International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology...

International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR)

Volume 7, Issue 5, May 2018, ISSN: 2278 -7798

292 All Rights Reserved © 2018 IJSETR

Abstract— In chemical and material sciences, the

synthesis of nanosized particles is considered as a

developing field of research. In recent years, due to

variety of good and astronomical range of research

applications, this emerging field has generated

attention of various roles in nanoscience and

nanotechnology, categorically in nanomedicine. Silver

nanoparticles are nanoparticles of silver of between

1-100 nm in size. Silver nanoparticles are of interest

because of their unique properties and applications. In

this article synthesis of silver nanaparticles was

achieved by chemical method utilizing biogenic

materials with water and heating treatment. The

techniques used to characterize synthesized silver

nanoparticles such as for morphological study of silver

nanoparticles analytical technique used SEM and for

attestation of silver nanoparticles UV–Visible

spectrophotometer demonstrated absorbance top for

reach of 436–446 nm.

Index Terms—Green agents, potato extract, rice

husk, silver nanoparticles, tulsi extract.

1) INTRODUCTION

In chemical and material sciences, the synthesis

of nanosized particles is considered as a developing

field of research. In recent years, due to variety of

good and astronomical range of research

applications, this emerging field has generated

attention of various scientific researchers. These

very small particles have a size characteristically

around 100 nm and the application of these

nanoparticles specially in the fields of biomedicine

and bioscience is increasing day by day.

Nanoparticles (NPs) can be synthesized by a

number of chemical, physical and biological

processes, some of these are rather prevalent and

others are novel Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)

having very unique properties that include optical,

conducting, catalytic, magnetic, antimicrobial and

electrical. Green synthesis is a developing branch

involving environmentally benign or biogenic

materials like plant extracts or powder, fungi,

bacteria etc. that are also utilized in the synthesis of

nanoparticles. For synthesis of nanoparticles, green

method does not require any toxic chemicals & it

bids multifarious benefits like pharmaceutical

compatibilities, agricultural & biomedical

applications, in cost efficiency and most

consequential eco friendliness.

Silver nanoparticles are nanoparticles of silver of

between 1 nm and 100 nm in size. Silver

nanoparticle due to those exceptional properties find

role in antimicrobial applications, biosensor

materials, composite fibers, cryogenic

superconducting materials, cosmetic products, and

electronic segments. Living organisms are exposed

to bacteria, viruses and fungi. Silver nanoparticles

are seen as a leader in the fight against pathogenic

microbial activity. Compared to the solid form of

silver, the increased surface area of silver

nanoparticles is a feature responsible for their behaviour in this regard. This results in better

contact with microorganisms, and more effective

biocidal activity. As indicated by the research silver

nanoparticles might be a viable weapon on battle

against infections by inhibiting their replication.

Their activity has been confirmed even against the

HIV-1 and influenza virus. They destroys different

types of fungi such as Aspergillus, Candida and

Saccharomyces. They act as an effective and

fast-acting agent.

2) LITERATURE REVIEW

Zoya Zaheer & Rafiuddin have reported the

spectrophotometeric and transmission electron

microscopic (TEM) data to the shape-directing role

of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) on

the green extra-cellular synthesis of bio-conjugated

Ag-nanoparticles using Ocimum sanctum leaves

extract. TEM images revealed that the nanoparticles are mostly spherical (average particle size ranged

from 18 to 35 nm) with some truncated triangular

nanoplates, aggregated in a beautiful manner to

yield locket-like silver and capped by a thin layer of

biomolecules of O. sanctum, whereas nanoparticles

are highly poly-dispersed in presence of CTAB. The

shape and position of wavelength maxima strongly

depends on the reaction time, leaves extract and CTAB. The visual observations also suggest that the

prefect transparent silver solution becomes turbid in

presence of CTAB after some time. [1]

F. Buazar et.al. Developed the facile green

methodology to synthesize highly pure, safe and

durable zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO Nps) using

homemade starch-rich potato extract. The ZnO Nps

were synthesised using zinc nitrate and potato

Synthesis and Characterization of Silver

nanoparticles using green agents

Shekhar Pandharipande1, Sanjeevani Chavhan

2, Akshata Ramteke

3

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoparticles

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver




Figure 1: The photographs of step wise procedure followed in synthesis on silver nanoparticles




