~9ai Ta re *AXXa Tov

'Ez/os /cat To *Ev Taw AXXaw ; irdvv /xeV ovv. Kara

877 TrdVra ravra TodEf avro re avrov /cat TaV

"AXXcoz' Trpeo-fivrepov Kal vearepov eVrt re /cat yiyve-

rai, KOI ovre TrpecrftvTepov ovre veatrepov ovr' tcrnv

ovre ylyverai ovre aurou ovre rtov dXXwv. vravreXai?

/ae^ ow. erreiSr) Se xpovov jaere^et TotV

Ei> /cat rov

Trpeo'/BvTepov re /cat vedtrepov yiyvecrOai, ap OVK

/cat rov Trore aereetv /cat rov eVetra /cat

rov z'vV, eiTrep ^povov /^ere^et ; avdyKir). r)i> dpaTo *Ez/ /cat eo~rt /cat eo~rat /cat eyiyvero /cat ytyverat

/cat yev^o-erat. rt /x^; /cat etT; aV rt e'/ceti'w /cat

e/cetvov, /cat ^i> /cat eo~rt /cat ecrrat. Travv ye. /cat

eTno-TtJiJirj ST? 117ai/ avrov /cat So^a /cat ato-^o-ts,

et7re/o/cat i^vV i^/xet? Trept avrov irdvra ravra TT/oar-

rofjiev. opOtos Xe'yet?. /cat oVoyaa 8^ /cat Xdyos

ecrriv avrw, /cat 6j/o/x,a^erat /cat Xeyeraf /cat oVavrep

/cat 7re/otTa "AXXa rail/ rotovrwv rvy^aVet wra,

/cat Trept To ""Ei; ecrriv. TravTeXus fj,ev ovv e^et

ovrcas.

ert 8^ ro rpirov Xe'yw/iev. (l) To ^Ev et ecmv (in.) ^%eT> c. \ \ // * > > > / >/</ ^ Third Hy-

oiov oieX'qXvuapev, ap OVK avayKrj avro, ev re oi' pothesis:

/cat TToXXa /cat /xi^re ev /aTyre TroXXa /cat fJLere^ove_

l ^ *,(rT '

vpovov, ort it^i> ecrriv ev, ovcrtas uereVetv wore, ort " (r^sM eT X e '

8' ov/c eo~rt, u/n Ltereyeti' av Trore ovcrta?; avdyKrt. (!} the One

^ admits of

ap ovv ore aereVet, oto^ re eVrat rore UTI aereVetv, contrary

* * N /

"

/ , ^/ , C" predicates

77 ore/u/rj /xere^et, /aere^etz/; ov^( otoz/ re. ez/ aXXw ly means

, , ^ > \\ > '

a/aa XP ^ /A6TeXet /cat ei/ a-XXw ov /xere^et ovrw

^ * '/ft.

/ > / Pointofln-

yap av fjiovoj<srov avrov /aere^ot re /cat ov jaere^ot. difference,

156op6<t)<s.

OVKOVV eo~rt /cat ovro? \povos ore

4G nAATONOS

fidvei TOV cu/at /cat ore aTraXXaTTCTat avrov; 17 TTO>S

ofoV re carat Tore /u,e> e^etv TO avTO, rare Se/u,i)

Xiv, edv ^r\ Trore /cat Xanfiavr) avTO /catd<f>ir) ;

ovSa/xa)?. ro ST) ovcrtas (jLTa\afjL/3dveiv ap ov

ylyvecrOai /caXet?; eywye. ro Se aTraXXarrecr^at

ovcrtas a/)' OVK a,7rdXXvo-^at ; /cat TraVv ye. To ^Ei*

817, a>s eot/ce, Xapftdvov re /cat cu^teV ova-Lav ylyve-

(2) i rat re /cat dirdXXvrat. az/ay/o;. (2) eV Se /cat

xxxv v / ^\\' ^''l.TroXXa ov, /cat yiyvopzvQV /cat aTroXXv^ievov, a/> ov^, bneither con- v v , v N v V '\\orav /Ltev yiyvqran ev, ro TroXXa etvat aTroAAvrat,

orav Se TroXXa, ro ev eTvat (XTrdXXvrat; Travv ye.

cv Se ytyvd/Aevov /cat TroXXa ayo' ou/c dvay/oy Sta-

Kpive(T0ai re /cat avyKpivecrdai ; 7ro\\rf ye. /cat

/ut^v dvofjiOLOV ye /cat o/xotov orai> ytyv^rat, Ojaotou-

cr^at re /cat dvoftotovcr^at ; vat. /cat orav />tet^ov /cat

eXarrov /cat tcrov, av^dve(r6aL re /cat fyOiveiv /cat

to~ovo~#at; ovra>5. orav Se /ctvov/xevoV re tcrr^rat c

/cat orav ecrro? CTTI ro /ctvetcr^at /leraySaXX^, Set

817 TTOV avrd ye jw-^S* ev evt yjpovcp etvat. TTW? 8>y;

eo~rd? re irporepov vcrrepov /ctveto~^at /cat Trporepov

vcrrepov ecrrdvai, dvev pev TOV /otera-

ov^ oldv re eo~rat ravra Trdcr^eiv. TTWS yct/o ;

Se ye ovSet? eo~rtv, ev w rt ofoV re a/xa

ai ^77$' ecrrdvat. ov yap ovv. dXX' ovSe

/aeraySdXXet dvev rov jaeraySdXXetv. ov/c et/cd?. Trdr'

ovv /xera^SdXXet ; ovre yd/3 eo~ros av ovre /ctvov/xevov d

/xeraySdXXot, ovV ev xpova) ov. ov yap ovv. apOVV O~TL TO drOTTOV TOVTO, CV W TOT* Ctl>

etT/, OT

; TO irolov 817; ro cai(f)V'r)<s> ro yaprotdvSe Tt eot/ce o")7/xatvtv, a>? e^ e/cetvov

et? eKarepov. ov yap e/c ye TOV kcndvai

IIAPMENIAHS. 47

eorwros ert /AeraySctXXet, ovS' e/c TT]? Kwrjcrea)*; KLVOV-

fjievr)<s en //,eTa/?aXXet' dXX'17 e^at^i^? avri? <f>vo~is

aTOTros Tts eyKdOrjrcu, /xera^v TT^S Kwrjo-ea><s re /cat

c crracreoo?, eV ~^p6va> ovSevt ovcra, /cat ets ravrrjv or)

/cat e/c ravrrj^ TO re KLvovpevov jaeTa/3aXXet eVt TO

eo~TaVai /cat TO eo"TO? em TO KLveladaL. K

/cat To *Ev 817, et7re/o ecrT^/ce TC /cat /ctvetrat,

av

repa TTote? /LteTaySaXXov 8' e^

/cat OTe jaTay8aXXet, ez/ ov8e^t yjpova) aveiirj,

ovSe

Kivoir av rore, ouS' az/ o-TatTy. ou ya/3. a/3* ouv

ovro> /cat TTyoo? TO,? aXXa? jaeTa^SoXa? cj(t, oTav e/c

157 TOV ett'at ets TO a7roXXvo~^at //-eTaySaXX^ ^ e/c TOV ja^

eti/at et? TO yiyvecrOai, jjLTav TWMV TOTE

/ctvifcrewz/ TC /cat crTacrewi/, /cat OUTC eo~Tt TOTC

ov/c eo"Tt, ovre yiyverai ovre aTroXXvTat ; eot/ce yovv.

/caTa 8^ TOI> avrov \6yov KCU e^ ez^os eVt TroXXa to^

/cat e/c TroXXwi/ e^>' e^ oure eV eo~Ttv ovTe TroXXct, cure

ovre crvy/c^otveTat. /cat e^ 6/xotou e?rt

/cat e^ avofjioiov e?rt O(JLOIOV lov ovre

ovre avofjioiov, ovre o^oiov^evov ovre

b /cat e'/c o-piKpov enl p.eya /cat evrt to~ov /cat et? TO,

evavria lov ovre o~fjuKpov ovre//,e

/

ya ovre tcrov, ovre

avav6fJLevov ovre fyOLvov ovre lo~ov^evov eir) av.>* CJ\\ /)/ /f* /

ov/c eot/ce. ravra or) ra vra^/xaTa TravT ai^ Tracr^otm v *TI > v ^ OJ vTo Ei/, et earnv. TTWS o ov;

Tt Se Tot? ^AXXots 7rpoo"nKOL av Tracrvetz/, *Ev et (IV.) The

n\\> VourthHy-eo-nv, apa ov o-KeTrreov ; crKeTrreov. (I) Xeycu/uev potkesis:

S / > * rp n \ m T7 v / v a 'the effect

or), ev et eo~Tt, TaXXa Tov Ei/os Tt yjpr\ TreTrovuevai ; the exist-

x / > / vxx ^ ^ , ,once of the

\ey(t)[jLv. OVKOVV eirenrep aA.Aa 1 ov Ez/o? eo~rw, One

v m> v-r\ ' m"\\ > v **\\m^ T-I Novre lo KJV eo~ri iaA.A.a' ov ya/D av aXXa Tov Evo? they

48 OAATONOS

admit eon- yv. 6pO<t)<s. (2) ovSe p,r)v <TTepTa.l ye TTa.VTa.ira.cri c

dicates. Tov 'Evo? TctXXtt, ciXXd /x,ere^et Tny. irrj 877; (3)ort(1) It the ^ v y . . m " CT1 * / * *\ \ '

One exist, Tfov Ta AXXa Tov Evos fjiopia expvTO, aXXa COTU>

will not be ct yap fjiopia. JUT) \OL, Trai/TeXcu? ai> IV en?. op0a><;.one ;

but / j \ / s / / / / >\**(2) T\AO (4:J/xo/)ta oe ye, <pa/Aev, TOVTOU eorti/ o a*>

cannot bei \ / >\\ x ^ / "\ *>altogether <pO-/AeV 'yap. ttXXtt /A7)v TO ye OKOV V Kuncon- / T T-V / v/ <y

nectedwith ^Va,ytCf] f.lVO.1, OV COTOU/LtO/attt

Ttt /AO/Ottt. KO.CTTOV

the One. N ^ ' > xx^ ' N* >\\ N

but 013 TaJZ/ jto ot<UI/ v TToAAwv ,oiov 1 ctvat, aAAa(3\ will *\ v \\'> >rbear to it

OAO^' 7''w? TOUTO ; Ct Tt TTOAAWV [AOpLOV ir),V OtS

thp rplatinn >\ve C1 ' ' * v

of Frac-aVTO 6t7

7'eavrou T "^ 7rov fto/)toz/ CCTTat, O CCTTtV

a-^VvaLrov> K U Twi/ "AXXow Si) CZ/O9 e/CttCTTOV,

TOVTOV

and in the f^j,VAXX(U^ eCTTCU, /Cttt OVTW? CVOS e/CttCTTOV OV/C eCTTttt,

same way(4) each

popiov, ^ ov Se jjioptov e/cacrTov ouSevo? TOJVJ ;i I't IS

related to 7roXX(j/ eCTTttt. UTlSeWS Se OV TTOLVTUV TOVTOJV TLUnity as

r

the Parts etz/ttt, O)V OvSeVO5 OvSeV eO~Tt, Kttl fJLOpLOV KOI CtXXo<^>O/ T I' / ^/ >

whole are oTiovv aovvaTov eivat. <paiVTai ye or), ov/c ayoarelated to ^ , v , ,

Unity; T01V TToXXwV OUOe 7Ta.VTO)V TO jJiOpiOV ^OplOV, ttXXtt

and, there- N ,_ , % , , A ^fore, /i 10,5 rtvos toeas /cat evo? TWOS, o /caXov/xev oXov, e

e* oiTrdvTCDV ev r^Xciov yeyovds, TOVTOV popiov a.v

TO fjiopiov LTJ.Tfo.vTa,Tra,(Ti fjiev

ovv. el apa TaXXa

T /cai/09 fJ.eTe^OL. irvv

ye. IV dpa oXov TeXtiov p.6pia \ov avdyK-q etvat

(5) as TciXXa Tov 'Evos. avdyKT). (5) /cat/XT}*/ /cal Trepl

both in the TOV UOOtOV ye KO.(TTOV 6 ttVTO? XoyOS. Kttl yapWhole and ^,,' , ^ x , \ ,in the Parts TovVo dvayKT) ucTevew Tov Evo?. et yap cKacrTovcannot be

} ^ ft * -y**/Unity, CLVTtoV fJiOpiOV (7TL, TO ye eKCLCTTOV tLVO.1 V OTJ 7TOV 158

when con-(TT)fJLa,LVl, d(j)O)pLCrfJiVOV fJ.V Ta>V "A\\(t)V, KO.6' ttVTO

alone, can Se OV, CtTTep KCLO~TOV CO~Tat. 6p6a)<5. fJ.T^OL O yeonly have ^m^e^v^^v v v x\**v > \ *the relation a.v lov .bvo? o~qkov OTL aAAo ov

7^ev ov yap av

definite {J.TL)(V, dXX' ^I/ ttV aVTO CV VVV O VL fJiV

riAPMENIAHS. 49

nv avroj TOJ 'Eta OLOVVOLTQV TTOV. aSvVaroz'. juere'- Quantity*"/ *> </ \ ^ / toanindex,

e Tov 'Ez'os dvdyKr) TO) re oXa> KOLL rw p-opua).therefore

TO ^kv yap ev oXov eo~rat, ov /aopta ra /xopta' ro

8' av e/cacrroz> ez/ popiov rov oXov, ov avr? popiov

b oXov. ovrws. (6) OVKOVV erepa oz/ra Tou 'Ews (6)rv , v

W1

ra aereYO^ra avrov ; TT&is 8' ov ; ra 8' erepa whentaken

T - <T7 V \\ ' * * ' * 'd' '/JTov EWS TToXXa TTOV av ar). L yap p,r)u ev ^rfu Unity, m-

cv x / m*\\ rr - TT, y >S^* " definite;

ez/os TrAetco et>y laAAa lov E^o, ovoev av eir). ov and when

9 >^S' V ' ' J ' Tyap ovi/. evret oe ye TrAetw ez/os eo~rt ra re low conjunc-

r. ^ ' ^ rr. ^ Ti " Ti ^ "\ ' > ti0n WittEz/o? /xoptov /cat Ta Tou Evos oAov /u.ere^ot'ra, ov/c Unity,,, \//l 3' T >' * "> definite ;

aray/a? 170^ TrXtjuei airetpa et^at avra ye e/cetva and, therc-

ra fjLeTaXafjLfidvovTa Tov 'Ei/os ; TTWS ; a>Se tStojuez/.

aXXo rt ov^ ev 6Vra ovSe /Aere'^ovra rov evos rare,

c ore /xeraAa/xySaVei avrou, /xeraAaya/JdVet ; S^Xa 817.

