International Seminar in Personal Networks, realizada en la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona 3, 4...

Internet and Social Capital. A preliminary approach from Chilean

isolated villages case studies.

Research funded by the Fondo de Desarrollo de Ciencia y Tecnología (FONDECYT) n.1120866 del Gobierno de Chile.

José Ignacio Porras

CISPO – Universidad de los Lagos

http://www.google.cl/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=conicyt&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=eouQn3Lmv4ImcM&tbnid=6RFdk6Xw9RDlYM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www2.cefop.cl/2013/01/30/conicyt-abre-convocatoria-para-becas-chile-2013/&ei=zRCQUdWZDoaC8QSSkoGoBg&bvm=bv.46340616,d.eWU&psig=AFQjCNF7yDGWnXDWhe83MyRkQQJMAiA09A&ust=1368482377628122

Internet and Social Capital. A preliminary approach

The research aims to analyze the effect of different frequency and uses of Internet in the individual social

capital of people living in critical isolated villages.

Make a contribution to the knowledge about

the social impact of Internet in the

Chilean Society.

Explore theoretical relationship

between Social Capital and

Internet

Advice policy makers to renew

strategies for integration of

isolated villages.


It´s assumes the notion of social capital supported by Nan Lin. This author places the roots of social capital in the interaction between individuals and the resources

actually or potentially available. Thus, the concept of social capital is treated as investment in social relations with expectations of access to resources (Lin, 1999)

Social Capital Concept from Social Network Theory


Internet and Social Capital Literature

Does the Internet Increase, Decrease, or

Supplement Social Capital?

Does the Internet strengthens or

weakness social ties?

What is the role of Internet as a plataform

of civic engagement and collective action?


• H1. High frequency and social use of Internet modifies the pattern of relationships among persons who lives in critical isolated villages diversifying social networks and, therefore, extending opportunities for the access and the mobilization of resources.

• H2.- High-frequency and social users of Internet who live in critical isolated villages contribute to the communitarian social capital extending and diversifying social structure and, therefore, make a more favorable situation to collective action process.

• H3.- High frequency and social users of Internet who live in critical isolated villages contributes to strength communitarian identity moving beyond geographical constrains.

Hypotheses



Method Research

Villages

Rio Ibáñez

Lago Verde

Tortel

Villa O´Higgins

Case Studies

Villages

Maria Pinto

San Pedro


CriticalIsolated

Conditions

HighIsolated

Conditions



The Aysen Region

The third largest region in Chile (108.494,4 km²), it is the most sparsely populated region with a population of 105,000. The population density is 0,85 inhabitants per km ². (93,51 hab/km² - Spain)

Being the last region to be joined to Chile, an european setlement, promoted by the Chilean government, started at the beginning of XX century. Coyhaique, the regional capital, was founded in 1929.

Road access to Aysen region from the rest of Chile is provided by the Carretera Austral. It was started in 1976 and finished in 2003.

During the last 5 years, the Chilean government has subsidized a high quality access to Internet in Aysen.


Key Informants Qualitative Interviews

Survey

Social Networks

Interviews and Focus Groups

2012 2013



Researchers

•José Ignacio Porras, Cientista Político (Investigador Responsable)•John W. Durston, Antropólogo•Rubén Pino, Sociólogo

•Miguel Pérez Bade, Cientista Político•Erika Silva Urbano, Educadora•Catalina Careaga, Antropóloga



www.internetycapitalsocial.cl

Events

Preliminar Seminar

Regional and Local Workshops

Ending Seminar



PreliminaryFindings



http://www.google.cl/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=survey&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=mnPNWZvP23kWnM&tbnid=azGi9VJrhXEf3M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.aisb.hu/page.cfm?p=2142&ei=aieQUYCyE8G4yQGCkoGwCw&bvm=bv.46340616,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNHC1ImwUAoCdFI6W3_mLDN7HG2NLg&ust=1368488167052745

Survey Design: 38 core questions + 5 social characterization questions

Sample for quotas: 623 cases (4 villages in Aysen adn 2 villages in control group. People aged over 14 living in selected villages and Internet users (at least once per week).

The implementation of the survey was face to face.

