International Journal of Genetic Engineering and Recombination vol 2 issue 1

International Journal of

Genetic Engineering

& RecombinationJan – Jun 2016IJGER

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! Induced stem cells

! Marker assisted selection

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! Recombination frequency

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! Four-gamete test

! Independent assortment

! Site-specific recombination

! Site-specific recombinase technology

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Dr. Saber Mohamed Abd-Allah Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell

Biology, CAS, China

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Dr. Promila SharmaDepartment of Biotechnology, Graphic Era

University, Uttarakhand, India

Dr. K Purushotham ReddyDepartment of Internal Medicine, University of

Missouri, Columbia

Dr. Daya Shankar SrivastavaKrishi Vigyan Kendra-II, Uttar Pradesh,

India

Dr. Sharad TiwariBiotechnology Centre JN Agricultural

University Jabalpur, India

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Pharmaceuticals Advanced Research Centre Limited, Vadodara (Gujarat), India

Dr. Aseel Mahmood AljamaliSurgery Department, College of Medicine,

Kufa University, Iraq

Dr. Ruth LaldintharMicrobial Ecology Laboratory, Department of

Botany, North- Eastern Hill University, Meghalaya

Dr. Divya VermaDepartment of Botany Kalindi College,

University of Delhi, New Delhi, India.

Dr. N. Manikanda BoopathiDepartment of Fruit Crops, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural

University, Tamil Nadu, India

Dr. Sukhadev Bhaskar NandeshwarCentral Institute for Cotton Research

Nagpur, India

Dr. Anjali PriyadarshiniDepartment of Biotechnology, PGIMER,

Chandigarh, India

Dr. Shashwat SharadCenter for Prostate Disease Research

Washington D.C., USA

Dr.Sougata RoyDepartment of Cell Biology and Molecular

Genetics, University of Maryland College Park,USA

Rajnish Sharma Department of Biotechnology, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Solan

(HP), India

From the Editor's Desk

Dear Readers,

We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly

journal, International Journal of Genetic Engineering and Recombination. This journal is

part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Genetic Engineering

and Recombination issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and

the validation of emerging technologies.

This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Genetic Engineering and

Recombination as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of

scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of Genetic Engineering and

Recombination, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area.

The core vision of International Journal of Genetic Engineering and Recombination in JournalsPub is to

propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and

professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Genetic Engineering and

Recombination in general. JournalsPub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to publish their

papers at excellently, well-timed & successfully. International Journals of Genetic Engineering and

Recombination focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Gene patent, Genetically modified

crops, Genetically modified food, Genetically modified organisms, Induced stem cells, Marker assisted

selection, Paratransgenesis, Recombination frequency, Recombination hotspot, Four-gamete test,

Independent assortment, Site-specific recombination, Site-specific recombinase technology etc.

The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Genetic

Engineering and Recombination and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have

contributed to the creation and the success of Genetic Engineering and Recombination. We are very thankful

to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are

certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Genetic

Engineering and Recombination.

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editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project.

It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Genetic Engineering and

Recombination readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Genetic Engineering and

Recombination.

Puneet Mehrotra

Managing Director

1. Editorial Review B.D. Bulchandani 1

2. Isoenzyme Profiling of Polyphenoloxidase and Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase in Cytoplasm of Lycopersicum esculentum in Response to Leaf Extract of Tagetes erecta (Marigold) Ankita Singh 6

3. Paratransgenesis: Short Review ArticleKalpesh Singh 12

4. Coalescent TheoryShivam Puri, Manoj Srivastava 14

5. Genetic Recombination: A ReviewPunit Malhotra 17

Contents

IJGER (2016) 1–5 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1

International Journal of Genetic Engineering and Recombination Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Editorial Review Dr. B.D. Bulchandani

Associate Professor

Department of Biotechnology,

Sobhasaria Group of Institutions,

Sikar, Rajasthan Technical University,

Kota, India

Genetically Modified Crops - Editorial

Review

Why have genetically modified (GM)

crops failed to be the popular success the

scientists claimed them to be, few decades

back? One can point out multiple reasons,

ranging from technical issues related to ill

effects or toxicity to genetic pollution to

bio piracy issues, and also the social issues

including their acceptance by traditional

people in light of their fears, doubts and

wide ranging apprehensions that are

possibly hard to address, if not impossible.