OVKOW TrXrfOr) OVTOL, ev ot? To *E*> ov/c et't; TrXrfOr)

/LteVrot. rt ovz/ ; et e'^e'XotjLtez/ rij Stavota raiv rotov-

cueXeu> a>? ofot re' eo~^tev o rt oXtytcrrov,

/cat ro d(f>aipe0i> e/cetz/o, etTrep Tou'

/cat

OVKOVV ovT(je del cr/co7rowrt avrrjv KaO* avrrjv

ir4pav (frvarw rov etSov?, oo-oz^ av avrrjs aet opai/xez/,

eo~rat TrXi^et ; 7raz^ra7rao~t /aev ovv. /cat

TTiodv ye ez-' e/cacrrov /aoptov /aoptoz^ yeV^rat,

Tre'pa? 17817 e)(et Trpos aXX^Xa /cat Trpos ro oXoz/, /cat

ro oXov Trpos ra /xopta. /co/xtSr; /aev ovv. Tot?

"AXXots Sr) ToG 'Evos ^v/>t/8atvet e/c/xez> Toi) 'Ew?

/cat e^- eavTcoz' KOLvajvr)O~dvT(^v, as eot/cez^, erepoi' rt

yiyz/eo~#at ez/ eavrots, 6 ST) Tre'pa? TrapeV^e Trpo?

aXX^Xa' 178' eavroiv covert? /ca^' eavra aTretpta^.

(f>aivTai. ovro) or) Tav

AXXa Tov 'Ez^os /cat oXa /cat

/cara /xopta aTreipa re' eVrt /cat Tre'paro?

E

50 OAATONO2

(7)TtfAAo Tfdvv ye. ( 7) OVKOVV Kal o/iotd re /cat dvofMoia e

will admit . . -, T ,

of the aXXrjXots re /cat eavrots ; rty] or) ; 17 fjitv TTOV arreipaopposite , v N , , , , v

predicates (771 KOTO, TT^V aVT(DV <f>VO~LV TTaVTa, TaVTOV TT7TOV-ofSimi- /)/ * * / / N \ *larity and C/OTtt a^

177 TaVTYJ. TfaVV ye. /Cttt /A^V $ y aiTaVTCLDissimi- / , \/ />*v >\larity, and TTe/XITO? /U,ereXt, Kttt TCLVTrj TTaVT OLV

ir) TO.VTOVof the other /]/ ^>v*5/ /

modes of TTfTTOvtfoTa. 7TODS O OU / T)O y 7r7Tpa(7/X^a T

above enu- e^Ct *' ^Ctl OLTTetpa TTCTrovtV, vaVTiamerated. * ^'/3 '/3 ' \5> 'irr

oi^ra ravra ra Trac/^ TTCTrovutv. vai. ra o evavna \59

ye a>s ofd^ re avo^oiorara. ri prjv ; Kara ^kv apa\ //) v *v/

TO 7raC/os o/xoia ai/117

avra re avrots

, Kara 8' d/A^dre/oa d/x^ore/ows e

re /cat d^o/AOtdrara. Kti'Swevet. ovrw S^ TavAXXa

avrct re avrot? /cat dXXi^Xots o/xotd re /cat avofjioia

av eir). ovra)?. /cat raurd ST) /cat ere/oa dXX^Xa)^,

/cat Kivovfitva /cat efrraira, /cat Trdvra ra evavrla

irdOr) ov/cert ^aXeTrai? evpijo~ofjiv rrerrovBora Ta'XXa

Tov 'Evd?, eVetTre/3 /cat raura <f>dvr) rrerrovOora. b

Xeyet?.

Or.) 2% OVKOVV ravra u.ev -nS-n eai/xev a>s dtavepd,

.F(/<A Ify- ^ / T v

pothesis :o~KOTra>jJLv Se Trd\iv, ev et ecrTtv, apa /cat

iffTt.- ^ evet Td *AXXa Tov 'Ei/os 17 ovrw iiovov ; Trdvve/ectofthe

* ,>,;.. v , ,,existence of ovv. Xeyw/xei/ or) e apxys, tv et ecrrt, rt ^T) Ta

x&\\a *AXXa Tov Ei>os TreirovOevai. Xe'yw/xei' yct/3. (1)5/3*farther T , N N x rt m^^AXX N O^considered, OVV OV X00

/315

/txI/ ^ ^V ****' AXX(U^, ytopis O

T&\\a TaXXa Tou 'Ez/6? etvat; rt 817; ort TTOV OVAC ecrrtowe their N </ <N*\\ \v m c-n ' *\ \

contrary Tfapa TOVTa TpOV, O aXXo fJLV O~TI, Tov Et'O?, ttXXoand all S > T''<V \\ ' v * /i " m '

other pre-O Twt' AXXwj/. Tfavra yap ei/orjrat, orai/ ^6/17 To c

dicates to .-, v-i^ "\ \ / ' * vv

T}> "Er. T * Kat lo-AAa. Trai'ra yap. OVK apa er ecrrtz^

(i) If erepov TOVTUV, iv cS To re *Ev av etr? ra> avrta,T4AA.be x

rv , x

'

,,, v , ,' , , \distinct /cat iaAAa. ov yap. ouOeTTore a/3a et' ravTO) ecrrtfrom the N rt >m\\ >vOne, and if To Ei> /cat TaXXa. ov/c eot/ceiA

IIAPMENIAH2. 51

(2) ovoe jA7)v fjiopid ye e\^eiv <a/xeV To a5 dXr)0(i>sthe One

* / * > *\ v * ^N * , ,_ ~/. mo? yap ; ovr apa o\ov eirj av To EV ev Tot?

VA\\ v / , - , , ~~ haustive

AAAO19 OVre fJLOpia aVTOV, Ct \(pl<S T O"Tt loJV division,

v x , \ * / <> \ * there canAXXtov /cat fjiopua. /U,T) e^ei. TTCU? ya/o ; ovoevi apa be no mid-

, , * v . . , , v dletermbe-1

rpOTTO) /aerexot ai/ TaAAa Tou Ei/os, /ot^re /cara tweenthe>/ vvx / , two, there -

TI avrov /ATjre /cara oAov /aere^oi'Ta. ov/c fore,j^^v ^ m v \ \ '' >>* 3 (2) TiAAa'. ovoafjiy apa ev TaAAa ecrrtv, ovo e)(et ev can in no* & >> > ^ T >S>* \\' way admit

eavrots ev ovoev. ov yap ovv. ovo apa TroAAa the One,> m v\\ * V^T'/ >>> / either frac-eo-ri TaAAa. ev yap av yv eKacrrov avrotv ^opiov

TOV o\ov, el TroXXa jjv vvv Se ov(9' b otre TroXXa

ou^' oXov ovre /adpta eVrt TaXXa Tou 'Evo?, eTretS^)

avrou ovoafjiy /xere^et. opOtoS. (3)ouS' apa 8^0

ovSe rota ovre avra ecrrt Ta "AXXa ovre eveo~nv modeoftl10

One, and,

e ev avrol<s, eiirep Tot) 'Evb<s iravra^rf crreperai. ovrws. therefore,

/jXsONV X \/ f >/ m^rp(4 ) ovoe ouota apa /cat avouoia ovre avra eo~ri LCD lwo

>or

'

\ ,^/'E^t TaXXa, ovre eveo~nv ev avrot? 6/xotor77? /cat number,

, x , > , / , r *ea^

avofJLOiOTrjs. et yap o/x,ota /cat avouoia avra ecr; ^ whic

, . - e v , / , repe

e^ot ev eaurots ofjLOLorrjra /cat avo/aotor^ra, ouo TTOV of UO > / >\\/\ * * ' "mV^VV and

>

1017 evavrta aAAi^Aot? e^ot av ev eavrots Ta AXXa fore,

m n ' A ' TO/ >?' 51 H0 Oflov &VOS. (paiverai. rjv oe ye aovvarov OVOLV

similarity/ * o\ / >o/ or Dis-

nvoiv /xere^etv a ^170 evo? /nerexot. aovvarov.similarity,vv v v>/ /> j / or any

oi^r apa o/x,ota 01^- avopoia eo~nv ovr a/x0orepa other moderr\*\\ * x \v *>/ e\* <^of Qualitv

160 TaXAa. o/otota pev yap ovra77 ai/o/xota ei/o? av rov ^atsover

* ' * ' j ' o\v S ^ ^ if the Oneerepov etoov? /xerexot, apyorepa oe ovra OVOLV roiv

{jYcom-

evavrioiv' ravra oe aovvara e^dvrf. aXrjOr}. ovo3

^fdpa Ta avra ov8' erepa, ovSe /ct^ovueva ovSe The conclu-

sion of the

eo~ra)ra, ovoe yiyvoueva ovSe aTroXXvueva, ovSe /'- ^*<

v hypotheses

ueita) ovoe eXarrou ovSe to"a' ovoe aXXo ovoev TTC- **' ^*^ /the One

rfovue rwv roiovrojv. el yap rt rotovroi' TreTrovuevaL exist, the

rr ^ " A \ \ " ^ S - > - One mmtvirofjievei 1 a AAAa, /cat e^o? /cat ovotv /cat rpiw /cat c*i*< a* w

x,/ /)/>- T >^'S' actual in-

Treptrrov /cat aprtov /xec/eget, wi> avrots aovvarov dividual

E 2

52 OAATONO2

existences, <j>dvir) /xeTe'^etV, Tou 'El/O? ye TTQ.VTT] TTaJTOoS ba'"* <Ae

/ > x a , v *\ A * vOne, being Q-TepO/XeVOtS. a\r)U<7TaTa. OVTO) OT) fV 1 COTl,so far phi- , , , v > , s , , N N

ralizcd, TTaVTO. T OTl To El> /Cat OVOei/ COTl /Cat 7T/3O5cao* be t v x N rn * * A \ \ ' \~ *

one; and tOLVTO /cat TTpO? Ttt AXAa QJ(TaiTCU9. TTaVT\(t)<S /MCI/

proposi- OW.(ions hold. ? ^ \ ^ * \* m> *T- '

withregard*W O 617 /Otr;

eCTTt To Ev, Tt

to the One T / \ ///when con- aP ov VKeTTTZOV /XTtt TCLVTa ; <TK1TTeOV JO.p. Tt?

sideredhoth T* et//j > \* T/17 VTTOt/ecrts, et ev /AT) ecrrti' ; a/aa rt

et /u,^ ez/ ^ ZCTTLV ; Sta^epetrpJ/ittMi tn ^ I / ' * \^ / >\sTSA\o(7/v-

tare/:)et p-ovov, rj

/cat Traz/ TOVVCLVTLOV earns tv>^^v ><N* "(7

"

Tt' TOV t ev 117)

CTTU/ / TTtt^ TOVVO.V- c2 and 3}

' ' *

ecrrtv

positions S/XI/C/30T175 /XT) <TTiVTJ

Ti CtXXo TO>V TOLOVTWV,

4^,' e/cacrrov ai/ 817X01, ort erepov n Xeyoi TO /XT) oi/ ;

COM- Trafv ye. ov/covi> /cat j'Oi' 817X01, ort erzpovtiiclered both '

TO UT1 OV, OTCLV t7TT7 eV Ct UTT eOTt, /Cat

e- (,CTU.V O eVCt / L(TU,eV. TTpUtTOV }Jil> ana JVOMTTOVsis*),and valso when Tl AeyCt, CTTCtTa tTtpOV TO)V a\\(i)V, OTCW

LTTfl V,considered v \T j^ /l^* \\T >o\apart from tT TO Ct^ttl ttUTOJ 7T/3OO~^et5 tT TO

/AT) et^af OUOCV<//c 0;w x r / ' ^ \ > ^ *(Hypothe- yap r)TTov yiyvwcTKeron, n TO Xeyo/xevov /XT) eu/ai, d*** t/ )- v^^'j ^ *\ \ *>/

/cat oTt OLd(popov TCOV a\\o)v. T) ou; ava

(B.) The aiSe a/Da Xe/CTeoi' e dpxjjs, ev et/XT) ecrrt, Tt

negative T , . ^ * /

arsu- et^at. (1J7T/3WTOV /XCV OVV O.VTO) TOVTO Vment. The c,~ t v T >^> / * o\wmeaning of OCt, GJ? eot/CCV, Ctfttt ttUTOV eTTlCTTT^/XTyi/, T) /A

Tide O

Negation : ,., '/)" A>XNegation Tt XeyeTat ytyvwcr/ceo-pat, OTai> Tts etTTT^ ev et

/XT)

implies > \ /) ^ /o\> ~ ^rr< v A\\ > *

knowledge eo~Ttv. a\r)ur). ( 2) ovKovv /cat la AAAa CTe/3 avrovand differ- -j> * cj\>* v m*\\ \ ' aence. cu/cu, T) /xT^oe e/cetvo cTepov Tcov AAAwi/ Aeyeo-c/at;

(VI.) 7%e Tra^v ye. /cat eVepotOTTj? apa eo*Ttv avra) Trpo? T>J

, v v

ou yap TT)I/

far. = ci Xe'yet, orav To *Ev ircpov Tcui/ *AXXav Xe'yTy, dXXa e

tffri n*i rrjv Kwov. <^au'Tat. (3) /cat /XT)^ TOV ye

IIAPMENIAH2. 53

/cat TOV TIVOS /cat TovTov /cat rovra> /cat TOVTMV /cat tfv, / <A

/ ~ , , ^ \ + , > Oneisnon-TTaVTOtiV TCOV TOLOVT(DV JJLT6)(L TO

/AT) OV V. OV yap existent

* rpV A-,-, J\ / > > * mi^\ V >C.jM^ V T&av lo &v eAeyero ovo ai> iov E^os erepa, ovo */ /^ t>v

v -y > oj > / o v >\ , s admits ofav rt T)V ovo e/cetvov, ovo av rt eAeyero, et ^ cow.^\^ / v , , , trary pre-TOV rtvos avra> fj.eTrjv {JLrjTC T(ov a\ka>v TOVTMV.

dicates,

t> \ ^vm^ 'T-I \ > T / v Production

OT) lw Ei't ov^ otov re,

nor

\v / o y \ \ ^ >^^ \' >\\^ struction,161 ye f^rj eorTL, /xere^etv oe TTOAAW^ ovoev /cwAvet, aAAa and is sub-

N > / V rn / A-n > \ \ y\ \ /SC^/cat avayKTf, enrep To ye Ev e/cetvo /cat

/AT)aAAo V^^

^ v ' ' ' rr\^ *-*-* / s > ^ \ Productionpr) ecrTLV. et /xe^rot /a^re To Ez^ ^r e/cetvo

/X,T)

co-rat, dXXa vrept aXXou rov 6 Xoyos, ovSe <f>0y-

yecr^at Set ovSeV* et Se To *Ev e/cetvo /cat/XT) aXXo

e ' V 1? N * *" / \ *\ \VTro/cetrat UTI et^at, /cat rov e/cet^ov /cat aAAcuv

' 'ledge, and

7roXXoJi> avdyKin avTcH /Aeret^at. /cat irdvv ye. (2^Diffe -

' 'rence, and,

(4) /cat 'Avo/xotorTis a/o' <=CTTLV avrw vrpos ra aXXa. therefore,

Ta yap "AXXa, Tou 'Evo? erepa o^ra, erepota /cat existent

/ \>e ^etTi aV. iP'at. ra o* erepota ov/c aXXota; 770)9 S' be distin-

> / > /^ guishedb ov; ra o' aXXota ov/c d^o/xota; avopoia fjiev ovv.

