INTERNATIONAL PIPING CODES & STANDARDS Codes and StandardsThe following codes are used for the design, construction and inspection of piping systems in North America.ASME B31 Piping CodesPiping codes developed by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers:B31.1 Power PipingPiping typically found in electric power generating stations, in industrial and institutional plants, geothermal heating systems and central and district heating and cooling plants.B31.3 Process PipingPiping typically found in petroleum refineries, chemical, pharmaceutical, textile, per, semiconductor and cryogenic plants and related processing plants and terminals.B31.4 Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other LiquidsPiping transporting products which are predominately quid between plants and terminals and within terminals, pumping, regulating, and metering stations.B31.5 Refrigeration PipingPiping for refrigerants and secondary coolants.B31.8 Gas Transportation and Distribution Piping SystemsPiping transporting products which are predominately gas between sources and terminals including compressor, regulating and metering stations, gas gathering pipelines.B31.9 Building Services PipingPiping typically found in industrial, institutional, commercial and public buildings and in multi-unit residences which does not require the range of sizes, pressures and temperatures covered in B311.1B31.11 Slurry Transportation Piping SystemsPiping transporting aqueous slurries between plants and terminals within terminals, pumping and regulating stations.The following codes are used to specify the geometric, material and strength of piping and components:ASME B16 Dimensional CodesThe ASME B16 Piping Component StandardsPiping component standard developed by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers or the American National Standards Institute (ANSI)B16.1 Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged FittingsB16.3 Malleable Iron Threaded Fittings, Class 150 and 300B16.4 Cast Iron Threaded Fittings, Classes 125 and 250B16.5 Pipe Flanges and Flanged FittingsB16.9 Factory Made Wrought Steel Butt welding FittingsB16.10 Face to Face and End to End Dimensions of ValvesB16.11 Forged Fittings, Socket Welding and ThreadedB16.12 Cast Iron Threaded Drainage FittingsB16.14 Ferrous Pipe Plugs, Bushings and Locknuts with Pipe ThreadsB16.15 Cast Bronze Threaded Fittings Class 125 and 250B16.18 Cast Copper Alloy Solder Joint Pressure FittingsB16.20 Ring Joint Gaskets and Grooves for Steel Pipe FlangesB16.21 Nonmetallic Flat Gaskets for Pipe FlangesB16.22 Wrought Copper and Copper Alloy Solder Joint Pressure FittingsB16.23 Cast Copper Alloy Solder Joint Drainage Fittings DWVB16.24 Cast Copper Alloy Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings Class 150, 300, 400,600, 900, 1500 and 2500B16.25 Butt welding EndsB16.26 Cast Copper Alloy Fittings for Flared Copper TubesB16.28 Wrought Steel Butt welding Short Radius Elbows and ReturnsB16.29 Wrought Copper and Wrought Copper Alloy Solder Joint Drainage Fittings DWVB16.32 Cast Copper Alloy Solder Joint Fittings for Sovent Drainage SystemsB16.33 Manually Operated Metallic Gas Valves for Use in Gas Piping systems Up to 125 psig (sizes through 2)B16.34 Valves Flanged, Threaded and Welding EndB16.36 Orifice FlangesB16.37 Hydrostatic Testing of Control ValvesB16.38 Large Metallic Valves for Gas Distribution (Manually Operated, NPS 2 to 12, 125 psig maximum)B16.39 Malleable Iron Threaded Pipe Unions, Classes 1150, 250 and 300B16.40 Manually Operated Thermoplastic Gs Shutoffs and Valves in Gas Distribution SystemsB16.42 Ductile Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings, Class 150 and 300B16.47 Large Diameter Steel Flanges (NPS 26 through NPS 60)ASME B36 Piping Component StandardsPiping standards developed by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers / American National Standards Institute:B36.10 Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel PipeB36.19 Stainless Steel PipeOther ASME or ANSIB73.1 Horizontal, End Suction Centrifugal PumpsB73.2 Vertical In-line Centrifugal PumpsB133.2 Basic Gas TurbineNEPA CodesNational Electrical Protection AssociationPiping covering fire protection systems using water, carbon dioxide, halon, foam, dry chemical and wet chemicals.NFC - NFPA CodesNational Fire Code / National Fire Protection