Period: november 2012

Survey



Sociodemographics Variables

44.8

55,2

Men Women

Gender



Menos de 15 años

Entre 15 y 29 años*

Entre 30 y 50*

Más de 50

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

0.8

43.1

50.2

5.9

Aged



Estudia* Trabaja* Estudia y trabaja*

Dueña de casa* Jubilado Desocupado o cesante

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

7.7

77.2

2.1

10.4

02.7

Occupation



Hogar Trabajo Lugar de estudio Cibercafes Telecentros Celular Otro0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

80.00%

79.90%

37.40%

2.50% 1.80% 5.10%

15.00%

1.20%

Main Internet Access Point



Frequency Use of Internet

Menos d

e 1 ve

z a la

semana

1 ó 2 vece

s a la

semana

De 3 a 6 días p

or sem

ana

Todos lo

s días

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2.9

18.9 17.9

60.4

Nada o Muy Poco Bastante o Siempre

1- 2 times a week

3 – 4 times a week

4- 6 timesa week Everyday


Nada o muy poco Siempre o bastante


Types of Use

General UserUso General

Social User n.1Uso Social 1

Social User n.2Uso Social 2

No specific purposes

Highest frequency: To be connected with nuclear and exted family as well

as friends .

52,7%vs 47,3%

Higuest frequency: To search new relationships

67,6%vs 32,4%



How Internet contributes to overcome the isolation perception?

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

17.10%

8.10%

17.30%

3.50%

11.80%6.00%

51.30%

40.00%

48.80%

36.90%40.90% 42.20%

31.60%

51.90%

34.00%

59.60%

47.30%51.70%

Nada o Muy Poco Medianamente Mucho o Completamente



Expansion and diversification of social network



In the last three years, the persons that you consider to be friend…..?

Uso General - Nada o muy poco

Uso General - Siempre y bastante

Uso Social 1- Nada o muy poco

Uso Social 1- Siempre o bastante


Uso Social 2 - Siempre o bastante

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

6.90% 6.70% 7.70%6.00%

7.70%4.60%

58.40%

54.30%

59.90%

50.60%

58.50%

49.00%

34.70%

39.00%

32.40%

43.40%

33.80%

46.40%

Ha disminuido Se ha mantenido Ha aumentado



In the last three years, the persons that you have know outside of your village…

Uso General- N

ada o muy poco

Uso General- S

iempre o bastante

Uso Socia

l 1- N

ada o muy poco

Uso Socia

l 1- S

iempre o bastante

Uso Socia

l 2- N

ada o muy poco

Uso Socia

l 2 - S

iempre o bastante

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

3.00% 2.90% 3.60% 2.40% 2.90% 3.30%

46.50%40.40%

47.70%

36.20%

46.60%

34.20%

50.50%56.70%

48.60%

61.40%

50.50%

62.50%

Ha disminuido Se ha mantenido Ha aumentado



In assessing the extent to which the use of Internet is correlated with changes in friendships ("Strong ties") and new persons known outside of the villages (“Weak ties"), it is possible to identify significant differences according to frequency and type of uses of Internet. This situation is less clear for Internet users living in high isolation conditions (control group)

• H1. High frequency of social use of Internet modifies the pattern of relationships of the persons who lives in critical isolate villages extending and diversifying social networks and, therefore, extending the opportunities for the access and the mobilization of resources.

On the other hand, low frequency use of Internet, whatever type of use, is high correlated with poor and homogeneous social network. Not only on-line, but also off-line.


Expansion and diversification of social network


Access to secondary resources, who support me?



If you should have to face a serious problem (financial, health…), whom you ask for help?

Uso General- Nada o muy poco

Uso General- Siempre o bastante





0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

80.00%

90.00%

77.20% 76.80%82.20%

79.20%83.20%

74.60%

26.10%29.10%

26.50%

33.50%

27.10%

37.30%

20.70% 19.00%16.20%

24.10%

16.80%

29.40%

Familia Famia Nuclear Familia Extendida Amigos



Uso General- Nada o muy poco

Uso General- Siempre o bastante





0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

13.20% 14.20% 16.10%11.70%

14.00% 13.60%

56.60% 57.20%60.00%

54.70%

60.70%

49.40%

30.20% 28.60%23.90%

33.60%

25.20%

37.00%

Ninguno (Nadie) Al menos 1 (Alguien) Más de 2 diferentes (varios)

If you should have to face a serious problem (financial, health,…), how many persons would provide you help?