Extract, and the whole reaction is carried out for 30

min at 800C. In the synthesis, starch-rich potato

extract acted as the reducing agent and as a

stabilizing layer on freshly formed ZnO Nps. Hexagonal shaped ZnO Nps with size about 20 to

1.2 nm were synthesised and characterized using

X-ray diffraction, transition electron microscope

and scanning microscopy analyses. Fourier

transform infrared spectral analysis indicated that

highly pure ZnO nanopowders were obtained at

higher temperatures. The use of environmentally

benign and renewable material as the respective reducing and protecting agents, starch-rich potato

extract, as well as a gentle solvent medium (H2O),

offered a simple and quite efficient procedure for the

synthesis of ZnO Nps in neutral medium with

promising potential for biological and biomedical

applications. [2]

Parsa Dar, et.al. Synthesized silver nanoparticles

using three different biogenic materials Multani mitti (Fullers earth), Tomato (Solanum

lycopersicum) seeds & Rice Husk (Oryza sativa).

The possible presence and variability of

comprehensive biomolecules in these materials

turned as capping and reducing agents which

optimize the reduction rate and stabilization of

silver nanoparticles. Characterizations were done by

using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier

transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray

diffraction (XRD). Stable silver nanoparticles of

average size 4.6, 41.1 and 10.6 nm were obtained for

Multani mitti, tomato seeds and rice husk

respectively. Phenolic and carboxylic biomolecules

were identified as active reducing agents of Ag++ to

AgO. The antimicrobial activity was carried out against Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella enterica,

Escherichia coliand Staphylococcus aureus strains

by using well diffusion method. Maximum zone of

inhibition (ZOI) was found against Staphylococcus

aureus by all of the three biogenic materials. [3]

3) PRESENT WORK

Material and Methodology

Raw materials and Chemicals: Potato Extract,

Rice Husk, Multani Mitti, Tulsi, Silver Nitrate,

Distilled Water, Ammonia Solution, Ethanol.

Objectives: The main objective of present work is

synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticle

using green agents like tulsi extract, multani mitti, tomato seed powder & rice husk powder.

Process Description: The procedure for synthesis

of silver nanoparticles using biogenic materials with

water by heat treatment is as follows:-

• Run 1 Known amount of rice husk powder, silver

nitrate and water is taken.

• Run 2: known amount of rice husk powder, silver

nitrate and tulsi extract is taken.

• Run 3: known amount of tomato seeds powder,

silver nitrate, water and potato extract is taken. • Run 4: known amount of multani mitti powder,

silver nitrate, water and potato extract is taken.

• The respective mixtures are heated for 1hr 30 min

at 1000C with continuous agitation.

• After getting the black solid particles, the mixture

is cooled to room temperature.

• Known amount of ammonia solution is added to

the cooled mixture run 1 and 2. • The samples of these mixtures are analyzed for

ascertaining formation of silver nanoparticles using

UV Spectroscopy.

• Some of the samples are further dried & solid

samples are analyzed for surface morphology using

SEM.

The photographs of step wise procedure followed in

synthesis on silver nanoparticles are shown in figure 1.

4) RESULT AND DISCUSSION

SEM analysis: Figure 2. a to h show typical photographs of the

studies of silver nanoparticles by means of SEM.

Around the examined area; one can notice the

presence of objects of sizes within less than too few µm. It can be observed that spherical shaped Ag

particles are adhered onto rice husk surface.

UV-spectrophotometer analysis:

The ascertainment of formation of silver

nanoparticles is done by using UV-Spectroscopy

analysis. Figure 3 shows the UV-visible spectra

recorded for AgNPs using tulsi extract & rice husk with ammonia solution, rice husk with ammonia

solution, tomato seeds with potato extract & multani

mitti with potato extract respectively. As the

biogenic materials were used the mixture underwent

a change in colour from yellowish brown to black

due to silver ion reduction which showed formation

of silver nanoparticles. Absorption spectra of

AgNPs formed in the reaction media has absorbance peak at 400 to 500 nm for biogenic materials. The

actual peak in figure 3 shows the absorbance more

in Run 1 & Run 2 comprising of used of tulsi extract

& rice husk with ammonia solution and rice husk

with ammonia solution respectively.