AssociationNFPA 99 Health Care FacilitiesPiping for medical and laboratory gas systems.CSA StandardsCanadian Standards AssociationCSA Z662 - 94 Oil & Gas Pipeline SystemsThis standard supercedes these standards: CAN/CSA Z183 Oil Pipeline Systems CAN/CSA Z184 Gas Pipeline Systems CAN/CSA Z187 Offshore PipelinesOther CSA Piping and Component Codes:B 51 Boilers and Pressure VesselsB 53 Identification of Piping SystemsB 52 Mechanical Refrigeration CodeB 63 Welded and Seamless Steel PipesB 137.3 Rigid Poly-Vinyl Chloride (PVC) PipeB 137.4 Polyethylene Piping Systems for Gas ServiceW 48.1 Mild Steel Covered Arc-Welding ElectrodesW 48.3 Low-Alloy Steel Arc-Welding ElectrodesZ 245.1 Steel Line PipeZ 245.11 Steel FittingsZ 245.12 Steel FlangesZ 245.15 Steel ValvesZ 245.20 External Fusion Bond Epoxy Coating for Steel PipeZ 245.21 External Polyethylene Coating for PipeZ 276 LNG - Production, Storage and HandlingStandard PracticesPiping and related component standards developed by the Manufacturers Standardization Society. The MSS standards are directed at general industrial applications. The pipeline industry makes extensive use of these piping component and quality acceptance standards.SP-6 Standard Finishes for Contact Faces Pipe Flanges and Connecting End Flanges of Valves and FittingsSP-25 Standard Marking System for Valves, Fittings, Flanges and UnionSP-44 Steel Pipeline FlangesSP-53 Quality Standards for Steel Castings and Forgings for Valves, Flanges and Fittings and Other Piping Components - Magnetic ParticleSP-54 Quality Standards for Steel Castings and for Valves, Flanges and Fittings and Other Piping Components - RadiographicSP-55 Quality Standards for Steel Castings and for Valves, Flanges and Fittings and Other Piping Components - VisualSP-58 Pipe Hangers and Supports - Material, Design and manufactureSP-61 Pressure Testing of Steel ValvesSP-69 Pipe Hangers and Supports - Selection and ApplicationSP-75 High Test Wrought Butt Welding FittingsSP-82 Valve Pressure Testing MethodsSP-89 Pipe Hangers and Supports - Fabrication and Installation PracticesAPIAmerican Petroleum InstituteThe API standards are focused on oil production, refinery and product distribution services. Equipment specified to these standards are typically more robust than general industrial applications.Spec. 5L Line PipeSpec. 6D Pipeline ValvesSpec. 6FA Fire Test for ValvesSpec. 12D Field Welded Tanks for Storage of Production LiquidsSpec. 12F Shop Welded Tanks for Storage of Production LiquidsSpec. 12J Oil and Gas SeparatorsSpec. 12K Indirect Type Oil Field HeatersStd. 594 Wafer and Wafer-Lug Check ValvesStd. 598 Valve Inspection and TestingStd. 599 Metal Plug Valves - Flanged and Butt-Welding EndsStd. 600 Steel Gate Valves-Flanged and Butt-Welding EndsStd. 602 Compact Steel Gate Valves-Flanged Threaded, Welding, and Extended-Body EndsStd. 603 Class 150, Cast, Corrosion-Resistant, Flanged-End Gate ValvesStd. 607 Fire Test for Soft-Seated Quarter-Turn ValvesStd. 608 Metal Ball Valves-Flanged and Butt-Welding EndsStd. 609 Lug-and Wafer-Type Butterfly ValvesStd. 610 Centrifugal Pumps For Petroleum, Heavy Duty Chemical and Gas Industry ServicesStd. 611 General Purpose Steam Turbines for Refinery ServicesStd. 612 Special Purpose Steam Turbines for Refinery ServicesStd. 613 Special Purpose Gear Units for Refinery ServicesStd. 614 Lubrication, Shaft-Sealing and Control Oil Systems for Special Purpose ApplicationStd. 615 Sound Control of Mechanical Equipment for Refinery ServicesStd. 616 Gas Turbines for Refinery ServicesStd. 617 Centrifugal Compressors for General Refinery ServicesStd. 618 Reciprocating Compressors for General Refinery ServicesStd. 619 Rotary-Type Positive Displacement Compressors for General Refinery ServicesStd. 620 Design and Construction of Large, Welded, Low Pressure Storage TanksStd. 630 Tube and Header Dimensions for Fired Heaters for Refinery ServiceStd. 650 Welded Steel Tanks for Oil StorageStd. 660 Heat Exchangers for General Refinery ServiceStd. 661 Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers for General Refinery ServiceStd. 670 Vibrations, Axial Position, and Bearing-Temperature Monitoring SystemsStd. 671 Special Purpose Couplings for Refinery ServiceStd. 674 Positive Displacement Pumps-ReciprocatingStd. 675 Positive Displacement Pumps-Controlled VolumeStd. 676 Positive Displacement Pumps-RotaryStd. 