) y rp v > / / 5 S ~x c,,

OVKOVV et?rep TOJ Evt a^o/xota ecrrt, or]\ov ort everything

avofjLOiat ra ye avofJLOia dvofjioua avelrj. S^Xo^. (3)thenon-

^S^^t

* vrr^'i^^' ' ^ Arr.^ existent

eti7 OT) av /cat Tw Evt a^o/xotorTT?, Trpo? T}I/Ta One admits

v.\\ s/ s^s / v >S'V5'\m^AAAa avo^oia avra> eo~rtv. eot/ce^. et oe OT) Iwz/ various

v. xx / y JI->TJ >/ relations

AA.\o)v avofjLOLOTr)<s O~TLV aurw, ap ov/c avayKr) (4) of Dis-

e / >'?' <> evs similarityeavrou o/xotorT^ra avrw etvat ; TTGJS ; et ez/os az^o- to TaA\a,

/ vm^c-n/sv \ / everything//-otorTTs eo~rt TOJ Evt, ov/c av TTOV Trept rou rotovrov else/and

\ / v </ m ,-, / > o> * e e //) y thereforeo Aoyo? etT; otov Tou Evos, ovo av

77 VTroc^ecrts etTi Of gimi.

\t/ >\\^ ^ v\\ * * / / > laritv withTrept et'os, aAAa Trept aAAou T) e^o?. Travv ye. ov

itseif :

Set Se ye. ov S^ra. Set ap' 6/x.otorTrra Tw '

avroO eavrw etvat. Set. (5) /cat /AT)V ovS' av to~o^(5) Ofjv^vx^ \vv v * y Equalitv,

eo~rt rots aAAots. et yap CITI. to-o^, etT; re avr)brj Excess

and De-/cat ofJiOiov av etT; aurots /cara n)^ to-orTira' ravra fect

.

S' d/x(^orepa dSwara, etTrep /AT) eo~Tiv tv. dSwara.

54 nAATONOS

>C^ ' V rr\ *> * i \ \ * t * y

T)oe OVK eo~TL Tots AXXots LCTOV, ap OVK

dvdyKT) Kal rdXX* e/cetV&>/XT)

Icra elvai ; d^dy/or.

TO. Se/AT) Lcra OVK dvLO~a ; vat. ra Se dvto-a ov

Ta> 'Avtcra) dvtcra/ TTQ>S S' ov; /cat 'Avto-QTTiTOS ST)

To "Ev, TT/OOS ^v TaXX' avrw ecnlv aVicra; d

dXXa /LteVrot 'Ai/tcror^ros y* eo~Tt Meye^osre KCU 'SfJUKpoTrjS. eo~rt yct/3. eo-rtv

cfyxx,/cat

Meye^ds re /cat SfLi/c/jdr^s rw TOIOVTOJ ei/t; /ctvSv-

vevet. Meye^o? ftT7^ /cat S/xt/c/adr^s (let a^e&TaTovTrdvv ye. /xera^v d/aa rt avrolv det

eo~rti>.

'

17 'icroTT^ra ; ov/c, dXXd rovro. orw

eo~rt Me'ye^os /cat 2/u/c/3(m?s, ecrrt /cat '10-0717? aurw,

fjiera^v TOVTOLV ouo~a. <^atverat. To) ST) 'Ei/t/u,^

e

di^rt, a>? eot/ce, /cat 'lo-dr^ro? av /zeretTj /cat Meye-

(6)ofExis- ^ous /cat S/At/c/30T^Tos. eot/cev. (6) /cat /r)i> /cat

tcnce, and, , , ^ , v x ^ , v

therefore, Ol/Q-ta? ye OCt ttVTO fJLT^LV 7T7). TT(t)<S OTT) ; C

avro Set ourws a>s Xe'yo/xev. et yap JUT) ovrws

ov/c av d\f)0r) Xe'yotjaev T^/xets Xeyovres To *E>C'>\/1'^ ^ **\ f * > N

et oe aX^tftj, orj\ov ort oi^ra avra

ovrws; OVTO) /xeV ow. CTretS^ Se'<f>a.fj.v

\eyeiv, dvdyKr) ypAv <f)dvai /cat oWa Xe'yetv.

eo~rtv dpa, a>s eot/ce, To *Ev ou/c dv. et 162

yap JUT) eo~Tat /x^ d^, dXXd rt TOU etvat di/^o-et 77/069

TO /x^ etvat, v8v<s ecrrat dV. TravraTracrt jaei/ ovv.

Set d/>a avro Seo~/x6v exeti' TOU ^77 el^at ro eli/at

/M^ ov, et joteXXet /oti) ewat, 6/u,ota>s axnrep TO, ov TO

/AT) ov e)(ti' /utr) elvat, iW reXe'ws au etvat77. ourcus

yap av TO Te ov /otdXto"T

5

ap etTy /cat TO/XT)

ov ov/c

av etr?, fjLT)(OVTa TO IJLCV ov ovcrtas TOV etvat dv,

/XT) ovcrtas Se TOV etvat/XT) ov, et /xe'XXet TeXe'cu? b

IIAPMENIAHS. 55

etvat, TO Se/XT) ov /XT) ovo-tas /xev TOV /XT) etvat /XT)

ov, ovcrtas Se TOV etvat/XT) ov, el /cat TO /XT) ov av

/XT) ecrrat. aX^^ecrrara. ov/covv eVetTrep rw

re ovTt row /XT) etvat /cat TO! /XT) ovTt TOV etvat /xe-

recrrt, /cat Ta> 'Evt, eVetST) ov/c eo"Tt, TOV etvat

dvdy/cT} /xerett'at et? ro /XT)etVat. d^ay/CTi. /cat

ovcrta ST) c^atVerat T&> 'Ei/t, et /XT) ecmv. <j>aiveTat,.

/cat/XT) OVO~LCL aipa, elrrep /XT) eo~TLv. TTOJS S' ou;

(7) otw re ow TO e^o^ TTCU? /XT) ex6"' OVTU, /XT) /xeTa- (7) of tran-

/ * t/j. -P / sition froni/C TaVTTf)<5 TT15 e^CWS ; OU^ <-OI/ Te - ^ai/ its essence,v\ /^\^ /**</ Non-exis-

c a/aa TO TOLOVTOV fjLTapo\.r)v crTy/xatvet, o av OVTO> tence,toits\\<y v OP.JV /D\^5'^ accident,T /Cat

/XT} OVTWS 6X77- 7TO>5 6 OV ; fieTapoXrj beExistence,

' */i/ / >m x *T7i and, there-

/ct^crts, T;Tt <pr)0-0fjiev ; /ctv^crt?. ov/couv lo Ev fore

ov TC /cat ov/c ov efydvT) ; vat. OVTCOS a/aa /cat o{x

ovTO)<s e\ov <^>atveTat. ebt/cev. /cat /ctvou/xevov a/oa

TO ou/c ov ev Tre(f>avTai, eireiuep /cat p.era(3oXr)v e/c

TOV etvat evrt TO /XT) etvat exov. /ctvSvveuet. dXXa

/XT)V et /XT^Sa/xov ye eo~Tt TWV OVTWV, a)? ou/c eo~Ttv,

emep /XT) eo~Ttv, ovS* av /xe#to~TatTO irodev Trot. TTOJ?

yap; ov/c a/)a T<W ye /xeTaySatvetv /ctvotT* av. ov

d yd/). ovSe /XT)V ev TO> avT<y av o~rpe<j>OLTO' TGLVTOV

yap ovSa/xov ctTrreTai. ov yap eo~Tt TO TavTdV TO

Se /XT) ov ev TO> TGJV OVTOJV dSvvaTov etvat. dSvvaTOv

yap. ov/c dpa To *Ev/XT) ov o"Tpe

/

<^eo"^at av SvvatTo

ev e/cetvw ev w/XT) eo~Ttv. ov yctp ovv. ovSe /XT)V

dXXotovTat TTOV To *Ev eavTov, OVTC TO ov OVTC TO^V >\*-3>\/ V Nrri'^ ey '

/XT) ov. ov yap av T)V o Aoyos eTt ?rept Tov Evo?,

etTrep T^XXotovTO avTo eavTov, dXXd vrept dXXov Ttvo?.

op6o)<s. el Se /XT^T' dXXotovTat /XT^TC ev TavTw crrpe-

e<j>eraL /XT^TC /xeTa/3atvet, ap' av 7717 ert /ctvotTo; TTW?

yap; TO ye /XT)V aKivrjTov dvdy/cT^ 'fjcrv^iav dyetv,

56 I1AATONO2

(8) of all

the other

predicatesofmodifi-

cation,

Motion,and Pro-duction in

either

direction.

(VII.) TheSeventh

Hypothe-

T\ *EVadmits ofMO relation

or predicatewhatsoever.

(i) If non-existence

mean the

absence of

Existence,the non-existent

Onecannotm any way

TO Se r)O"vxd^ov eardvat. dvdyKr). To

0>S eOlKeV, OVK OV eCTTrjKe Te KOI KLVeLTOLL.

(8) /cat urjv einep ye /aveirat, uey01X17 dvdyKr) avrw%*..** > v /I- v

ttXXotOVCTPat. OTfT) yap av Tl KLVrjUrj, /CttTtt TOCTOVTOV 163

, //3 , e , v T >\\* c / <x

OVKCV WCTaVTWS ^1 (U? eiyCV, aAA T/Oa)S. OITTGJS.

, sv v A v , . , x

KlVOVJJievOV O7) lo Jb^ Kttl aAAOtOVTat. VfLl. KO.I

N s~ / >?*>\\l^f)V fjifjoafjiy ye KivovfJLevov ovoapr) av aAAototro.

/ T\* \>*<j'>\\ov yap. y fjiev apa Kiveirai TO OVK ov ev, aAAotov-

rat* y Sefjir) Kivelrai, OVK clXXoiovrat. ov yap.

To ^Ev d/aa /x^ ov dXXotovrat re /cat ov/c dXXotovYat.

(ftaiveTai. TO 8' clXXoiov/ie^o^ ap OVK avdyKir) yiyv-

e<jdai i*ev eTepov rj npoTepov, a-TroXXvcr^at 8e e/c

r^s TrpoTepas chews' TO Se/Lt^ aXXotov/xez/ov /Ai^Te b

yiyveo-0ai /XT^TC aTroXXvcr^at ; dVdy/oy. /cat To ^Ev

d/aa /u/x)6v ctXXotov/A/ov /xe^ yvyveraJi Te /cat a,7roX-

Xvrat, ft^ aXXoiov/Aei>oi> Se ovre yiyveTai ovre

aTroXXvTat* Kat OVTW To *Ev pr) ov yiyveTai Te

/cat aTToXXvrat, /cat vre yiyveTai ovr aTroXXvTat.

ov yap ovv.

av#ts 8r) CTTt T^V apxf)v iwfjiev Trd\iv, o^opevoi, *-, J-. .*' x^* v

et TavTa i^jat^ (paveiTai aTrep /cat *>vi>, ^ eTepa.

dXXd XP7?-

ov/covt' ei' et/AT) eo~Tt, ^>a/ieV, Tt ^py) c

x , ^ j. , / / /<\ \ o\ \ v"W6

/31 CtVTOV ^V^paiVeiV ; Vai. (IjTO 6e

fJLT)eCTTlV

oTav \eyo){Jiev, apa [LT\ Tt dXXo o-^/xatVet ^7 ovo"ta?> / / t**/^ A * S^N^XXa>TTOv(Tiav TOVTO) at av (fxofjiev /XT) eivo.1 ; ovoev aXXo.