Although, the real reasons may be there to

decipher and deliver, but the fact is that the

promises have grown but their popularity

in terms of fulfilment has not[1]

. Despite

twenty plus years of pro GM marketing

campaign by powerful industry lobbies,

supported by several scientific

documentations in their favour, GM

technology has only been taken up by a

handful of countries, that too for a handful

of crops. Figures and data from the GM

industry indicate, that only five countries

account for 90% of global GM cropland,

and nearly all of these GM crops are

belonging to either herbicide tolerant or

pesticide producing plants. Meanwhile,

rest of the regions of the world have

resisted or have been hesitant in accepting

them. Further, European consumers do not

prefer consuming GM foods, and only a

single type of GM maize is cultivated

there. Major part of Asia is GM free, with

the GM acreage in two large agricultural

countries, i.e. India and China mostly

accounted for by a non food crop i.e.

cotton. Only three countries in Africa grow

any GM crops. In other precise words, GM

crops are not 'feeding the world' as were

claimed to do so at the dawn of twenty

first century[2]

.

Not only was this technology supposed to

make food and agriculture systems more

efficient, simpler, safer, but GM crops

have constantly being touted as the key to

feed the exponentially growing population

of world' and 'fighting climate change by

producing strong, resistant crops, best

suited for growing in harsh conditions[3]

.

In 1942, J.I. Rodale said, ‘One of these

fine days, the public is going to wake up

and will pay for food and eatables

including, fruits, vegetables, meats, etc.,

according to how they were produced.’

Although this has been a low pace

movement, the interest has been growing

in leaps and bounds, and that day has

finally arrived. With the growing health

concerns and awareness, more and more

people have understood that food matters,

because right food is not less than

medicine.

The reasons for such disappointments may

lie in the close and detailed critical studies

in various parts of world that have not

been encouraging and some have shown a

dismal picture. No GM crops have been

designed to deliver the motive of higher

yields. Few instances, where yields have

been enhanced, the gains to which a GM

trait has then been added, have tended to

come not from GM technology, but from

the high quality varieties created through

conventional breeding. GM pesticide



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Isoenzyme Profiling of Polyphenoloxidase and

Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase in Cytoplasm of

Lycopersicum esculentum in Response to Leaf Extract of

Tagetes erecta (Marigold)

Ankita Singh* Department of Biotechnology, Amity University, U.P., India

Abstract In the present study, the effect of leaf extracts of marigold (Tageteserecta) on the activity of

Polyphenoloxidase (PPO) in Tomato (Lycopersicumesculentum) leading to the changes in the

expression of the PR proteins Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and Phenyl Ammonia Lyase (PAL)

was evaluated. For this evaluation four sampling intervals were taken 0 hour, 24 hour, 48

hour and 72 hour.At the third node from base of each plant leaves were treated and samples

from the distal untreated leaves were collected.The change in the activity of defense enzyme

PPO and PAL and the expression of PPO isoforms was studied. The results demonstrate

Seven acidic isoforms of PPO (Rf = 0.37, 0.5, 0.61, 0.65, 0.69, 0.71 and 0.74) could be

observed in both control and marigold extract treated plants.

