INTERNATIONAL ENCYCLOPEDIA - Willkommen INTERNATIONAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CURRICULUM Edited by ......
Transcript of INTERNATIONAL ENCYCLOPEDIA - Willkommen INTERNATIONAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CURRICULUM Edited by ......
THE
INTERNATIONAL ENCYCLOPEDIAOF
CURRICULUM
Edited by
ARIEH LEWY
Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
PERGAMON PRESSMember of Maxwell Macmillan Pergamon Publishing Corporation
OXFORD • NEW YORK • BEIJING • FRANKFURTSAO PAULO • SYDNEY • TOKYO • TORONTO
Contents
Preface
PART 1 CURRICULUM AS A DOMAIN OF SCHOLARLY INQUIRY
Introduction—Curriculum as a Field of StudyJ. I. GOODLAD
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SECTION 1 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
OverviewA. LEWY and J. I. GOODLAD
Introduction: Definitions of CurriculumF. M. CONNELLY and O. C. LANTZ
(a) The Domain of Curriculum Studies
Curriculum TheoryU. HAMEYER
Neo-Marxist ApproachD. GORDON
Constructivism in EducationE. von GLASERSFELD
Social Reconstructionist ApproachW. H. WATKINS
The Reconceptualist ApproachW. F. PlNAR
Curriculum as EthicsM. HOLMES
Hidden CurriculumE. VALLANCE
Cybernetics and CurriculumD.PRATT
Curriculum ResearchD. JENKINS
Curriculum Inquiry: Alternative ParadigmsW. H. SCHUBERT and A. L. SCHUBERT
Curriculum Inquiry: "Commonplace" TopicsM. BEN-PERETZ
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Social History of Curriculum Subjects 58I. GOODSON $•
Historical Research on Curriculum 63B. M. FRANKLIN
(b) Curriculum ComponentsCurriculum Components 67M. J. EASH
Curriculum Rationale 5 70B. PRATT
Syllabus 71M. J. EASH
Textbooks 74I. WESTBURY
Textbook Analysis 78B. B. ARMBRUSTER and T. H. ANDERSON
Teacher's Guide 81J. MCNEIL
Enrichment and Supplementary Materials - 84R. M. THOMAS
Curriculum Packages 85E. L. BAKER
Computers in Curriculum 88G. SALOMON
Computer Software for Curriculum 90M. L. KAMIL
Television: Classroom Use 93S. ROCKMAN and R. BURKE
(c) Factors Affecting Curriculum
Educational Ideologies 103Z. LAMM
Legal Factors 105T. VAN GEEL
Educational Psychology 108L. N. TANNER
Cognitive Psychology and Curriculum 110G. D. HAERTEL
U-Shaped Behavioral Growth: Implications for Curriculum Development 114S. STRAUSS
Curriculum Politics 116K. FREY
Contents
Curriculum Policy Management 117R. G. TOWNSEND
Economic, Social, and Cultural Factors 122M. SKILBECK
Explosion of Knowledge 126Y. ELKANA
Personal Knowledge 128D. J. CLANDININ and F. M. CONNELLY
Knowledge Technology and Curriculum Theory 131D. CHEN and A. OREN
Curriculum Policies 137A. S. HUGHES
The Impact of Textbooks . 138E. BALLER
Gender Studies: Impact on Curriculum 139J. L. MILLER
CURRICULUM APPROACHES AND METHODSOverview ' 145A. LEWY
Introduction: Curriculum Approaches and Methods j 149
M. BEN-PERETZ
(a) Historical Perspectives
Curriculum History: Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century 151L. TANNERCurriculum Movements in the United States 154
H. M. KLIEBARD
(b) Methods of Organizing Knowledge
Structure of Disciplines in Education 157M. FINEGOLD and F. M. CONNELLY
Subject Matter 158M. BEN-PERETZ and F. M. CONNELLY
Integrated Curriculum - 160A. A. GLATTHORN and A. W. FOSHAY
Interdisciplinary Approach 162D. G. BATTS
Integrated Science Studies 163A. BLUM
Module Approach 168S. N. POSTLETHWAIT