/ -yw \-y/ >-y/TTOTCpOV OVV, OTav (pOJ^eV /Ltl)

CtVttt Tt, 7TGJS OV/C W/at

(bauev avTO, irais Se elvai; ft TOVTO TO art ecrTt

\eyouevov aTT\(t><s O"niiaivei OTI ovSa/iok^

*

^ x

'

^^eo~Tiv ovoe in) jaeTc^et ovo~ta? TO ye /ar) o^

N ^ xTaTa /u,> ovi'. ovTe apa eivat ovvaiTO av TO art

^ ^ , , ,o^ ovTe aAAws ovoa/Mtu? ovcrtas aeTe^eiv. ov yap. (1

OAPMENIAH2. 57

(2) TO Se yiyveo~6ai /cat TO air6\\.vo~9ai UT? Tt dXXo partake of

Existence

17, 77 TO jjiev ovo"tas //,eTaXa/x/3aVeti', TO 8' aTToXXvVat and, there-

ovcriav ; ovSeV dXXo. ai Se ye //^SeV TOVTOV jaeYe- (2)thenxm-v > * \ o ' 1PJ> A \ ' > ' " existent

O"TtZ>, OVT ai/ ka^paVOl OVT aTTOAAvOt aVTO. TTW? One cannot

/ m ^'T-I \ > o\ $ * v v/pe t partake ot

yap; loj Ei>t apa, eTreiorj ovoafjLy ecrTW, ovu eKreov any modevj xx / v x / >/ >o of QualityOUTC aTraAAa/cTeov ovTe //.eTaA^TTTeo^ ouo~ta5 ovoa- in the way

>/ v3vj/\\ \ \* v of Produc-. et/co?. OUT a/o aTroAAvTcu TO

/AT)ov e^ ovre

tion, Modi-s / ^* / / >j/ fication,

irenrep ovoa^rf /xeTe^et ovcrta?. ou <pat- jjest) Or

>5>v>\ x * *<\ vo \ * Motion,e *>eTCU. ovo ap aAAoiovTat ovoa^r)' rjor) yap av nor

O Te /cat a,7roXXvotTo TOVTO irdor^ov. a

el Sefjir) dXXotovTat, ov/c d^ay/c^ yai^Se KiveicrOai;

avdyKrj. ovSe ja^ eo~Tavat ^rfcro^ev TO

ov. TO ycty9 ecTTos eV TO> avT&J Ttvl Set det

TW avTO)' TTw? ya^o ou ; ovTCt) ST) avTo />t^ ov

Tro6s

ecrrdvaL fji^re /aveto~#at Xe'ywjLtev. /XT)

ow. (3) dXXajJLrjv

ovo' eo~Tt ye avT&> Tt ra)v OVTW. (3) of any'

v \ v , v , / , mode of

17077 yap av rov /xeTe^ov OZ'TOS ovcrtas /xeTe^ot. Quantity

164S-^Xoz/. OVTC apa Me'ye^os ouTe Sjat/cpoT^g ot/Te Equality,> T / v > / /,l^>S'^^ /-^w / Excess, or

lo~orrj<s avro) earnv. ov yap. (4Jovoe {JLTTJV O/AOtoT7^9 Defect, nor

5. \ ,-, / y \ \v vv\\ (4) of their

ye ouoe iLTepotOTTy? OVTC Trpo? avTo ovTe Trpos aXXa results

* s _i" 'J r ' ? ' rn^xx -v/3' Similaritya*> avfa). ov (paiveraL. n oe; TaXXa eo-c/ or Diver.

* v >> ^\ o^'3> sitv and.av.irf aura), et jj^rjoev avra> oet etz/at; ov/c *

OVT ap o/aota OVTC avo^oia, ovTe TavTa

ov6' erepct eaTtv avTw To, "AXXa. ou yap. (SJTt (5) there -

Sj/ \j/ *\s/ *\/*\ * tore, as aoe; TO e/cetvov

77TO e/cetz/<y, 77

TO Tt, 77 TO TOVTO 77 general\ / *"\\ *v\\ * \*v * conclusion

TO TOVTOV, 77 aXXov77 aXAw, 77

TTOT77 eireira 77 vw, the One,

b*> / *?>//**/) *\/ *v *as non-77 eTno-Trjfjir) 77 do^a 77 atcrtfycrts 77 Xoyo? 77 ovopa 77 existent,v\\>v N v > * * j cannotttAAo OTtOW TOiV OVT(t)V TTCpt TO

(JLTTjOV CO~Tat ; OV/C

existinanyvo\A>*sv >ei^ possibleeorat. OVTCO OT) e^ ov/c ov ov/c e^et TTOJS ovoajar). ^ayOVKOVV or) eot/ce' ye ov

ert ST) Xeyw/xet', ev et/AT) eo-Tt, To. *AXXa Tt ^pr) (VIIL)r/<

58 riAATONOS

Eighth TTiTov0evcu. XcyufAev yap. (l)dXXa (JMJv TTOV Set

Hypothe- ^ v

>: t* 1 aura ewat et yap fjurjoe aXXa eo-Tti>, ou/c av irept

= ci T& l/ Taiv AXXa>> Xe'yotTO. OUTWS. (2) et Se Trept TWJ/^<TT ft)/- V . \ \ \ / m > * A \ \ ' *Sv ; the AXXcuv o Xoyos, Ta ye AXXa eTepa ecrrtv. T) ou/c

effect of the , N ^ , ^ \m/ *\\ > mN nnon-exis- eTTt TO) aUTW /CttXet? To T AXXo Kttt To ETC/3OV ; C

fence of the * v ^'''i \v Tow ey&)ye. erepov oe ye TTOU <pa/Aei> TO erepov eii/at

TS\A.o / ^ ^ *\ \ S N *\ \*

\ \ x N

everything eTe^oov, /cat, TO aAAo 017 aAAo etvat aAAov ; vat. /cat

i.e.. m * * \ \ v * x\\ Y\\ * v *AAXots apa, et /xeXXet aXXa etvat, eo~Tt Tt oi>

avay/o;. (3) 8^ ouV av etTy; Tov

y-P CE^? o^'f eo-Tat aXXa, /ar) OI/TO? ye. ov

PwlfibfpL- y^P- oX^^v apa eo-Tt TOVTO yap avTots ert

XetTreTat, ^ nySevos eti/at aXXot?. 6p6a>s. (4)

i) If theTr\ij0-r) ap e/cao~Ta dXX^Xwv aXXa ecrrt. /ca^' ev

non-exis- yap ov/c av o?a TC etr?, /n OVTOS evo?' dXX' e/cacrTos,tent,

' '

TiAAa, aS OLKV, 6 Oy/COS aVTWV aTTetOO? CCTTt TT\T/10L, KaV deverythingelse, must TO (j-jJiLKpOTaTov SoKOvv etj/at Xd/3]7 Tt5, iocriT.p ovap

rent; and eV V7rva> ^atveTat eai<j>vTr)<; avO* evo? So^avTO? etvat(2)ifdiffe-

'

N , v ', ,

rent,TiA.\a TToAAa /cat az/Tt cr/xt/cpoTaTOv Tra/x/Aeyec/e? Trpo? Tamust be y , >/)/ ' ? v

distinct, /cep//,aTii,o/Aej/a eg- auTou. opuorara. TOLOVTMV or)and, there- V v X \\'\ * v ^ \ \ >e\ \

fore, oyKCDv aAAa aAA^Xtw az/ etr; TaXXa, et evos /XT)

(3) distinct * V\\ J/ O^\T .>* \\^from some- VTOS aAAa CCTTtV. KOjJLLOr) fJ.V OVV. OVKOVV TTOXXot

thing, and, * * rv // *o\therefore, O^^01 eCTOI/Tttt, CtS eKaO~TO5 <paLVO{JiVOS, (OV OC OV,

(4^ distinct " <* N* v /C\>/IN^>*et7r P ev M eaTat ; OUTCU9. (5) /cat apttfyios oe etvat G

a^T^V ^O^et, CtlTCp /Cttt |j/ KaCTTOV, TToXXwV OI/TCUV.

;,,,.,. tVo ' v\\Ci\y NC>>One does

7ravv 7 - Kat Ta/At' &1

? ap^ta, Ta oe

ou/c a\r)6<i)<s ^ati/cTat, etTrep

f?5e

'

n .eo-Tat. ou yap ouV. (6) /cat

/u,^i/ /cat

is non-ye, <bau,ev, So^et eV avTOt? eVetvat* </>atVeTat Se

existent, ^ \ \ /

TS\Aa TOVTO TToXXa /cat ueyaXa Trpos Kaa"Tov Tail' 77oXXa>^canonlyhe , , ^ ^ N y %distin- OJ? CTfJilKpWV OVTtoV. 7TW? O OU ; /Cttt tO~O5 fJLrjV T019 lfi-5

guished , n vTroAAots /cat o-/xt/cpot? e/cao"TO9 oy/cos

HAPMENIAH2. 59

etvat. ov yap av jAereftaLvev e/c /xetovos ets eXaTTOv masses, and

i / \>\ r* * '/ >\ /inot as

(paLvofjLcvos, irpw ets ro /.teragu oo^etv eX#etV rovro genuine

S> y * , / , , , , , N pluralities;o

et>7 av <pavTao~//,a tcror^ro?. et/cos. OVKOVV /cat and, there-

TTyOO? ttXXov OJKOV TTe'paS )((t)V,aUTO? ye TJ-pOS aVTOV

(6)Numberand its* > \ * / v / v o/

ovre apx^v ovre Trepas ovre /xeo-ov exwi' ; TTT^ 677 ; modes willv >\></ / x'/D ^^ /</ only haveort aei avrcov orav ns rt Aap]7 T^ oiavoia a)<s n anappa-

' v ' /> > v\ \ > \ i / ri?wi exis-TOVTCOV OV, TTpO T Tr)S CtpX1

?5 CtAA^ act <paweTCU tence and

b apxn> pera re TT?I> TeXevrrjv erepa vT

re rc3 Ltecrw aXXa aetratrepa rov /w,eo"ov,wil1 be tlie

'

appearance

crut/cporepa 8e, Sta TO /aTQ Svva<r6ai evos OLVTWV of a' '

r Minimum,eKaorrov XauBdve(70aL, are OVK ovro? TOV ew?. which in

turn will

. OpvirrecrOai 077, otuat, /cep/xartto- appear a7

TTO.V TO ov, o av Tt? \dfir) rft Stavota. con

, v v o' >

*>' ^a^11

oy/cos yap TTOU avev evos Aa/xpavotT av. TTO.VV smaller

\ T / \ / //i \ M^us, and

/Ltev ouv. (7) OVKOVV TO ye TOLOVTOV Troppcopev jitev so on to

- \ > o\ ^ * JL ' a ' ' ' '/3 infinity 5

c opcuvTt /cat a/>tpAu ev <patvecrt7at avay/c^, eyyvc/ev hence,o\ \ ) /-\ \ //i y A </ (8) in theoe /cat oi> VOOVVTL TrAi^c/et aTretpov ev e/caorov absence of

j y / m^'T-i^ \y real unity,

(pavrjvai, etTrep crTepeTat lov Evo? /AT) OVTOS; Unity wili

/ N-y vo\y / \bea mereavay/catoTaTov /xev ovv. OVTOJ or) a-Tretpa Te /cat confused

' y N* \ \\ v<' m^xx^^ view aris-

Trepa? e^ovTa /cat ev /cat TroXAa e/cao~Ta TaXXa oeting from

i/ /j A > \y "\ \ ^^ >%'

/ ^^ imperfect<patveo~c/at, ev et

/otr) eo~Ttv, aAAa oe TOU evos. oet vision/ /o\*'1^ vv / \a/ o / /* filospr in-

yap. (8 jOVKOVV /cat o//,ota Te /cat avo/aota ooget

etvat; TrrJ Sry; otbv eo'/ctaypa^/Aeva a7roo~TavTt jaev

ev TravTa ^atvd/xeva TOLVTOV dxLivecrdaL TreuovBevai S!*-*W

beiore;

d /cat ouota etvat. vravv ye. Trpoo-eX^ovTt Sex

ye ne,

n^' .

N V X (9

)Slmi-

TToXXa /cat erepa /cat TW TOU eTe'pov ^>avTctcr/xaTt larityand

eTepota /cat dvouota eavTot. oi/rcu. (9) /cat oaotou? larity, and

ov^ v , ;v y . V r " the

,the

lor) /cat avo/xotou9 TOUS oy/cov9 avTou? TC eavTot? modes of

, //j

v >\\ '\ / * Modifica-

(paivo~uaL /cat aAAr)Aoi?. Travv jaev ovv. tion and

, xv , N v c / \\ '\ ^

OVKOVV /cat TOVS avTovs /cat eTepous aAAr^Acov, /cat will have

c / \ \ e; \ x an appa-

/cat xwPts eavTtov, /cat /ctvovjaevov? rent exis-

GO HAATONO2

tence only, TraVag /cwTjcrets /cat ecrrwra? TrdWTi, /cat yiyvo-ior there is, NJ / * * t \ '

no unity to /xez/Qvs /cat aTToXXvftej'ovs /cat /ATToeTepa, /cat iravragive them % * \ d ~ > ^ "S < ~cohesion. 7TOV Ttt TOtttVTa, a Ol\U.W eVTTCTCS 7T.OT7 7)/XtI>,

t 6

eVos fir) oWos TroXXa ecrrtv. aX^^ecrrara jae>

(IX.) 2% ert ST) aVa^ eX^oWes ird\iv eVt TT)V ap^r^v etvrw-Ninth Hy- A >\v v\\ o\ e/ /

pothesis: p.V, V t/XT') CTTt, TttXXa O Tov EvO?, TtJ^ v v ^ /1\* N >

?(TTi = 6t etvat. etTTto/x-ev yap ow. (Ijov/cow ez^ /A> ov/c

TbErotfy rri^xx ' '5'^ ^ \\' Jvr,ovffias ecrrat laAAa. TTW? yap; ovoe p,r)v TroXXa ye ei/

/J,fT(X fl > ^ \\ * ? >/* \V >N O\the effect of ya/> TTOAAOt? OVCTIV 6V6Lr) aV /Cat J>. t yap ^Tf)O.Vthe non- s>>\vv o/> v 9O>*existence of

CtVTWI^ (TTiV V, aTTCLVTa OVOV eCTTLV, CtXTTC OVO GLV

Unity on \ \ \ v * \ /) ^ \ / 5>\\ 'm'*rS\Aa, TroXAa ctT;. aA^c/r;. /XT) >OZ>TOS oe evos e^ lots

Ttfx\a "AXXot?, ovre TroXXa ou^' ev e^rrt TaXXa. ov yctp.

pZnomenalv8e y <^atVTat Iv OvSe TToXXtt. Tt 817; OTl TaXXtt 166

reiult is t 9. ' Q ' \vabsolute

KOLVWVIOLV C^t, OUOC Tt TO)V ^,17 OVT(i)V

^\\ / > 'C'V ^ ' >N ^ V

in theAAXaw rw ecrrt^. ovoev yap /Ltepo? etrrt rots /AT)