Keywords: Lycopersicum esculentum, phenyl ammonia lyase, polyphenol oxidase, PR

proteins, Tagetes erecta

INTRODUCTION Tomato(Lycopersicum esculentum) is one

of the most popular and widely consumed

vegetables grown worldwide. Popularity of

the crop stems from its acceptable flavour,

nutritive value (high in vitamin C and A),

the short life cycle, and the high

productivity. Marigold is an annual herb

with pale-green leaves and golden yellow

or orange flowers.[1-5]

PR Proteins

By changing their physiological

conditions, higher plants protect

themselves from various stresses such as

pathogen attacks, wounding, application of

chemicals including phytohormone and

heavy metals, air pollutants like ozone,

ultraviolet rays, and harsh growing

conditions.[5-7]

These protective reactions

are known as "defense responses" of

higher plants, and the proteins actively

synthesized in accordance with this

reaction are called "defense-related

proteins".[7-9]

Figure1.In particular, protective plant

proteins specifically induced in

pathological or related situations have

been intensively studied from an

agricultural perspective and are called

"pathogenesis-related proteins" (PR

proteins).

http://us.expasy.org/cgi-bin/get-entries?KW=Pathogenesis-related%20protein

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Paratransgenesis: Short Review Article

Kalpesh Singh

Department of Biotechnology, Amity University, U.P., India

Paratransgenesis is a system that

endeavors to kill a pathogen from vector

populaces through transgenesis of a

symbiont of the vector. The objective of

this system is to control vector-borne

infections. The initial step is to distinguish

proteins that keep the vector species from

transmitting the pathogen. The qualities

coding for these proteins are then brought

into the symbiont, with the goal that they

can be communicated in the vector. The

last stride in the procedure is to bring these

transgenic symbionts into vector populaces

in nature.

The primary case of this strategy utilized

Rhodnius prolixus which is connected with

the symbiont Rhodococcus rhodnii. R.

prolixus is an imperative bug vector of

Chagas' sickness that is brought about by

Trypanosoma cruzi. The methodology was

to architect R. rhodnii to express proteins,

for example, Cecropin A that are

dangerous to T. cruzi or that piece the

transmission of T. cruzi.

Vector transgenesis and paratransgenesis

are novel methodologies that go for

diminishing insect vectorial limit, or look

to dispense with transmission of

pathogens, for example, Plasmodium sp.,

Trypanosoma sp., and Dengue infection

right now being produced. Vector

transgenesis depends on direct hereditary

control of sickness vectors making them

unequipped for working as vectors of a

given pathogen. Paratransgenesis

concentrates on using hereditarily changed

insect symbionts to express particles inside

the vector that are harmful to pathogens

they transmit.

Paratransgenesis aims at reducing vector

competence by genetically manipulating

symbionts. Transformed symbionts are

spread maternally or via coprophagy

across an insect population. Symbionts

currently targeted in paratransgenesis

include bacteria found within triatomine,

tsetse fly, and mosquito tissues, and

densoviruses infecting An. gambiae and

Ae. aegypti mosquitoes.

In order to perform paratransgenesis, there

are several requirements:

The Symbiotic bacteria can be

grown in vitro easily.

They can be genetically modified,

such as through transformation

with a plasmid containing the

desired gene.

The engineered symbiont is stable

and safe.

The association between vector and

symbiont cannot be attenuated.

Field delivery is easily handled

Current information demonstrate that

symbionts expressing molecules focusing

on pathogen improvement can possibly

lessen transmission in endemic districts,

and seem random to any wellness load.

As with transgenesis, spread of

transformed symbionts also would benefit

from the availability of a gene drive

system to replace non-transformed

symbionts present in natural vector

populations.



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Coalescent Theory

Shivam Puri*, Manoj Srivastava

Department of Biochemistry, Gautam Buddha University, U.P., India

Abstract Coalescent theory is broadly used to gauge population genetic parameters, for example,

populace size, migration rates and recombination rates in a normal population. It was

initially detailed as the "n-coalescent" by Kingman (1982). Others allude to it as the

"Kingman coalescent" or simply the "coalescent". The coalescent model is gotten from a

basic populace genetic model, and the most straightforward approach to comprehend what it

is and how it functions is to follow the basic derivation.

Keywords: coalescent theory, genetic parameters

INTRODUCTION

Coalescent hypothesis is a review

stochastic model of populace hereditary

qualities that relates genetic assorted

qualities in a specimen to demographic

history of the populace from which it was

taken. That is, it is a model of the impact

of genetic drift, saw in reverse in time, on

the family history of antecedents.[1]

It

involves a probabilistic evaluation of

variety so as to normal parentage of alleles

in a moderately small sample of people,

from a much bigger populace.