677 General Purpose Gear Units for Refineries ServicesStd. 678 Accelerometer-Base Vibration Monitoring SystemStd. 1104 Welding Pipelines and Related FacilitiesStd. 2000 Venting Atmospheric and low-Pressure Storage Tanks - Non-Refrigerated and RefrigeratedRP 530 Calculation for Heater Tube Thickness in Petroleum RefineriesRP 560 Fired Heater for General Refinery ServicesRP 682 Shaft Sealing System for Centrifugal and Rotary PumpsRP 1110 Pressure Testing of Liquid Petroleum PipelinesPubl. 941 Steel for Hydrogen Service at Elevated Temperature and Pressures in Petroleum Refineries and Petrochemical PlantsPubl. 2009 Safe Welding and Cutting Practices in RefineriesPubl. 2015 Safe Entry and Cleaning of Petroleum Storage TanksASTMThere are numerous American Society for Testing and Materials designations cover the specification of wrought materials, forgings and castings used for plate, fittings, pipe and valves. The ASTM standards are directed to dimensional standards, materials and strength considerations.Some of the more material standards referenced are:A 36 Specification for Structural SteelA 53 Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot Dipped, Zinc Coated Welded and SeamlessA 105 Specification for Forgings, Carbon Steel, for Piping ComponentsA 106 Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for High Temperature ServiceA 181 Specification for Forgings, Carbon Steel for General Purpose PipingA 182 Specification for Forged or Rolled Alloy Steel Pipe Flanges, Forged Fittings, and Valves and Parts for High Temperature ServiceA 193 Specification for Alloy Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting Materials for High Temperature ServiceA 194 Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts for Bolts for High Pressure and High Temperature ServiceA 234 Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for Moderate and Elevated TemperaturesA 333 Specification for Seamless and Welded Steel Pipe for Low Temperature ServiceA 350 Specification for Forgings, Carbon and Low Alloy Steel Requiring Notch Toughness Testing for Piping ComponentsA 352 Specification for Steel Castings, Ferritic and Martensitic for Pressure Containing Parts Suitable for Low Temperature ServiceA 420 Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for Low Temperature ServiceA 694 Specification for Forgings, carbon and Alloy Steel for Pipe Flanges, Fittings, Valves and Parts for High Pressure Transmission ServiceA 707 Specifications for Flanges, Forged, Carbon and Alloy Steel for Low Temperature ServiceSIZING OF PIPELINES 4.5.3 Sizing Of Pipelines4.5.3.1 Oil Pipelines Pumping a specified quantity of a given oil over a given distance may be achieved by using a large diameter pipe with a small pressure drop, or small diameter pipe with a greater pressure drop.The first alternative will tend to a higher capital cost with lower running costs. It is necessary to strike an economic balance between these two.There are no hard and fast rules, which can be laid down for achieving this balance. For instance, a pumping station in a populated area may consist of a simple building, involving the provision of electrically driven pumps, taking power from outside sources and little else. To obtain the same pumping power in remote or undeveloped countries would involve a considerably more complicated and expensive installation. Obviously in this latter case, it is desirable to reduce the number of pumping stations at the cost of using larger diameter piping.Similarly, the cost of the pipeline will vary considerably, depending upon circumstances. It will be costly in highly industrialised areas, environmentally sensitive areas, offshore or in hostile, mountainous or swamp areas; cheaper in flat, soft but firm, undeveloped terrain.4.5.3.2 Gas PipelinesSizing problems encountered in gas lines differ considerably from those of oil lines. A simplification results from the negligible weight of the gas as the pressure in the line is virtually independent of the ground elevation on the other hand, the compressibility of gas introduces the complication of the density decreasing and consequently the volume rate of flow increasing in the direction of flow. In an oil line of constant diameter laid on level ground, the pressure decreases uniformly with distance and the velocity stays constant whereas, in a gas