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Minicourses 170A. I. OLIVER "~ $•
Spiral Curriculum 171A. W. FOSHAY
Flexible Scheduling 172J. M. COOPER
(c) Focus on Basics
Core Curriculum 175R. TYLER
Back to Basics Movement 177L. BERK
Minimum Competency Testing 178E. L. BAKER and B. H. CHOPPIN
Exemplar Approach 181W. KLAFKI
Key Concepts: Humanities 182A. C. PURVES
Key Concepts: Social Studies 183I. MORRISSETT
Key Concepts: Mathematics 184R. A. GARDEN
Key Concepts: Science 186A. HOFSTEIN
(d) Focus on the Individual
Individualized School Programs 189J. O. BOLVIN
Interest-based Programs 191L. W. ANDERSON
Student-centered Curriculum 192K. STRICKLAND
Independent Study 193F. M. KLEIN
Curriculum Contract 196D. COHEN
Accelerated Programs 197A. H. PASSOW
Honors Courses 198A. I. OLIVER
Diversified Curriculum 201J. LAUGLO
Contents
Elective Subjects 203W. H. SCHUBERT and T. MIKLOS
(e) Focus on Learning Activities
Experience-based Studies 205A. BANK
Process-oriented and Product-oriented Programs 207E. M. WEISS and J. REGAN
Discovery and Inquiry Methods 210
B. G. MASSIALAS
(f) Focus on Environment
Multicultural Education 215J. A. BANKS
Rural Education 217U. BUDE
Urban Education: Educational Programs -. 220J. A. BANKS
Nongraded Curriculum 221D. M. PURDOM
(g) National Systems of Education
National Curriculum Histories: An Overview k
W. H. SCHUBERT
AustraliaD. COHEN
People's Republic of ChinaW. F. CONNELL and ZHANG LIZHONG
Federal Republic of GermanyC. WULF
HungaryE. BALLER
JapanK. KlHARA
NigeriaW. WATKINS and Y. BYO
Socialist CountriesE. BALLER
SpainA. DE LA ORDEN
SwedenS. MARKLUND
Contents
Third World Countries 242H. W. R. H A WES *
United Kingdom 244D. LAWTON
United States 246H. M. KLIEBARD
Soviet Union 250
W. F. CONNELL and A. TULIKOVA
(h) Cultural Approaches
Buddhist Education 255A. W. P. GURUGEHindu Education 261J. J. NANAVATY
Islamic Education 265D. A. WAGNER
Jewish Education 267S. RESHEF
SECTION 3 CURRICULUM PROCESSESOverview 275A. LEWY and S. EDEN
Introduction: Curriculum Processes 277
S. EDEN and A. LEWY
(a) The Nature of Curriculum Innovation
Curriculum Change 279M.FULLANCurriculum Reform 281
T. RULCKER
(b) The Process of Curriculum Development
Curriculum Resources 291R. W. TYLERCurriculum Development 293G. GAY
Curriculum Decisions 302A. A. OBERG
Curriculum Deliberation 304L. E. BEYER
Denning Educational Objectives 306M. R. ERAUT
Contents
Taxonomies of Educational Objectives 317V. D E LANDSHEERE
Selecting Educational Objectives 327M. R. ERAUT
Curriculum Content 330F. M. CONNELLY and D. J. CLANDININ
Learning Experiences 331L. L. TYLER
Concept Mapping 333P. TAMIR
Curriculum Design 335F. M. KLEIN
Curriculum Organization 342M. SKILBECK
(c) Participants in the Curriculum Process
Curriculum Development Centers 347S. EDEN
Decisions at Educational System Level 349A. LEWY
Curriculum Personnel 354H.-D. HALLER and A. LEWY
Curriculum Consultant 357T. W. MAXWELL
Curriculum and Supervision 359W. T. MAY
Involving Parents 361B. E. STEFFY
Community Participation 363B. E. STEFFY
Teachers' Participation in Curriculum Development 365F. ELBAZ
School-based Curriculum Development 367N. SABAR
(d) Using the Curriculum
Curriculum Diffusion 373K. A. LEITHWOOD
Demonstration Program 375L.-E. DATTA
Curriculum Adoption 376S. F. LOUCKS
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Contents
Curriculum Implementation 378M. FULLAN 5?