* ' '\/3^ >O>V ' f NV \

ovcrw. a\r)ur). ovo apa ooga rov ja^ ovros Trapa

Unity, the Tots ^AXXot? ecrTtv ovSe rt (bdvTCLcrua, ov8e So^a-notion oi

Unity and /erat ouSauTi ovSauws TO /XT? 6f VTTO T<wi> "AXXwi/.therefore of

"

Plurality is o yap ovi'. ev apa et uw ecrnv, ovSe So^a^eTatimpossible,

and, there- rt Toiv "AXXwv Iz/ etfat ovSe TroXXa' avev yap evbs b

TroXXa 8o^acrat dSwaTov. a-SwaTOf yctp.' \v n-i"\\ *

et/XT) ecrTt, laXAa OUTC

(2)ofSimi- ovSe TroXXa. ou/c OiKv. (2) ovS' apa o/xota ovSelarity and , , , , , ^ x x \ t , > o> vDissimi- avo/xota. ov yap. ovoe fir)v Ta avTa ye ouo eTepa,larity, and >o^< ' '2^ ' >^>*\\ "

of all other OUOC ttTTTO/xe^a OVOC ^(Wpt9, OVO aXXtt OO~a J/ TOt?modes of ' /3 55 '\ /J 'J' >' '

Quality iTpoffuev otT)A(7O/A' tus (paivofieva avra, TOVTODVand Quan- y v *i' m*\\vtity which ^"e Tt CCTTtV Ol>Te <f>awCTttt TaAAtt, *> Cl

JUT;CCTTtV.

are based \ /i \ \\'o^ >v , >

on Unity.ctATTPir. ovKovv /cat (rv\\r)por)v et etTrot/xe^, e^ et c

JU-T) ecTTiv, ouSeV eanv, opOw av etTrot/xej/;

Tracrt xei' OVZA

IIAPMENIAH2. 61

elprjcrOa) roLvvv TOVTO re /cat on, &>s eot/cev, E^ The sum of

theaffirma-

etr* cmv etre JUT) ecrnv, avio re /cat TaXXa /cattiveand

e v v v v x , , , / negative

Tr/ao? aura /cat irpos aAATyAa Tra^ra TravTws ecrrt argumentsx , v v , / / % , / is: affir -

re /cat ov/c ecrrt /cat (patverat re /cat ov (pat^erat. mativeiy,

a\T]64<TTa.Ta. One exists,

the One,both in re-

lation to itself and in relation to T&\\a, exists in every mode of conditioned existence, andin its opposite, and so, the One is not ttnconditioned or absolute unity, so far as it exists in

these modes : negatively, if the One does not exist, then all existence both in relation to

Unity, and in itself, is phenomenal, and this phenomenal existence, when closely scrutinized,is entirely destitute of even phenomenal Unity, and therefore of all categories of Quantityand Quality whatsoever. The conclusion therefore is : the Universe Ti Raj/ is neither

ev alone nor TroAAa alone, but fi>-Ka}-iro\\d.

NOTES.

NOTES,

THEpiece is a monologue by Cephalus of Clazomenae.

The conversation between the philosophers is supposed

to have been originally reported by Pythodorus, a friend of

Zeno to Antiphon, half-brother of Plato, and then retailed

by Antiphon to Cephalus. Plato, by selecting Antiphon,who is a sporting character, fond of horses (126 c), perhapswishes to hint that Antiphon has not tampered with the

dialogue, TIKHJTO. yap av TroAi/TTjOtryiuovoT, as he says of Aris-

totle (137 b), and thus offers it as the exposition of his

own views. He may also have wished to compliment his

half-brother Antiphon, just as he introduces Grlauco and

Adimantus in the Republic. The monologue is thus, on

the face of it, a hearsay of a hearsay. Hermann, to

get rid of some chronological difficulties, which are in-

superable, makes Grlauco and Adimantus cousins, and not

brothers, of Antiphon. But it is vain to look for the pre-

cision of modern history in an ancient imaginative com-

position. Such exactness is the result of matter-of-fact

habits, and of abundant means of verification, such as books

of reference, &c. No such habits or means existed till the

other day. A strong proof of this is the inaccuracy of

quotation, common to all ancient writers, even professed

critics.

126 a. KAaojUi'GJv.

Stallbaum points out that some people in Clazomenae,

townspeople, and perhaps followers of Anaxagoras, would

F

66 NOTES.

naturally take an interest in the discussion. The influence

of Anaxagoras on Platonic thought is evidenced by the

Phaedo. To Anaxagoras, Mind owes the recognition of

nearly all its metaphysical prerogatives. He set it in a

sphere apart, and assigned to it unique properties. Mindalone was strictly infinite, i.e. unlimited or untrammelled

by anything else, and subsisted by its own inherent strength.

Mind was homogeneous, and was the only real existence.

Plato is fond of putting doctrines which he adopts into the

mouth of a person of the original school. Thus Timseus

expounds physics, and the Eleatic Stranger metaphysics, and

the more practical Socrates ethics.

126 C. Zrjvwv teal

Parmenides and Zeno are described by Strabo as ai^ptc

UvOayopuoi, vi. 1. Their connexion with Pythagoreaiiism is

philosophically real, as one column of the Pythagorean av-

is reducible to TO irfpag, and the other to TO airtipov.

127 b. IloAi) yap tQri tpyov tlvai.

Such a feat of memory, though here a dramatic fiction,

cf. Symp. 172 a, is rendered plausible by Niceratus's state-

ment that he could repeat the whole Iliad and Odyssey: Xen.

Conv. in. 5. Many rhapsodists could do the same : ibid. 6.

127 b. TratSiKct.

.\iytaOat ytyovtvai show that Stallbaum's charitable

explanation is untenable. There is no doubt suggested of

their present friendship : ZTJVWV oSe ov /novov rrjf aAAp aov

ov\tTcti tyKfiOjaBai aAAa KOI rtjT ovyypafjifj.aTt, 128 a.

NOTES. 67

127 e. si TroXXa tern TO. ovra.

The argument is as follows : In the order of Time or

subjectivity, the perception of difference between two things

A andB precedes the perception of their similarity ; but. in the

order of existence or objectivity, the differentia of each of the

differents depends on the individual peculiarities of each dif-

ferent. Each of the relatives thus exhibits Identity in rela-

tion to itself, and Difference in relation to the other, and so

to all other things. If we assume, then, with Zeno, for

argument's sake, TO irav -existence ra ovra to be plural,

each of ra ovra is per se opoiov ;but the aggregate is plural,

and therefore ra ovra being plural are distinct, and therefore

inter se avo/uom. Zeno accordingly agrees with Leibnitz

as to the identity of indiscernibles, thus : Indiscernibles are

identical, and therefore non-plural, since primordial things

cannot be differenced inter se without having been previously

differenced per se. The Platonist and Hegelian say Plurality

is subsumed by Unity without being destroyed by it. The

Aufhebung settles everything.

127 e. Ta avo

Stallbaum remarks : Zeno callida conclusione effecit,

non esse multa, quum hoc tantum consequatur, non posse

huic eidemque rei eadem spectatae ratione plura eaque con-

traria attribui. To a Greek, the order of Notions would be

Motion, Change, Plurality; Motion denoting not merely

physical Motion, iroOtv iroi, but the notional movement of

Metaphysics. The identity, in the Hegelian sense, of Cause

and Effect, is the notion which brings the scientific order of

Time into harmony with the order of Logic.

128 d. (v Ian.

So. rb riav. This is the Subject of the Proposition,

for which Philosophy undertakes to find the Predicate r

F 2

68 NOTES.

TO irav is fcV, said the Eleatic ; it is TroAAa, said the Ionic :

it is sv KOI rroAAa, said Plato, and to prove this is the gist of

the Parmenides.

128 d. t TroAAa ianv : so. TO flav.

The gist of Zeno's argument has been perpetually mis-

taken : Zeno does not deny Motion as a fact, but argues that

as implying change, and therefore dissimilarity, it conflicts

with the changeless uniformity of the One. In the One

there is no contrariety, while contrariety is the essence of

Motion. It may be remarked that, if Zeno's two movingbodies be made conscious, one will have double the conscious-

ness of the other. The order of analysis is Motion implies

change, and change plurality. (See Appendix A.)

129 d. tTTTO rjfJLWV OVTWV.

This is irreconcilable with a^iKtadui TOV TE

Ttvac ^UET' avrov TTO\\OVQ, 127 c. If we leave out

Cephalus the reciter and Grlaucus, who does not speak, we

can count up seven persons, viz., Adimantus and Antiphonin the introduction

; Pythodorus, Socrates, Zeuo, Parmenides,

and Aristotle in the discussion. 'ETTTO shows that Plato

either forgot the original plan or did not care to adhere to

it another proof of the historical unreality of the piece.

130 b.

Xwpi'c> a notion derived from physical separation : things

are properly x<"pt'c which are not aTTTojuEva, and then the word

is applied to things which, as existing under totally distinct

conditions, differ in kind. It should be recollected that

all notions which differ in any degree are metaphysically

distinct, e.g. 3 and 4 are as distinct as 3 and 4 millions.

NOTES. 69

Moderns look principally to the origin or genesis of things

and notions in determining their resemblance or difference,

and not to their characteristics when matured.

131 d. TOVTOV SE avTov.

With Hermann, I retain the Vulgate TOVTOV St UVTOV.

Heindorf's TOVTOV Se OVTO is plainly wrong. The argumentis : If any of us shall have a fragment of smallness, the real

smallness will be bigger, because it is the whole, of which the

fragment is a part.

131 e.

is a more material expression than jutr-

Both, however, express the truth, that the Sensible

element, in cognition, without the Intelligible, is inconceiv-

able. Professor Huxley invests Sensation with all the Cate-

gories, and then tells us we do not want them. Sensibles

have, in Hegel's words, Richtigkeit, and not Wahrheit.

132 a, b. The unique etSoe.

This passage gives the reason why the aSoc is unique :

In referring an object to a class we have two things in hand,

the particular instance and the genus, e.g. the particular

man, Socrates, and the genus man, i. e. the first and second

intentions. Parmenides argues, that to connect the particu-

lar with the genus there must be a third concept or notion,

and then another to comprehend the three, and so on to in-

finity. If this be so, etSoe is not unique, but aireipov.

Now, airupov denotes privation of all Trtpae, Limitation,

therefore of Form, therefore of all Cogitability. But every

thing must be either $v or airttpov, as follows: In strict

logic, the contrary of TO airtipov is TO TreTrepatr^tvoi' ;but TO

yields on analysis (1) TO irtpag ;and (2)

70 NOTES.

something which is not TO Trl/oac, and so an-etpov. Whatis TO Trtpae, when out of any definite relation to TO TrETrsoao--

Htvov ? It must be quantifying power, and we must hold

that power to be not plural, but unique ;for plural equipol-

lent powers, if adverse, cancel; and if corroborative, result in

unity. To rrlpac, therefore, must be ev, and therefore To

"Ev ;for the ultimate Form must be one, and, without TO tv,

as Plato afterwards proves, ouSl Qaivtrai n. The tISog,

therefore, since it is Form, cannot be airttpov, and therefore

must be one. This is Plato's answer to the objections urgedin pars. 7 and 9, and known to Greek Logicians as 6 rpirog

avBpwirog." We may remark," says Mr. Jowett,

" that the

process which is thus described has no real existence. The

mind, after having obtained a general idea, does not really

go on to form another which includes that, and all the indi-

viduals contained under it, and another and another without

end," in. p. 237. Plato, in the Phitebus, gives the rationale

of the Universal. (See Appendix B.)

132 c. Objection to Conceptualism.

Either each thing consists of vor/^ara, i. e. acts of intelli-

gence, and therefore each thing is the being intelligent, i. e.

intelligence, or if it be an act of intelligence, it is unintelli-

gent, q. a. e. This argument is a case of the Platonic prin-

ciple ofioiov bfjLo'uy yiyvwaKtrai. It is substantially the same

as Berkeley's position that mind is mind, that therefore

nothing but mind is mind, and, as a further consequence,

that nothing but mind can have the properties of mind;

it

is therefore illogical to ascribe to that which is not mind

the properties of mind. Plato does not hold vovg to be the

ultimate existence either in the moral or in the physical

sphere. In the ethical sphere we have Tayaflor, Rep. vi.

509 b ; in the physical, ^/u^/j: TOUTW Se[_sc. vovg iiriarrifjni} ri\

iv qiTWi' OVTWV tyyiyvtaOov, ov TTOT Tig avrb aXAo tr

pt7, Tim. 36 c;

NOTES. 71

KOI vovf iivtv i//w^ijc OVK av Trore ytvoiaOriV) Phil.

30 c. M. Eibot overlooks Plato when he says," Since Will

is the centre of ourselves and of all things, we must give

it the first rank. It is its due, though since Anaxagoras

Intelligence has usurped its place" (La Philosophic de Scho-

penhauer, p. 69, cited in H. Zimmern's Sch. p. 102). The

same doctrine is developed as to the priority of ^X^Motive and Yital Energy in the Laws, written in the "sun-

set of life." x. 891 e, sqq.

133 c.

= Sv<rava7r(0roe, 135 a.

133 d. ovrtD and

With regard to the orthography of these words, the

insertion of c before a vowel is plausible. But we must

recollect that we can prove that ri was not elided, and that

and

134 c. Objection to the Absolutefrom the subjective side.

This brings out the true sense of absolute To awn-oOtrov,

Hep. vi. that which does not depend on anything else for

its essence, or outcome, or priority Xoyq in order of thought.

Of course, qua yvwarov to us, it depends on us;but the Ab-

solute may be and is yvwrtrov to itself. With regard to us,

it is ultimum relatum;with regard to itself, it is not re-

ferred to anything else.

135 a. Objection to the Absolute from the objective side.