line, the velocity increases as the pressure gradient decreases with an exponential, which becomes progressively steeper.The characteristics of pumps and compressors also determine the site of any pipeline booster stations as well as the initial pipeline conditions which have to be met Pumps need to be sited in positions where they are receiving the crude oil at a pressure greater than the vapour pressure of the crude oil, whereas compressors have to be sited at a location where both the pressure and velocity of the gas are at optimum conditions.FLANGES 4.3. FLANGES4.3.1 Introduction Flanges are normally used to connect sections of pipe, valves, vessels or other fittings by forming a seal with either a ring or flat type gasket. They are assembled with stud bolts, which when tightened, force the two flange faces towards each other on the gasket to form a pressure tight seal. Flanges in the oil industry are classified according to their construction, pressure rating and diameter.The two classifications of flanges are:1. ASA (ANSI) American Nation Standards Institute.2. API American Petroleum Institute4.3.2 API Classification of FlangesThere are three common types of API flanges: API 2000,3000,5000 and there are two high pressure series, API 10,000 and 15,000. The number of the series indicated corresponds to the maximum working pressure expressed in psi at a temperature of l00F.This maximum working pressure is affected by temperature The maximum working pressure of the flange will be reduced by a factor of 1.8% for each 50F increase in temperature above 100F to a maximum of 450F. The following table gives the maximum working pressure as a function of temperature.4.3.3 Pressure Ratings 4.3.3.1 Test And Working Pressures The hydrostatic test pressure is equal to twice the maximum working pressures for flanges of diameter below or equal to 14 inches. The test pressure is equal to 1.5 times the maximum working pressure for flanges of diameter equal to or greater than 16 inches.4.3.3.2 ASA Flanges With the exception of the ASA 150 series, the number corresponds to the maximum working pressure of the flange in psi at a temperature of 85OF for carbon steel flanges.To obtain the working pressure of the flange at temperature from 20 to+ 100F, the number is multiplied by 2.4.For example:ASA 300 Max WP = 2.4 x 300 = 720psiASA 900 Max WP = 2.24 x 900 =2160psiThe following table gives the working pressures of all flanges in this classification. The hydrostatic test pressure is equal to 1.5 times the working pressure at 100F.4.3.4 Flange Physical Characteristics To avoid any confusion when describing or ordering flanges, the following information should be given:1. Type ASA or API;2. Description of connection:a) Weld neck flangeb) Slip on welding flangec) Threaded flanged) Blind flange.3. Nominal diameter;4. Number in ASA or API classification;5. Type of face and gasket;6. Bore if necessary;7. Type of steel used for manufacture.4.3.5 Flange Make-Up To ensure that the flange will form a good seal, care should be taken when making them up. The studs should first be made hand tight with the faces of the flanges parallel to each other. The studs should then be gradually tightened in the sequence shown in the diagram below.4.3.6 Line PipeLine pipe is required by the oil and gas industry to convey oil, gas, water, chemicals, etc. in its operations.The API with cooperation of the American Gas Association has developed specifications meeting the needs of the oil and gas industry for steel and wrought-iron line pipe and published these in API standards 5L and 5LX. These provide standard dimensions, strengths and performance properties and the required thread gauging practice to ensure complete interchangeability.FOULING 4.5.4 FoulingThe deposition of paraffin, salt or scale on flowline wells can materially reduce the cross-sectional area of the pipe and severely restrict flow.Paraffin can usually be removed by scraping or by pumping hot oil or condensate through the lines. Salt and/or scale similarly may require removal by a pipeline scraper pig, or in some cases by chemical treatment. These factors should be carefully considered when designing and sizing the flowlines. If either of these factors are suspected, it may be wise to weight the estimated cleaning frequency with the cost of installing slightly larger pipelines.