Curriculum Adaptation 384A. BLUM and A. B. GROBMAN
Curriculum Adaptation within the Class 386A. SMYLIE
Course Offering 388W. H. SCHUBERT
Curriculum Pacing 389U. P. LUNDGREN and M.-A. COLLIANDER
Curriculum Studies in Teachers' Education 392M. SlLBERSTEIN
SECTION 4 CURRICULUM EVALUATIONOverview 397A. LEWY and M. C. ALKIN
Introduction: Three Decades of Curriculum Evaluation 399M. C. ALKIN and A. LEWY
(a) General Framework
Program EvaluationB. R. WORTHEN
Formative and Summative EvaluationA. LEWY
Curriculum Evaluation ResearchJ. R. SANDERS
(b) Approaches to Evaluation
Tyler Evaluation Model 411R. M. WOLF
Goal-free Evaluation 413B. STECHER
Decision-oriented Evaluation 414G. D. BORICH
Responsive Evaluation 418R. E. STAKE
Illuminative Evaluation 420M. R. PARLETT
Naturalistic Evaluation 424D. W. DORR-BREMME
Qualitative Evaluation 427G. WILLIS
Contents
Educational Connoisseurship and Criticism 429T. E. BARONE
(c) Curriculum Evaluation Strategies
Needs Assessment Studies 433T. M. SUAREZ
Prototype Evaluation 435M. C. ALKIN
Error Analysis 436T. N. POSTLETHWAITE
Feasibility Studies 438L. A. SOSNIAK
Curriculum Tryout 440A. LEWY
Curriculum Validation 441W. H. SCHUBERT
Curriculum Analysis 442T. ARIAV
Implementation Evaluation 444K. A. LEITHWOOD
Long-term Curriculum Evaluation - 448
P. TAMIR
(d) Evaluation at Various Phases of Curriculum Development and Use
Experimental Curriculum 451W. H. SCHUBERTIntrinsic Evaluation 452M. R. ERAUT
Delphi Technique 453N. P. UHL
Criterion-referenced Measurement 454R. K. HAMBLETON
Narrative and Story Telling Approach 459D. J. CLANDININ and F. M. CONNELLY
Transactional Evaluation 462R. M. RlPPEY
(e) Curriculum-specific Criteria
Curriculum Potential 465M. BEN-PERETZ
Curriculum Balance 466R. MCCLURE
Contents
Prerequisite KnowledgeM. RABINOVITZ and W. H. SCHUBER^
Impact Analysis of CurriculumM. C. ALKIN
Evaluating Computerized Curriculum MaterialsT. LEVIN
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PART 2 SPECIFIC STUDY AREASIntroduction: Curriculum AreasM. JOHNSON
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SECTION 5 LANGUAGE ARTSOverviewD. FEITELSON
Introduction: Language ArtsM. L. KING
(a) School Learning and Language Development
Language Across CurriculumB. FlLLION
Vocabulary DevelopmentD. L. JOHNSON
(b) Initial Reading
DecodingP. D. ROUSCH
PhonicsJ. E. MERRITT
Initial ReadingJ. S. CHALL and S. A. STAHL
Reading ReadinessD. FEITELSON
Basic Vocabulary InstructionA. FLEET
(c) Advanced Level Instruction
Reading Methods in Secondary SchoolsW. R. HILL
Comprehension InstructionH. SINGER
Critical Reading InstructionR. L. PARKER and L. UNSWORTH
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Contents
Reading Rate and Reading Flexibility 523S. J. SAMUELS and N. SCHERMER
Listening Comprehension 524N. A. MEAD
Speech Instruction 526W. J. CROCKER
Composition Instruction 529A. C. PURVES
Spelling Instruction 532M. L. PETERS
Handwriting Instruction 535A. P. HOLBROOK
Study Skills 537J. E. VAN NORD
(d) Reading Habits
Reading Interest 541V. GREANEY
Independent Reading 544J. S. CHALL and A. W. MARSTON
SECTION 6 FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDIES
Overview 549A. LEWY
Introduction: Foreign Language Education 551E. OLSHTAIN
(a) Foreign Language Curricula
Foreign Language Education 553I. DUNLOP, R. TITONE, S. TAKALA, H. SCHRAND, E. LUCAS, R. STEELE,E. SHOHAMY, J. P. B. ALLEN, E. OLSHTAIN, B. SPOLSKY, S. D. KRASHENand E. BIALYSTOK
Foreign Language Curricula: Primary Schools 569H. H. STERN