This objection is urged by both Hamilton and Mill,

ovrec t\QiaToi TO TT^IV ;but it assumes that because partial

knowledge is not plenary knowledge, they therefore contra-

72 NOTES.

diet each other. How is the geography of Ireland contra-

dictory to the geography of Europe ? Plenary knowledge,of course, will correct partial knowledge, and may put it in

quite a new light, but the facts on which the partial know-

ledge is grounded cannot be shaken by the fullest knowledge.Aristotle objects aSvvarov XWP*C tlvai rijv ovaiav Kal ov 17

ovma. If x<o/ujc means that there is a bridgeless chasm

between the two, the objection holds not otherwise. Sense

and Intellect are essentially xwP''c> yet every act of Percep-tion is a blending of both. That the objective sphere, or

Things-in-themselves, is unknown and unknowable to us, is

held by Kant, Herbert Spencer, and Comte. This doctrine

is favoured by the antithesis between phenomenon and reality.

As a matter of fact, the Greek word is in the present parti-

ciple, i. e. (ftatvofjitvovy and meant that ichich is in the course of

appearing, and not <}>avtv, that which did appear. In a word,

the modern means by ^atvofievov what the Greeks call fyavraa-

/ua, a kind of delusive appearance. Carneades distinguishes

the act of perception into three parts TO QavraaTov, the ob-

ject; TO QavTCKTiovfjLivov, the subject ;and fyavraaia, the act.

Now Plato's meaning is, that TO Qatvoneva, or TO yiyvofteva,

are possible, because they are produced by permanent reality

which is discernible through them. For his conception of

genesis of phenomena, see note 154 c.

137c-143a. To tv.

To ev, all through the first proposition, means pure unity

prior to all evolution. Like Hegel's Seyn, it has not been

stripped of attributes, but is prior to all attributes. It is, like

the Seyn, a postulate of completed thought.

137 d.

nipac is the limit ab infra : cf. TsXtvrri ye KOI a(

IKCKTTOV : hence, as TO tv has neither ab infra, it is airtipov.

NOTES. 73

This is taken from Melissus To St /urjrc apx^v exov jurjrc

TfAei'rrjv, aTTftpov rvy^avti tov. Fr. 2. Plato does not discuss

the other possibility, argued by Melissus, that airetpov could

have limits ab extra : for there cannot be more than one

137 e. Plato's right line.

This definition is exact : it is obvious there can only be

one such line; and, if it is unique, it follows it is the shortest

in rerum natura. If Helmholtz's reasoning-beings of two

dimensions living on the surface of a sphere understood the

definition given by Plato, they would see it to be the shortest

possible, and that their own geodetic line was not. If theyliked to call the latter straight, of course they might ;

which

is as irrelevant as the entire of Helmholtz's argument.

138 C. avrat yap fjiovat Ktvfj<rttC*

In the Laws 893 b-895 ten modes of motion are speci-

fied. Eight of these belong to body : (1), without change of

place, i.e. on an axis; (2), with change of place (a), either

without change of base, e.g. a stone sliding on ice; (j3), or

with change of base, e.g. a ball rolling. The next two are

where motion gives rise to (3), concretion, or (4), decre-

tion. The next two are where concretion is prolonged into

(5) growth, or discretion turns into (6) waste. The next is

where growth in bulk is prolonged into (7) production of

state, and waste into (8) decay. The two movements of

mind are (9) to move things other than itself, itself beingmoved

;and (10) to move itself of itself out of a previous

state of rest.

The power of transmitting motion as a link in the Chain

of Sequence is the only power allowed man by Hume and

his followers. The 10th motion includes free-will.

74 NOTES.

139 b-e.

The One has not Identity with itself or anything eke that

has distinctness : nor is it distinct from itself or any-

thing eke that has distinctness.

That is, the One, being one and nothing else, admits of

no relation "whatsoever;

if it did, there would be unity and

relation, something more than unity, and therefore not unity,

q. a. e.

It cannot even possess Distinctness, for Distinctness means

that A is distinct from B, and so B is in turn distinct from

A. If, then, Unity possessed Distinctness, it could only be

distinct by means of Unity and not by means of Distinctness ;

but Unity, ex vi termini, is not Distinctness. Therefore TotVEv cannot be distinct in itself. A similar argument was

urged against St. Anselm, that Unity was not Perfection.

The mode of argument is due to the Megarics. The Auf-

hebung is the answer.

139 d. Source of TO

I.e. supplying the ellipses si /nrj rovrq ry tv el vat

tarat tr'epov, ov^ !atr<j) Karat 'irtpov' ct Se juj) laureJ

carat crEpoi/, oi/Sc avro carat trepov. (See note 127 e.)

141 C.

orjc was read by Proclus, T. vi. 237, and is sup-

ported by TTbtoVrjc, Theaetet. 182 a.

141 e. yeyovti.

For yiyovtv, Hermann reads ytyovet, as ytyovtv has to

be taken in two senses, perfect and past.

NOTES. 75

141 e.

our' i-Vttra yevnatrai ourt yfvr)8riaTai, will neither come

into being, nor be brought into, being; will neither come of

itself, nor be brought by anything else.

141 e. Ambiguity oftv.

To 6i' oure liv ioTiv OVTS fariV) i. e.) To ey is neither the

relation Unity, nor the quality Existence.

142 a. T) aurtj) 77 aurou.

tt'ij av TL r] avrq TJ avrov, would it have any affection result-

ing to it, or proceeding from it : any income or outcome;

i. e.

either accident or property.

142 a. ovojua, Ao-yoe, ETTtcrTrjjur), K. r.A.

Plato gives the following explanation of these terms :

UVO/ULO.= the term.

Aoyoc = definition.

i7rt(jr?jjur}= iv i^v^ait; tvov, $ f/Aoi> trtpov ra ov CIVTOV TOV

KVK\OV TTIQ 0u(To>c TMV rt XtyQivTW rpauv, i.e. ofOjua, Ao-yoc,

pist. vn. 342-3.

is the psychical aspect of auro, and is a process

of intense activity. Plato objects to the sensible figure of the

Circle, that it partakes of the Straight, i. e. is really a zigzag

line. The Circle then would be the process of describing

it without a sensible line (Epist. vn.), and in this waytTTtCTT/jjU*) resembles the Kantian schema. The Epistles are

considered genuine by Cobet and Grote, and are very charac-

teristic. At all events, the passage in the 7th could only have

been written by a great metaphysician.

76 NOTES.

oa, IK jLtvi7jU}c Kal aiaOfottof;. Phil. 38 b.

aia9r\oiq = ro Iv ivl TTaOei, TTJV i^v\r]v KOI TO mvpa,

yiyvojucvov, icoivy teal KivitaOat. Phil., 34 a. This is scien-

tifically true : the sensation lasts only as long as the im-

pressed condition of the nerve is kept up.

142 b-155 e. To 2v.

In the second proposition, To tv is in combination with

e<m. Each element is distinct before combination and in

combination; though the combination may and does give rise

to new relations.

142 d e. Relation of To ev and ov.

I.e. ro>v fjiopiu)v eKUTtpov rowrwv Tou 'Evoc "Ovrog (To re

*Ev icm To"Oi/), apa airoXenriaOoV) rj To^Ev Tou "Ovrog flvai

juoptou, rj To^Oi; Tou 'Evbg el vat juoptou ;i.e. where there is

To "Ev, To "Ev is in combination with To "Oi>, and To*Oi/ is

in combination with To "Ev.

ftvat, G. gen.= to be a property of: cf.

tNO Si jur) ion, TOVT^

Ttf jurj-ovrt t) av TI, f/ awry rj avrov', 141 a. Can a nonentity

have either accident or property ?

142 e.

Each one juo/otov either ro *Ei/, or ro *Oi/ of the two

fjiopia TO *Ev and TO "Ov, holds in combinationtV

Ev and

"Ov, and so on, ad infin.

This is strictly true : the universe has unity, and the uni-

verse exists ; and each of the motes that people the sun's

beam has equally existence and unity. One is Form : Ex-

istence is Matter, and to show that the One formulates

existence into plurality is the aim of the second part of the

Parmenidcs.

NOTES. 77

143 C.-144 a. Genesis of Number, i.e. a system of Monads.

There are three av^vyiai or pairs, viz. :

ovaia and trepov ',

ovaia and tv ;

tv and trepov.

Now every pair is a'//$w, and therefore Suo; therefore each

member of the pair is tKartpov, and therefore one : so that in

each pair we have two members,

2.1 =2,

and each member being unified by the index 1, we have three

symbols,

3.1 = 3.

Now where there is Two, we have Ste I'v, and where there is

Three, we have rpj? ei>; where, therefore, there are three sym-

bols, we have two members

(2 m . 1 = Sic *

and where there are two members we have three symbols

(3 symbols .1 = 1 rptc ev OVTWV).

Three (symbols) therefore must be two (members), and two

(members) must be three (symbols). Therefore apria (= Svo

= Si sv)=

apTtaKic (= Sic) ev' and Trcptrra (= rpta

=rpt?

v)=

irepiTTOKiG (= rptc) ev : and aprm (= Swo, i. e. members)=

TreptrroKtc (= T-pte) v, i.e. symbols; and Trtptrra (= rpt'a, i.e.

symbols)=

aprtaicie=

(Stc ev) members. From this we have

the genesis of every number: for 2 = te ev is aprta aprtaic<c,

that is even numbers even times;and 3 =

rpic ev is Trjptrra

TreptrraK/Cj that is, odd numbers odd times;and 2 (members)

= 3 (symbols) is aprta, even numbers odd times, Trfptrrajcte ;

and 3 (symbols)= 2 (members) is Treptrra, odd numbers even

times, a

78 NOTES.

143 d. ouS [Ala.

An instance of Plato's habit of using in the ordinary

sense the philosophic word which is under argument : other

examples are noticed in note on 157 d.

143d.

ov rpia yiyvtrai TO iravra;

i. e. are there not three distinct

symbols ? lit., are not the distinct things three ?

143 d. Interdependence of 2 and 3.

Let there be two roots, x and y\ let them have a common

index, say e. gr. 1;and let x = 1 : then we have x l

, yl.

We have thus three distinct symbols, x, y, and 1;x and y

denoting the two roots, and 1 the index common to both.

Now, as there are three symbols, the three symbols involve

the index twice;that is, x1 and y

l

; but # as a root =1, and y

is made one by its index ;

.-. x and y1 = 1 + 1 = 2 . 1 = 2.

Likewise the two roots x and y, and the identical index 1,

require three symbols for their notation;

.-. x and y and l = 1 + I 1 + l = 3 . 1 = 3.

To apply this : Whatever admits of the predicate both,

admits of the predicate two, and the predicate two indicates

that each of the binaries is one. Now one as index being

incorporated with each number of each syzygy, each syzygyinvolves the index twice ;

.-.2.1=2,

and as each syzygy requires, as we have seen, three symbolsfor its notation, each syzygy involves one thrice,

.-.3.1 = 3.

NOTES. 79

Thus, in Aristotelian language, Three is the Form of Two,and Two is the Matter of Three. Hence, we may see whythe Pythagoreans made Two the symbol of indefinite exist-

ence, for Matter without Form is indefinite;likewise why

they made Three the symbol of definite existence. In the

order of existence 0wo-c Three is prior to Two, for we re-

quire as prerequisites of Three

(1). The radical 1; = 1 lv ;

(2) . The other thing ;which= 6arepov, being unquantified,

to be construed to thought requires quantification,

and thereto requires

(3). The index 1.

Without these we cannot have Two, for 2 = 1 and 1 =2.1.

143 d-e. Genesis of all the Numbers from To fv and To or.

Supplying ellipses Svotv OVTOIV, OVK avayicr/ tivat icul Sic;

tv] KOI rpiwv OVTWV Etvcu Tpi v, ttvtp virap\tt Tq rt Avo

TO Slf-Iv, KQt T<^ T/0/a TO TjOtC-CV J t. C. .'

II. = 2 . 1, and III. -3.1.

Then, Avotf ct ovrotv KOL St^-s'i/, OVK avajKrj Suo S<

i. e.

1 + 2/

1 = l1 + l 1 = l(l

1 + r),but

x and y =2, and the indices 1 and 1 = 2;

.'. we have Svo B\Q in the notion II.

So mut. mut. of 3 - 1 (I1 + I 1 + I 1

)=

l^1 + lyl + 1 . I'

1 = 1 + 1 + 1 =3,

but

1 + 1 + 1 = 3;and

x + y + V = 3;

and indices 1 + l + l = 3;

80 NOTES.

.'. we have rpia T/oic in the notion III. That is, each couple

is two things ;it is also two single things ;

and the unity of

each single thing is a third thing, i. e. x and y and 1.

In Aristotelian language : Formed Matter contains (1)

Form, and (2) Formless Matter = 1 + 1 = II. ; but Formless

Matter is incogitable ;therefore we have Matter unified by

Form. But Form = 1;Matter = 1

;and Unification = 1

;

..1+1 + 1 = 3. The mote in the sunbeam contains three

metaphysical elements (1) that which unifies; (2) that which

is unified;and (3) the unification of 1 and 2, i. e. III. It is

a pity the scholastic distinction between metaphysical and

physical is not kept up. Metaphysical entities were those that

could not exist separately, e. g. concave and convex : physical,

those that could, i. e. Xoyt^ and <j>vai.

143 e. Sic OVTMV.

TplMV OVTWV KO.I Sic OVTtoV, KOI $VOIV OVTOIV KO.I

OVTOIV. Hermann brackets the second OVTWV and OVTOIV, but

they are right, i.e. TOLMV ovrtav KOI Sicl

tv OVTWV = the

symbols are three, and the pairs are two;and Svolv OVTOIV,

KOI Tpic OVTOIV = SuoTv OVTOIV teat To\Q cv OVTOIV, the pairs are

two and the symbols are three. It must be recollected that

the Greek arithmetic was originally the geometry of rect-

angles. In the present case, as usual, in place of our abstract

multiplication 3x2 and 2x3, two rectangles are generated.The first has 3 as its base and 2 as its side, and as the base is

the more important factor, the plural is used, OVTWV. In the

second, 2 is the base and 3 the side;

here the base is 2,

and is the more important, hence the dual OVTOIV. The con-

ception is that a rectangle is described on a base, and not

on a side. The rectangle 3 x 2 is quite distinct from the

rectangle 2x3.

NOTES. 81

144 a.

does not mean a single unit, but a collection of

units. Thus one is not aptfyioe,but two is : apt

(optojufvov r} /novaowv avarfjjua fj Trofforrjroc

avvKtifjievov. Nic. Ger. I. vii. 1.