Uso General- N

ada o muy poco

Uso General- S

iempre o bastante

Uso Socia

l 1- N

ada o muy poco

Uso Socia

l 1- S

iempre o bastante

Uso Socia

l 2- N

ada o muy poco

Uso Socia

l 2 - S

iempre o bastante

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

80.00%

78.30%

67.00%74.60%

65.00%73.20%

60.90%

21.70%

33.00%25.40%

35.00%26.80%

39.10%

No tiene 1 o más

How many of these persons live outside of your villages and you are frequently connected with them by Internet?



Some significant differences can be appreciated in terms of number of sources of Social Capital. When increases frequency and social use of Internet, the sources of Social Capital tend to be extend and diversified beyond territorial constrains of the villages.

No matters frequency or type of Internet use. A nuclear family appears as the principal source of support. In a second place it is the extend family and friends. The nuclear family appears mentioned as first sources of support in high isolated villages (control group), but it increases the importance of other sources of social capital.

H1. High frequency of social use of Internet modifies the pattern of relationships of the persons who lives in critical isolate villages extending and diversifying social networks and, therefore, extending the opportunities for the access and the mobilization of resources.

Access to secondary resources or who support me?



From Individual Social Capital to Communitarian Social Capital



0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

80.00%

80.00%74.70%

79.30%72.30%

76.30% 74.30%

9.50%13.80%

10.10%15.00% 12.60% 12.50%10.50% 11.40% 10.60% 12.60% 11.00%

13.20%

Nunca o Muy rara vez A veces Diariamente o frecuentemente

How many times you move outside of your village?



Se ha mantenido -Nunca o Pocas Veces

Se ha mantenido -Siempre o muchas

veces

Ha aumentado -Nunca Ha aumentado -Siempre o algunas

veces

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

80.00%

13.60%

6.50%11.30%

4.50%

62.10%

19.60%

54.70%

17.30%

24.30%

73.90%

34.00%

78.20%

Se comunica poco o nada Se comunica a veces Se comunica bastante o siempre

How many times you meet with people of your villages?. (According to increase or preserve new social ties in Internet. )



Some preliminar findings support a new conjeture: the emergence of a new form of brokerage in critical isolated villages by those people who extend and diversified social capital in nternet.

Under conditions of high density of social structure inside of the critical isolated villages and the homogenity of resources mobilized in, there is a favorable situation for the transference of the extend and diversified individual social capital beyond of territorial constrains.

H2.- High-frequency and social users of Internet who live in critical isolated villages contribute to the communitarian social capital extending and diversifying social structure and, therefore, make a more favorable situation to collective action.



February 2012, social mobilization in Aysen


http://www.google.cl/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=aysen+social+mobilization&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=F311Ldw9Px6AcM&tbnid=z9qRabss4_sHZM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.ilovechile.cl/2012/02/16/48321/48321&ei=YSPVUfOIMaax0AXE94GgDw&bvm=bv.48705608,d.ZG4&psig=AFQjCNEUf82tdpZoYYvMuvNJpVvkeP2Dng&ust=1373009115213872

http://www.google.cl/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=movilizaciones+sociales+aysen&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=hSG659E8ONjXIM&tbnid=71uUAt-MyohvXM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.elrancahuaso.cl/noticia/politica/movimientos-sociales-de-aysen-y-calama-imagenes-valen-mas-que-mil-palabras&ei=lyPVUfPSOsz50gXirIGgBA&bvm=bv.48705608,d.ZG4&psig=AFQjCNHIcuh17fM7yXf-sMJN9nVJsGGbRA&ust=1373009155581601


In sum up



High-frequency and social use of Internet provides chances to increase social networks and, therefore, resources. Under high level isolated living conditions it can suppose, as much, a supplement of previous social capital. But under critical isolations living conditions it makes a significant difference as a result of breaking social enclosure in terms of high density of social structure and homogeneity of resources mobilized it.

Conclusions.

Individual Social Capital

New alternative routes for communitarian development are also opened by the high-frequency and social users of Internet. They emerge as a new kind of brokerage

in the village supplement traditional ones.

Communitarian Social Capital



José Ignacio Porras MartínezProfesor-InvestigadorCentro de Investigación Sociedad y Políticas Públicas (CISPO)Universidad de los Lagos – Campus Republica, Santiago-Correo: [email protected]


mailto:[email protected]

http://www.internetycapitalsocial.cl/


International Seminar in Personal Networks, realizada en la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona 3, 4...

Technology

Transcript of International Seminar in Personal Networks, realizada en la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona 3, 4...