This incorporates thought of all pathways

of inheritance through which inspected

duplicates of a homologous DNA

component are followed back to a solitary

hereditary duplicate, known as the most

recent ancestor (MRCA; additionally also

termed the coancestor to underline the

coalescent relationship). The inheritance

connections among alleles are normally

spoken to as a gene genealogy, or gene

tree, comparative in structure to a

phylogenetic tree.

The probabilistic desire of this gene family

history is otherwise called the coalescent.

Understanding the measurable properties

of the coalescent under various

assumptions shapes the premise of

coalescent hypothesis. In light of

recombination, diverse quality loci take

after various pathways of parentage,

bringing about various gene family

histories. The coalescent is likewise

pertinent to phylogenetics, as inadequate

genealogy sorting between speciation

events results in conflict among gene loci

in phylogenetic connections construed

among species.

The numerical hypothesis of the coalescent

was initially created in the mid 1980s by

John Kingman.[2]

In the easiest case,

coalescent hypothesis accept no

recombination, no natural selection, and no

gene flow or populace structure. The gene

parentage is free of the mutational

procedure, such that adjustments in the

DNA arrangement don't influence heredity

and can be considered independently

(regardless of the fact that all gene copies

are indistinguishable in grouping they are

not similarly related in the gene tree).[3,4]

Under this model, the normal time

between progressive blend occasions, by



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Genetic Recombination: A Review

Punit Malhotra*

Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia, Delhi, India

Abstract Genetic recombination alludes to the process of recombining genes to deliver new gene

arrangement that contrast from those of either parent. Genetic recombination produces

genetic variety in living beings that repeat sexually. Genetic recombination happens as a

consequence of the division of genes that happens amid gamete development in meiosis, the

irregular joining of these genes at fertilisation, and the exchange of genes that happens

between homologous chromosome sets in a procedure known as crossing over. Crossing over

permits alleles on DNA molecules to change positions starting with one homologous

chromosome fragment then onto the next. Genetic difference amongst individuals is achieved

through genetic recombination.

Keywords: crossing over, genetic diversity, genetic recombination

INTRODUCTION

Genetic recombination is the production of

offspring with mixes of traits/ genes that

vary from those found in either parent. In

eukaryotes, hereditary recombination amid

meiosis can prompt a novel arrangement

of hereditary data that can be passed on

from one generation to another. Most

recombination is normally happening.

Amid meiosis in eukaryotes, genetic

recombination includes the matching of

homologous chromosomes. [1]

This might be trailed by data exchange

between the chromosomes. The data

exchange may happen without physical

trade (a segment of hereditary material is

duplicated starting with one chromosome

then onto the next, without the giving

chromosome being changed; or by the

breaking and rejoining of DNA strands,

which frames new atoms of DNA.[2,3]

Recombination may likewise happen amid

mitosis in eukaryotes where it customarily

includes the two sister chromosomes

framed after chromosomal replication. For

this situation, new blends of alleles are not

delivered subsequent to the sister

chromosomes are typically

indistinguishable. In meiosis and mitosis,

recombination happens between

comparable particles of DNA (homologs).

In meiosis, non-sister homologous

chromosomes pair with each other so that

recombination distinctively happens

between non-sister homologues. In both

meiotic and mitotic cells, recombination

between homologous chromosomes is a

typical system utilized as a part of DNA

repair.[4]

Genetic recombination and

recombinational DNA repair likewise

happens in microscopic organisms and

archaea, which use asexual mode of

multiplication.

Recombination can be misleadingly

impelled in research facility (in vitro)

International Journal of

Genetic Engineering

& RecombinationJan – Jun 2016IJGER

Mechanical Engineering

Electronics and Telecommunication Chemical Engineering

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International Journal of Genetic Engineering and Recombination vol 2 issue 1

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Transcript of International Journal of Genetic Engineering and Recombination vol 2 issue 1