In speaking of Numbers, both the Platonists and the

Pythagoreans meant always whole numbers, and not frac-

tions, the unit being the foot, lineal, square, and cubic. The

numbers, or rather rectangles, were aprtot, an even base byan even side

; Treptrroi, an odd base by an odd side; apnot

,an even base by an odd side

;and Treptrroi aprta-

an odd base by an even side.

144 e. To iv VTTO TOV OVTOS

Justifies vno in 166 a.

145 c, d.

A part contains the following notions :

1 . Its separate existence;

2. Its own relation to its fellow parts ;

3. Its common relation to the whole.

This may be illustrated by a piece of a dissected map. The

map is not all the separate pieces one by one TO. iravra nor

any one : yet if any piece did not fit, it would not be in the

map when it was put together, ret uiravra;but if the piece

belong to the map, it must be one of the separate pieces.

Metaphysically, all distinct ideas are equally distinct.

145 c, d.

aXAa fjitvToi TO je oXov av OVK iv rot? [Jiipeuiv lanv, ovre

Iv Tracriv owrc iv rivi. (tl 7p iv TTCHTIV, avajKi) /cat iv tvt. tv

TIVI yap ivljurj

ov OVK civ tri irou Suyairo 'iv yt inrarnv

G

82 NOTES.

ei 8t TOVTO /j.tv TO tv rH)v inravTwv tort, TO <St oAov tv

tVl, 7TWC Tt iV 76 TOtC TTCKTIV tl'tOTai', OV$a/JiM. OV$t

/LtTJl/IV

TWV jutpwv. tl -yap li> rto-j TO oAoi> tit}, TO w\iov av tv njg

to/, o limv aSuyaTOv.

Whole is distinct from the parts ; for if the Whole is in

each quaque of the parts, it must be in some one quavis; and if

that particular part contains the Whole, that one part cannot be

one of the parts.

The argument is : if the Whole is in the parts, it is in all,

some, or one;the clause from tv nvi to tlvat is the converse

opposite of the clause it 700 tv iraatv, avayKi) KCU tv tvi. In

the clause TO & oXov tv TOUT^ [JUT}] tvi, Hermann brackets

[JUT?].I have struck it out, as it spoils the argument, which

is : if the Whole is in each part, it is in some one part. If so,

the part thus specialised is differentiated from its former

peers, but it is so differentiated by containing the Whole,not by not containing it.

Hegel says : The relation of the Whole and the parts is

untrue to this extent that the notion and the reality of the

relation are not in harmony. The notion of the Whole is to

contain parts ;but if the Whole is taken, and made what its

notion implies, i. e., if it is divided, it at once ceases to be a

Whole. Logic, p. 211. All through the Parmenides it must

be kept in view, that any two notions in any degree distinct

are totally distinct." Each thing," says Butler,

"is what

it is, and not another thing."

Ta iravra is the roll or litany of items;airavra is the sum

total of the same items summed : To iravra are the parts of

the sum;airavra is the sum of the parts. It is a pity that

modern English has lost its neuter plural and verb singular :

" hot blood begets hot thoughts, and hot thoughts beget hot

deeds, and hot deeds is love."

145 e. y fj.lv apa TO tv o\ov, tv a\\tf> iariv.

The notion Whole is not the notion Aggregate of items :

Cf. T) KOI TO oAoV tK TWV /U(>U>1/ \4jltf JtJOt'bg IV Tl ItSog tTtpOV

NOTES. 83

; tywyt. Theaet. 204 a, b. The order of

notions is (1) TCI /uepjj ; (2) TO. iravTd ; (3) TO aTravTa; (4) TO

o\ov', (5) TO TTUV.

14:5 e. Kivt'iaOai.

Zeno's contribution to thinking is, the showing that mo-

tion is relative to a something which is not moved. This

is well brought out in the Flying Arrow, which at any givenmoment coincides with its equivalent in the space throughwhich it is passing.

146 a. /*>} loravat, juj earoe Se KivtlaOat.

By Excluded Middle;if not the one, it must be the other.

146 a, b. srtpov.

Hegel's view, that Otherness is negation, is supported bythe history of the particle /IT). If ^77 is etymologically ne,

as Curtius mentions, comparing the Lithuanian nei(i. 317],

na in the Vedas very often means as, and the order then

would be assertion, comparison, negation : cf. ava and

ci\\og, ib. 307.

146 a-148 e.

1. Everything possesses Identity, and, in that respect, it

resembles primarily everything else.

2. Everything is distinct from everything else, and, in

that respect, it differs primarily from everything else.

3. In being distinct, it, eo ipso, resembles secondarily

everything else; and, therefore,

4. Differs secondarily from everything else by the con-

trary of diversity identity.

Hence TO cV, in possessing either quality, has resemblances,

primarily and secondarily, to

(a) itself, and to

(b) raAAa; and,

G 2

84 NOTES.

in possessing either quality, has diversities primary and

secondary to

(a) itself, and to

(6) rAXa.

In possessing both, TO tv

is primarily like itself and raXXa, and

is primarily unlike itself and raXXa.

Nothing can be clearer than that Plato held that there

were *}'/ TWV Trpoc n. Idealism is only the developmentof relations.

The One is identical and diverse to itself, and is identical

and diverse to raXXa, i. e. all ideas or objects of Reason are

equally ideas, and therefore distinct : they all agree in dis-

tinctness ; but, being distinct, they differ;therefore they agree

through Difference, they differ through Identity ;and as each

has both Identity and Diversity together, each agrees with and

differs from itself, and each agrees with and differs from

raXXa. The One agrees with raXXa in having both qualities ;

and the very having both qualities is the essence of its indi-

viduality.

148 c.

The order of notions is

(1) TOVTOV;

(2) jjirioXXoTov ;

(3) fjiri apo/iofov ;

(4) ofjiotov.

To *Ev is ravrov Tot?

T6*Ev is ETtof Twv "

Taking each case separately :

(1). To*Ev islikeraXXa;

(2). To*Ei> is unlike raXXa.

NOTES. 85

Taking both together

T6 tVE^ is both like and unlike raAAa;

and so, by parity of reasoning,

TolN

Ev is like and unlike itself.

148 d-149 e.

Ancient arithmetic was originally geometrical : hence

the notions,

Whole and Parts :

Contact.

149 a.

Contact ai//te presupposes

1. Something distinct, e. g.

a b;and

2. Something else in immediate contiguity to it; e.g.

a b c.

Here a b is distinct from b c, and b c is in immediate conti-

guity. If to b c we add c dy

a b c d,

ta, tarat at Se ai//te $vo. Hence, adJin., the things,

,are always one in advance of at a^ttc- Hence,

if raAAa be totally devoid of unity, junction between TO S-V

and raAAa is impossible, for raAAa must be one, before it can

combine with TO ev to form two.

149 e.

75 raura/e TOIQ oi/crtat?, i. e. essences, notions, IBtai :

cf. Phaed. 78 c-d.

tt'Sr,, Stall.

8G NOTES.

150 a. Ta /jityiOovt; TE nal ierorriroc, aAAa //}/ TO l

TL TIVOC; = attribute.

150 c-d.

To "Ev, qua "Ev, is tv, and nothing else : ra/XXa qua aAAa,

is aAAa, and nothing else : ro [ntytOog, qua /ulyiOog, is

and nothing else : and 77 o-^ticporjc, qua o-jufjcporijc, is

and nothing else. T6*Ei> therefore cannot be greater than

ToAAa, nor TaAAa greater than To "Ev : in the same way,neither is less than the other : but if neither greater nor

less, they are not unequal, and therefore equal.

So it is commonly said, all infinites are equal. Meta-

physically, there is only one infinite, that whose essence it is

to have no bounds or limit. It is evident there cannot be

two of this nature, for each would overlap, and so bound the

other. But in mathematical infinites, infinity merely means

infinitely divisible or infinitely addible;

i. e. a process which

may be worked as long as there is anything to work on. The

process is always one and the same, and so infinite : the mate-

rial is always finite, and may be as different as one pleases.

150 d.

takes the genitive ;therefore the vexed passage in

the Phaedo runs thus, if the ellipses are supplied one of the

surest ways of construing Plato : Tou fj.lv

avTOV TOV Swicparove rv\v a/iticporjjra

i.e., TcjJ virfpe^eiv= cause; ptytOti

= instrument ;

sub. =gen. on virtplxtiv, and TTJV o/idcpoTrjra

= ace. de quo.

i

151 a. /mri^tv ilvai SKTOQ TOV evog re KCU TMV a\\b)V.

Grrote says :

" Both these predicates (One Many) are

relative and phenomenal, grounded on the facts and com-

NOTES. 87

parisons of our own senses and consciousness. We know

nothing of an absolute, continuous, self-existent One."

Plato, i. 105-6. Here "absolute" is used in the sense of

out of all possible range, a sense popularised by the frivolous

discussions of Hamilton, Mansel, and Mill.

151 d.

The order of notions is

1. Magnitude;2'. Measure

;

3. Parts.

151 d.

" But that a thing, which bears no relation to any one (cuivis)

given item, should bear any relation to each (cuique) of the sum

total of items, to no one of tchich (cuiquam) does it bear anyactual relation either as part or otherwise, is impossible."

151 d-e.

Shadworth Hodgson makes similar remarks on the sub-

jective embracing the objective, and vice versa, Space and

Time, pp. 45, sqq.

154 c-d.

To ei/ does not grow younger or older than raAAa, be-

cause it is so already : it has had so much start, and equals

added to unequals leave the difference absolutely as before;

but, if we subtract the difference, the residue is always

growing larger, and therefore the difference is growing less

relatively to the residue : e.g. K. is born a year before B;thus

A is always a year older than B;but when A is two years

old the relative difference is greater than when A is ninety.

88 NOTES.

154 c.

7ryvra/, the emphatic word, is not (/rowing or becoming,

because it is.

154 c.

yivtait; is explained in the Laws thus : yiyverai Srj iravrwv

iviK av TI TraOog y ; BijXov, wg OTTOTOV a/ox*? Xa/3ou(ra

c TIJV Sfurtpav X0# firaj3a<nv, ica^ OTTO raurrjc tc

7rAt)(m>v, KOI jue^pt Tptwi; lAOouaa aiafti}aiv a\p rote

894 a. The steps are

fjivovaa.

155 c.

jUraXa/^j3ai;etv differs from Msrt^tv : jUraXaju]3ai'a> is to

coincide in part with, to have share in; JUETC'XHI' is to form

one with, to unite with ; cf. 158 b.

155 e-157 a.

The One in this hypothesis passes from one state into

another, and so do its attributes. The transition takes place

through an unextended point : that is, time is cut in two bya timeless point, just as Space is cut in two by a breadthless

line. Shadworth Hodgson seems to suppose that Plato held

that the point possessed duration. It is well explained byDamascius a/uEpf'c iort ry iStorrjTt cm 8m TOWTO a

156 a-157.

The notion is, any one state or condition which passes into

a different condition has to pass through an intermediate

NOTES. 89

state, in which it is neither what it was nor what it is in course

of becoming. Anaxagoras, from whom Plato took much of

his Physics, says : ov Kt\<i)piarai TO. tv TQ tv\ Koa/jiq) owSt

cnroKtKOTTTat irt\tKH ovre TO Bto^bv OTTO row ^u^pou oura TO

\Jjvxpbv airb TOV Oepnov, Fr. 13 Mullach. This joined with

his doctrine, adopted by Plato, that there is no minimum,

OVTC TOW (JIJLIKOOV yi ton TO-y lXaYfTOl| aXX' tXaaaov em/',

necessitates the presence of TO ev in and out of Space and

Time.

156 d-e.

tip' oifv tar] TO UTOTTOV TOVTO, Iv<j>

TOT av iir] ore /utra-

(3a\\ii ;TO irolov S/7 ;

TO tSat^vTjc (sse 155 e).

157 b-159 b.

Here Ta'AXa owe their predicates to their participation

of TO tv. Cetera and ceterum are very inadequate renderingsof the Greek neuter plural, TaXXa expressing neither unitynor plurality, but food for both.

157 b.

Here we have the full phrase To'XXa TOV tvog

157 c.

The correlatives are 6Xov and /mopia : now TO oXov = TroX-

Xa juopta, therefore any one //op/ov is not juop/ov of Ta TroXXa

juopia, but of TO 6Xoi/. For unless TO /uoptov any given part

be part of itself, there must be one part of the lot of which

the given Part is not part. Consequently if the given Part

be a part of many parts, it must be a part of the parts minus

the given Part. But if it be a part of the other parts, it must

be a part of every one of the several parts taken by them-

90 NOTES.

selves, since qua parts the parts are similar, and therefore

must be a part of itself : q. a. e. E. g. a shilling is part

of a pound, but a shilling is not a part of the several shillings

which make up the pound. For, if it be a part rwv TTO\\UI>

shillings, it must be either a part of itself, q. a. e., or of the re-

maining nineteen shillings. But as the other nineteen shil-

lings, when out of relation to the pound, are nineteen totally

independent units, the Part must be a part of them qua units,

and therefore of every one of them (since there is no difference

between them qua units), and therefore of itself, which is

exactly similar to the rest. A Part is correlative to a Whole,

but it has no relation whatsoever to any one or all of the other

parts, save that of being a fellow-part of the same integer.

In Plato's day, abstract language was taken from Geo-

metry ; perhaps fraction and integer would be better render-

ings of nopiov and oAov. Mutatis mutandis, the same reasoning

is triumphant against Natural Realism, substituting Quality

for Part, and Body for Whole. The Natural Realist makes

all qualities, minus one, depend on the residual quality ;so

that we have either a quality which is more than a quality,

or which is not a quality. The same reasoning applies to

the Antithesis of Kant's Fourth Antinomy.

157 a. toi>.

Justifies the vulgate in Phaedr., 249 b.

157 b.

The order of notions in the order of analysis is

1. ttvat ;

2. yiyveaOat ;

3. avyicpivtaOai ',

4. b/j.oiova0ai.

Order of genesis e contra.

NOTES. 91

157 c. niTtyi irr\.

The Platonic /utdtZtg is best illustrated by the Concret of

Hegel, i.e. where an object or thought is seen and known to

be the confluence of several elements to be a process in its

own nature, and not a mere stationary point of view;each

object to be equal to itself, multiplied into all other things.