Foreign Language Curricula: Secondary Schools 575P. S. GREEN
(b) Factors Relating to Foreign Language Studies
Educational Linguistics 581B. SPOLSKY
Pedagogic Grammar 585E. OLSHTAIN
ontents
Language Needs Analysis 586J. L. M. TRIM
Language for Special Purposes 587J. C. SAGER
Contrastive Linguistic Analysis 589K. SAJAVAARA
Interlanguage 591J. H. SCHUMANN
Interference 591R. A. BERMAN
Error Analysis 593K. SAJAVAARA
Attitude Toward Learning Foreign Language 594L. W. ANDERSON
Immersion Education 597M. SWAIN
Language Laboratories 598J. J. HIGGINS
Foreign Language Testing in the Classroom 600A. D. COHEN
Testing Speaking Proficiency in Foreign Language 602J. L. D. CLARK
(c) Teaching Specific Foreign Languages
Arabic 605E. M. BADAWI
Chinese 606WANG HUAN, DU RONG and CHIN CHUAN CHENG
English 608C. B. PAULSTON
French 611R. BERGENTOFT
German 614H-J. KRUMM
Hebrew 616R. NlR
Italian 618R. TlTONE
Japanese 619K. NOMOTO
VI
Contents
RussianA. A. LEONTIEV
SpanishM. E. Ruiz
SwahiliM. HAUNER
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SECTION 7 HUMANITIES CURRICULAOverviewA. LEWY
Introduction: Humanities EducationM. R. GRUMET
General Education CurriculumC. KRIDEL
Philosophy Programs: Primary SchoolsM. LlPMAN
Philosophy ProgramsL. ZAHN
Religious EducationR. M. THOMAS
Literature: Educational ProgramsA. C. PURVES
Attitude Toward LiteratureR. W. BEACH
Children's LiteratureP. LAMB and M. SANATI
Writing in the HumanitiesJ. M. WlLLINSKY
Classical Languages CurriculaH. VESTER
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SECTION 8 ARTS CURRICULAOverviewA. LEWY
Introduction: Arts EducationP. G. GLUCK
(a) Traditional Subjects
Aesthetic EducationG. OTTO
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Contents
Art: Educational Programs 678A. EFLAND
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Attitude Towards Art 684J. w . MORRISMuseum Education 686S. E. LEE and K. SOLENDER
Music Curricula 688R. L. GARRETSON
Handicrafts 694K. SCHLEICHER
(b) Innovative Study Areas
Creativity: Educational Programs 699A. J. TANNENBAUM
Dance: Educational Programs 702G. DlMONDSTEIN
Film Studies 705F. B. SHUCHAT-SHAW
Theatre Studies 708D. CHILD
Visual Education 711L. M. COCHRAN
Media Literacy 713J. K. MORROW
SECTION 9 SOCIAL STUDIESOverview 717A. LEWY
Introduction: Social Studies 721
C. CORNBLETH
(a) Traditional School Subjects
Social Sciences v. Social Studies 723I. MORRISSETTSocial Studies: Elementary-school Programs 725B. R. TABACHNICK
Social Studies: Secondary-school Programs 731J. A. GlLLESPIE
Moral and Values Education 736K. RYAN
History: Educational Programs 743K. PELLENS
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Contents
Geography: Educational Programs 746H. L. SCHRETTENBRUNNER
yCivic Education 752J. TORNEY-PURTAEconomics: Educational Programs 755M. KOURILSKY
Sociology: Educational Programs 758T. KASHTI and M. ARIELI
Psychology: Educational Programs 760H. MARCUCELLA and K. M. WHITE
Home Economics: Educational Programs 761H. TAYLOR SPITZE
(b) Innovative Study Areas
Anthropology Programs 765M. J. RICE
Community Education 767F. M. NEWMANN
Area Studies 769D. HEATER
Environmental Education 770A. M. LUCAS
Political Education 771W. LANGEVELD
Peace Education 774C. WULF
International Education 775D. HEATER
Women's Studies 777M. JOHNSON
Black Studies 779W. H. WATKINS
Daily Living Skills 782R. J. RlEHS
Consumer Education 784P. IDMAN
Drug Education Programs 786D. J. HANSON