UV-spectrophotometer readings for silver

nanoparticles as reported in literature are compared with that of present work samples. Based on the

comparison, it can be said that AgNO3 have been

formed successfully as the peak around 400 matches

with that reported in literature for pure Ag.


a: Tulsi extract without ammonia

solution

b :Tulsi extract without ammonia

solution

c : Rice husk powder with ammonia

solution

d : Rice husk powder with ammonia

solution

e : Rice husk powder & tulsi extract

with ammonia solution

f: Rice husk powder & tulsi extract with

ammonia solution

g: Multani mitti wih potato extract

h: Multani mitti with potato extract

Figure 2: 1a&1b, 2a & 2b, 3a & 3b, 4a & 4b shows silver nanoparticles using biogenic materials

1.3535 1.4539

0.8642

1.8804 1.9237

1.6496

0.70420.5385

0.3201

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Ab

sorb

ance

Wavelength

Tulsi extract & Rice husk

Rice husk & Water

Figure 3: UV Visible spectroscopy analysis


5) CONCLUSION

The objective of the present work was to synthesize nanoparticles of silver using green agents. The green agent

included extracts of potato pulp & tulsi as reducing agent &

multani mitti, rice husk powder, tomato seeds powder as

stabilizing agent. The experimental runs have been

conducted and the characterization of silver nanoparticles

synthesized has been carried out using SEM (Scanning

Electronic Microscopy) and UV-Spectroscopy based on

observations, result and discussion it can be said that present work has successfully synthesized silver particles in

the range of few 100nm. The best particles size is obtained

for rice husk with ammonia solution as green agent.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Authors are thankful to Director of L.I.T. Nagpur for

facilities & encouragement provided throughout

work.

The Authors are thankful to H.O.D. Chemical

Engineering department, VNIT, Nagpur for FTIR

analysis.

REFERENCES

[1] Z. Zaheer and Rafiuddin, "Bio-conjugated silver

nanoparticles: From Ocimum sanctum and role of cetyltrimethyl

ammonium bromide," Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces,

vol. 108, pp. 90-94, 2013.

[2] F. Buazara, M. Bavia, F. Kroushawib, M. Halvania, A.

Khaledi-Nasabe and S. Hossieni, "Potato extract as reducing

agent and stabiliser in a facile green one-step synthesis of ZnO

nanoparticles," Journal of Experimental Nanoscience, 2015

.

[3] P. Dar, U. Waqas, A. Hina, J. Anwar, A. Dar, Z. Khan and T.

Shafqat, "Biogenic Synthesis, Characterization of Silver

Nanoparticles Using Multani mitti (Fullers Earth), Tomato

(Solanum lycopersicum) seeds, Rice Husk (Oryza sativa) and

Evaluation of their Potential Antimicrobial Activity,"

J.Chem.Soc.Pak, vol. 38, no. 04, pp. 665-675, 2016.

[4] M. Puchalski, P. Dabrowski, W. Olejniczak, P. Krukowski,

P.Kowalczyk and K. Polanski, "The study of silver nanoparticles

by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray

analysis and scanning tunnelling microscopy," Materials

Science-Poland, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 473-478, 2007.

Shekhar L. Pandharipande is an

Associate Professor in Chemical

Engineering Department of

Laxminarayan Institute of Technology,

Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj

University, Nagpur. He did his masters

in 1985 & joined LIT as a Lecturer. He

has coauthored three books titled ‘Process Calculations’, ‘Principles of

Distillation’ & ‘Artificial Neural

Network’. He has two copyrights

‘elite-ANN’ & ‘elite-GA’ to his credit

and two patents are filed as coworker

and has more than 60 papers published

in journals of repute.

Sanjeevani Chavhan is a 8th semester

B. Tech. (Chemical Engineering)

student from Laxminarayan Institute of

Technology, Nagpur

Akshata Ramteke is a 4th semester

M.Tech (Chemical Engineering)

student from Laxminarayan Institute of

Technology, Nagpur

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