Wallace's Ifegel, clxxvi. Cicero makes use of the same prin-

ciple : semper enim ita assumit aliquid (so. natura) ut ea

quae prima dederit, ne deserat. De Fin. iv. 14. It is the

ideal side of the doctrine of Development.

157 c.

Here, c TO yt oXov = tv IK iroXXwv in d, = t airavTwv tv

157 d. aEvvarov tivat '. Sc. tan.

Plato often uses words both in the ordinary and philo-

sophic sense in. the same passage : cf. ouSt /urn, 143 d : avrov

flapjUEvtSou, 136 d : aTrejpov, Phil. 17 e : av^iptaOai, Theaet.

152 e.

157 e.

TaAAa participates in T6lV

Ei through TO oXov;in modern

language, through the notion Law, i.e. in the scientific mean-

ing of the term, when "we think of the parts as held

together by a certain force." This is Hamilton's description

of physical unity. REID, 852.

158 a. 6 av y jjiopiov o\oi>.

So the MSS., and they are right. The conjecture

vXov is a mere truism, for the notion Whole is the correlation

92 NOTES.

of the notion Part. But fiopiov u\ov is emphatic, that which

is a genuine part, and not a part per accidens. A shilling is

$ of the amount of silver defined to be a legal pound : it is

therefore, qud -$, /uoptov 6Aou, because ^ x 20 = 1 : whereas

a shilling qud shilling is only one amongst any number of

shillings, and is only -^ of 1, per accidens, just as it is -j-^ of

5. Each part must be one, because the parts are TroAAa.

Of. owS' apa TroAAa sort TaAAa. tv yap av TIV tKaarov OVTUV

juopiov TOV o\ov, tl TroAAa T^V. 159. Besides, the proposed

change would require TOW /uop/ou TO o\ov.

158 e.

The order of notions is

1. aVt/pa icat

2. i

3.

159 a. Kara fjikv apa {

(1). TaAAa ^m'TreTrepaerjuli/a are similar;

(2). TaAAa qua aVetpa are similar;

(3). TaAAa qua irnripaantva KOI aVftpa are dissimilar, both

per se and inter se.

a/u^ortpwcj '. c. as uniting two opposite predicates, a

double contrariety, lvaAAa,

(1). TTfTTfpao-juei/a icat aTTttpa.

(2). 7re7Tfpa(T/ui'a KOI

159 b-160 b.

TaAAa are capable of no predicates whatsoever, if the Onebe one in aloofness. The key to this section is the notion

NOTES. 93

aloofness the negation of actual relation. The One

is allowed to be, but is relegated to isolation.

160 a.

Illustrates Hypothesis ii., as the order of Number is

f/5>- - -./tvo, cuoiv, rpiwv, TrsptTTOv, apriov.

The order is objective, ^uoret.

160 b-d. TO JUTJ ov.

Negation is considered as relative to knowledge, and thus

giving rise to the notion IVepov otherness distinctness.

160 b.

The order of notions is

The order is subjective.

160 d-163 b.

The One in this section, though non-existent, admits of

positive predicates, which are contrary opposites. Here the

One is granted what we would call a subjective existence.

160 e.

In scholastic language TO firj-Qv has

1. Illudditas;

2. Quidditas ;

3. Hocceitas.

94 NOTES.

161 b. et EIOC-

If To lV

Ei> have unlikeness to one, then the argument will

not turn on anything like To "Ei', nor will the hypothesis

relate to one, but to something different. That is, To "Ev,

the subject of discussion, must have unity for its essence;

if

not, the hypothesis deals with something else. Mr. Jowett

ignores the difference between To^Ev and ev.

162 b.

To HY) ov has ova Ia + /uri-ovaia ',it therefore involves

jusrajSoXr) ; and therefore all incompatible predicates. Here

we have Hegelianism in concrete, as applied to To ov. Mr.

Shadworth Hodgson, in his Philosophy of Reflection, attacks

Hegelianism on the following grounds, which apply equally

to Plato's proposition. It must be premised that Mr. Hodg-son uses the term contradictory to signify, not the opposition

of general and particular, but that between a proposition and

its negative, *'. e. difference of quality only : e.g. A. is A, A is

not A;

while by a contrary he means that the negative par-

ticle joins on to the predicate : e.g. A. is A, A is not-A. To

resume, the objection is as follows :

" The evolution of the

concrete concept is his (Hegel's) fundamental idea;

it evolves

itself by Entgegensetzung, a concrete opposition containing

undistinguished the purely logical opposition of contradis-

tinction, and the opposition of content, which is contrariety.

The former gives the motive power, the latter the order and

arrangement, of the evolution. Thus the pure Nothing,

Nichts, at the beginning is logically opposed to the pure

Being, Sein; hence the movement between them. There is no

opposition of content, no difference of content at all, between

them, until they are conceived together ; then they are per-

ceived to be different in content, but at the same time to be a

process, a Werden, not (either of them) a state or thing.

The Whole makes one undistinguishable process of opposi-

tion, a becoming, Entgegensetzung, a Werden. To analyse

NOTES. 95

this process, to show what is due to perception, what to con-

ception, what part of the opposition is due to content, and

what to logical contradiction, would be to destroy it as a

theory of the universe." VoL i. pp. 384, 5. Again :

" Of

two wholly contradictory terms, the one is thought as exis-

tent, the other as non-existent." " The negative member of

a pair of contradictory terms, which is a pure creature of

logical method, analogous to imaginary quantities in mathe-

matics, is treated by Hegel as if it were a concept with a

perceptual content. The " Nichts" at the beginning of the

Logik is the first instance of it." p. 382.

The question is, What is the value of a creature of logic ?

And here comes in the work of Kant. Kant showed that

the intelligible element was indispensable. The universe was

not a lot of separate things, set in an intellectual substratum,

like stars in the heavens. No;the intelligible was required

both for the stars and for the space in which they float. Bethis theory as it may, it was extended by Hegel to the

object; hence, in rerum natura, the intelligible element has

more reality than its content, so far as that content is

sensible. But as logic is the explicit statement of the in-

telligible, it follows that the logical form has more Wahrheit

than its sensible padding. As to negation, which is the

point of the process, Mr. Hodgson makes it arise from our

fixing our attention on some one in a train of differents

(p. 376). But surely things are different because they are

already differenced, and the logical description of differen-

tiation is Otherness, or Negation. And as before, the

Negation of Logic is more real than the same material of

sensation.

162 a.

/. e. Sit aiiTo To jurj-^Ov ^<i> TO tlvat-fjiri-ov Strrjudv TOWJJ.YI-

tlVUL (tt jUfXAa /ufl-tivai), O/ULOtWg UKTTTtp $t T6 *Ov t%tlVTO

fjirftlvai To-jitJj-X) i/ Sta/uov TOV flvai, tco TtXiwc; av

tivai //.

96 NOTES.

I.e. T6 nri-"Ov requires as a security for its existence as

jUTj-oi', that the proposition should be affirmative;

i. e.

To jurj-"Ov is fjirj-ov ;

and T6"Oi> requires in the same way that the proposition

should be negative ;i. e.

To"Oi/ is not /uT7-ov.

Here Plato apparently regards affirmation and negation as

an affection of the copula. The reasoning assumes that con-

trariorum eadem scientia. This is true of reflex, but not of

direct consciousness. Of course all Philosophy is reflex.

162 a.

TOjitei>

ov ovaiay (jUtv) TOV ttvcu-ov, fir) ovalag

oe TOV tlveu-jurj-ov. fj.iv is understood after the first ovalac; bya common ellipse: cf. TO St pri-ov, /mrj ovaiaq [ilv TOV ilvat

fjLTf-ov^ ovaiaq St TOV tlvai /j.r]-ov. For sense see preceding

note, ib. b.

162 a.

I. e. tt -yap TO firi-ov /J.r)torat pri-ov (aAXa avi]Oti TI TOV

tlvai TO fjirj-ov TT/OOC TO /z^ eti/at TO-/ZJ)-OI^), tvBuQ TO /ATIov

(7TOt OV.

aXXa introduces the same proposition in another form,

thus :

et yap TO [J.Y)-OV jurjtorci jurj-ov = the non-existent is non-

existent : an affirmative proposition : aAAa introduces it in

another form : if the non-existent gives up its being non-

existent, and becomes not being the non-existent, the nega-tives are cancelled, and the non-existent exists.

It may be rendered,"if it does allow the affirmative essence

of the Copula the is to merge in the negative essence of the

NOTES. 97

Predicate the is not the Copula becomes is not, and there-

by cancels the is-not of the Predicate."

avTjffEi is metaphorically the correlative of Secrjuoe, infra,

unless it holdfast by and not let its is slip into is-not.

163b-164b.

In this proposition, TO ei> is totally deprived of etm, and

the emphasis is on ovaiaq airovcria.

164 a-b.

This conclusion is apparently the same as that of the

First Hypothesis. In reality nothing can be more diverse.

In the former case, The One possesses actually no predicate in

particular, although, as the second proposition shows, it is

capable of combining with all predicates whatsoever. In the

latter case, The One has actually no predicate at all, because

it is incapable of having any.

164 b-165 e.

In this proposition ovata is taken away from the TO t'v,

and the effect on raAAa is considered. The result is <j>aivt<r-

Oai, i. e. a presented unity in things, somewhat like the Cause

and Substance of Hume, mere fictions. This is the view set

forth by Brown, Lect. V. The emphasis is on ^euverat.

164 b.

This proposition represents the views held by the majority

of British philosophers and scientific men of the present day.

Unity exists only in the mind;the object, according to cir-

cumstances, is only a majus or a minus in Quantity, Quality,

or Degree.

H

98 NOTES.

165 e, to end. Soa.

In this proposition, oixrt'a is totally denied of TO tv : what

amount of ovvia, then, can TaAAa retain ? None whatever;

not even the impression So!;a can he produced hy TaAAa.

That is to say, in The non-existence of The One, TaAAa

cannot produce in us the idea of quasi-unity allowed in the

last hypothesis. Real unity being no more, artificial unityis gone too. Hume's quasi-idea is impossible.

166 a.

MSS. WTTO, rightly. The meaning is, the oa TO //) ov

is never produced by TaAAa. viro is applied to the action of

a notion, m TO TriirovOtvat TO vw' tKtivov, 8C., ivog iraOog.

Soph. 245 d, e. Soaw is used passively in this dialogue.

166 c. aXnOiaTaTa.

This is the solemn conclusion, the amen of the exposition.

Nothing can be in worse taste than to censure the dialogue as

aTTovQ. An ethical discourse, which deals with our emotions,

may conclude with an allegory ;but a discussion like the

Parmenides, conducted with mathematical formality and

colourlessness, would show against the gorgeousness of a

Platonic myth, somewhat like the Parthenon in a trans-

formation scene.

APPENDICES.

APPENDIX A.

THEfragments of Zeno, which illustrate the notion Ta

TroXXa and its results, are as follows:

1. i TroXXa ECTTIV, avtryio) rooavra tivai ocra tan, icai

OUTE TrXetova airwv OVT& IXarrova. Et SE roaavra tartv oaa

e<m, ir7Tpa(Tfj.va av tt'jj. Which conclusion conflicts with

m\lO V.

2. ji TroXXa tartv, ccTrapa ra OVTO i(TTtv* ai yap IVcpo

^ETO^V TWI; ovrwv lerrt, Kai TraXti; Kti/wv Tpa JUETO^U. Kai

ourwc aTTtipa TO. OVTO. lo-rf. Which conclusion conflicts with

the former, and both with To /.

3. i TroXXa <TT<V, ava^Kr} aura juticpa TE ftvat cai juEyaXa'\/ ^v / n '\^>N v ?

!UK(>a jUEV, Ct(TTJUT} X ll> jUE^Et/OC) jUE^aAa O (iOT a7Tpa EtVat.

Zeno here points out the true objection to the atom and

space as metaphysical ultima : the atom is all quality, and

space is all quantity.

Zeno's arguments against motion bring the fact, when

analysed, into collision with To I'v. Thus motion takes place

from point to point, therefore within determinate limits :

therefore, to make motion rational, intelligible things must

be TTETrfpatTjUEva : q.a.e. Again, the space between the points

is aTTiipov : q. a. e.

102 APPENDIX.

The Flying Arrow is made comprehensible by Mr. Proc-

tor's Photographs of a Galloping Horse* At a given moment,

the horse is point-blank to the plate. Professor Monck's

objection, that the body might move during the breaks,f

would have served Zeno, for it would bring out his point

that rest is motion and motion rest.

Plato makes much use of Zeno;for To 6X0v, being tv

,is on the way to motion.

* Gentleman's Magazine, December, 1881.

t Monck's Hamilton, p. 98.

APPENDIX B.

PLATO'Smethod of specification is given most fully in

the Philebus, 14 c-18 d. It has nothing to do with

referring, say, an individual man to the class Man, a process

which is justly caricatured in 6 rptroe avflpomoe. If the man

is in the class, why do you take him out of it ? If he is

not in it, how do you get him into it ? By a medium,

which must he related, and both;therefore 6 rpiroe ai>0pw-

TTOC is irrepressible.

The Platonic process states that there is a unity which can

be discerned;that such unity is one pole, while the other is

lost in indefiniteness, TO airtipov ;that the investigator must

discover and count the varieties which lie between the two

limits, and in that way approach real unity ;and when such

unity is discovered, we may then disregard the endless variety

of intermediate details. It is, therefore, a process of positive

research, and not a barren negative. The thing is to be

found, if we search, tupTjaetv -yap Ivovaav. The basis of the

process is To ?v, just as the basis of Aristotle's view is the

existence of yivn in nature. Mill, similarly, has to build his

logic on causation, as he understands it; but, to the con-

sistant empirical, there can be no basis of logic except TO

lOt APPENDIX.

(Tu/u/SejSrjKoe-" All things," says Hegel,

" are a judgment :

that is to say, they are individuals, which are a universality

or inner nature in themselves. They are a universal, which

is individuality. Their universality and individuality are

distinguished, but the one is at the same time identical with

the other."* Plato's process, as well as Hegel's, is safe

against 6 rpiroc avOpwiroe, which no empirical logic is.

* Wallace's Hegel, p. 258.

FINIS.

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