Family-life Education 789L. C. HARRIMAN
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Contents
Sex Education 792N. KLUGE
Safety Education 795R. MORTIMER
Education For A Life of Work 796Y. DROR
Social Skills Educational Programs 800A. R. BRANDHORST
Communication Skills 802J. M. WlEMANN
Television Studies 805A. DORR
Newspapers in Education 806E. F. DEROCHE
Education for Leisure Time 807H. RUSKIN
Outdoor Education 810G. L. MEHAFFY
Library User Education 812J. E. HERRING
SECTION 10 MATHEMATICS EDUCATIONOverview 817A. LEWY
Introduction: Mathematics Education 819J. KlLPATRICK
(a) Traditional Subject Areas
Mathematics: Elementary-school Programs 821R. B. DAVIS and F. GOFFREE
Mathematics: Secondary-school Programs 825K. J. TRAVERS
Arithmetic: Educational Programs 833T. LEVIN
Algebra: Educational Programs 835C. KlERAN
Analysis in Mathematics: Educational Programs 837Z. R. MEVARECH
Geometry: Educational Programs 839J. T. FEY
Contents
(b) Innovative Topics
New Mathematics yS. VlNNER
Mathematical Applications: Primary SchoolR. LESH
Mathematical Applications: Secondary SchoolZ. USISKIN
Problem-solving in MathematicsJ. KILPATRICK
Number and Measurement ConceptsF. VOIGT
Number Theory and Systems in Mathematics ProgramsT. E. KlEREN
Measuring in MathematicsA. J. BISHOP
Estimation in Mathematics EducationP. S. WILSON and E. G. GIBB
Set Theory: Educational ProgramsD. TIROSH
Rational Numbers in Mathematics EducationR. LESH
Probability and StatisticsE. FlSCHBEIN
Transformation Geometry ProgramsA. J. BISHOP
Computer Literacy ProgramsH. H. RUSSELL
(c) Issues in Mathematics Education
History of Mathematics EducationC. KEITEL, G. SCHUBRING and R. STOWASSER
The Language of MathematicsP. NESHER
Attitude Towards MathematicsL. R. AlKEN
Mathematics InstructionM. PELLEREY
Calculators in Mathematics EducationL. A. HUTTON
Computers in Mathematics EducationJ. OLIVE and L. L. HATFIELD
Contents
Metacognition and Mathematics 888A. H. SCHOENFELD $•
Mathematics as a Humanistic Discipline 891A. M. WHITE
SECTION 11 SCIENCE EDUCATION PROGRAMS
Overview 897P. TAMIR
Introduction: Reforms in Science Education 899
P. TAMIR
(a) Comprehensive Programs
History of Science Education 903E. W. JENKINSScience Education: Primary School 906W. HARLEN
Science Education: Secondary School 911R. F. GUNSTONE
General Science Programs 916
E. W. JENKINS
(b) Specific Subjects -
Life Sciences: Educational Programs 919P. TAMIRBotany: Educational Programs 924P. TAMIR
Zoology: Educational Programs 925P. TAMIR
Agriculture: Educational Programs 926A. BLUM
Environmental Education Programs 927A. M. LUCAS
Nutrition: Educational Programs 929G. M. BRIGGS
Physics Programs 930V. N. LUNETTA
Chemistry Programs 935R. BEN-Zwi
Earth Sciences Programs 939P. E. PEZARO
Energy Education 941J. LEWIS
Contents
Astronomy: Educational ProgramsM. R. COHEN ^
(c) Issues in Science Education
Language of ScienceC. SUTTON
Scientific LiteracyL. E. KLOPFER
Science, Technology and Society as a Curricular TopicJ. SOLOMON
Science Concepts and SkillsW. HARLEN
Attitude Towards ScienceW. W. WELCH
SECTION 12 PHYSICAL EDUCATIONOverviewH. RUSKIN
Physical Education InstructionM. PlERON
Physical Education ProgramsH. HAAG and J. E. NlXON
Attitude Towards Physical EducationJ. BIELEFELD
Health EducationM. J. LOUPE
SECTION 13 INTERNATIONAL CURRICULUM ASSOCIATIONS ANDJOURNALSCurriculum Associations and JournalsE. C. SHORT
Contributors Index
Name Index
Subject Index
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997
1021