Jewish Encyclopedia

716

Transcript of Jewish Encyclopedia

TH

F-,

Jewish EncyclopediaA DESCRIPTIVE RECORD OF

THK HISTORY, RELIGION, LITERATURE, AND CUSTOMS OF THE JEWISH PEOPLE FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE PRESENT DAYPrepared by More than Four Hundred Scholars and SpecialistsUNIlER

THE DIRECTION OF THE KOI.LOWING EDITORIAL BOAKD(Departmentsof Post

Cyrus Adler, Ph.D.Biblical Antiquities:

KaukmannTheology

Kohi.ek,

Ph.D.

(Departments

o;

the Jews of America).

and

Philosophy).

GOTTHARD Deutsch, Ph.D.History from J4g2to iqof).

^.Department of

H^.rmx'S Kos^srn.Ki, (Department of the Jews of Russia and Poland\.

Richard Gottheii., Ph.D.u History from hzra ^,

,

lahnudic

.7,

,

,!

. to T , i \ Literature).

1402

;

(Departments or IS- , f Posta . Ht story of

,.

SoLOMo.N Schechter, ^ r t^ js ment of the Talmud). '.,1,

,.

,.

M..\..

,

T^ . {DcpartLirr.D.t

-'

Emil G. Hirsch, Ph.D., LL.D. (Department ofthe Bible).

Isidore Singer, Ph.D. (Department ,f Biography from 17jo to igof).

.\fadern

Joseph Jacobs, B.A (Departments of the Jews of England and Anthropology; Revising Editor).

Crawford H. Toy,

D.D.. LL.D. (Departments of Hebrew Philology and Hellenistic Literature).

ISAAC

K.

FUNK,

Cfiairmafi of the

D.D., Board

LL.D

FRANK

H.

VIZETELLV,

F.S.A.

Secretary rf the boitrd

William Popper, M.A., Ph.D.Associate Revising Editor;

Chief of the Bureau of Tramlation

ISIDORE SINGER.Projector

Ph.D.

and Managing Editor

ASSISTED BY AMERICAN AND FOREIGN HOARDS OF CONSULTING EDITORS

COMPLETE

IN

TWELVE VOLUMES

EMBELLISHED WITH MORE THAN TWO THOUSAND ILLUSTRATIONS

ILLUMINATED PAGE FROM THE SARAJEVOWRITTEN PROBABLY EARLYIN

HAGGADAH.

THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY.

.

.

IHE

Jewish EncyclopediaA DESCRIPTIVE R.ECORD OF

THE HISTORY, RELIGION, LITERATURE, AND CUSTOMS OF THE JEWISH PEOPLE FRON4 THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE PRESENT DAYPrepared by More than

Four Hundred Scholars and Specialistsllh'

TNIIER THE IJIRECLIUN

THE FOLLOWING EDTroKIAL

KOAKll

Cyrus Adlek,Biblical

1'ilD.

(Departmentsthe Jews of

of Post-

Kaukmann Kohler,Theology

Ph.D.

(Departments

of

A tttiquities ;

A merUa)

and

Philosophy){De/>iir/me>it of the

GOTTHARI) Deutsch, Ph.D. History from 14^2 to igof).

[Department of

HERMAN RosenthalRussia

/ews

o/

and Poland

).

RlCHAKD Coi'fHEIL,rHistory horn Ezra

,,.

,

,

.

,/ Talmudtc,

to>

-^

Ph.D. [Departments of nr- J 1402: History of Post-

in.

r Literature)., .

,. ^, ... \t \ 1 n [Deparl/i a I.ni.IX M.A., .SoLOMON hCHECHTER, j- ,, . t' j\ ment the Talmud). of '/ 1 '

Emil G. Htrsch, Ph.D., LL.D. [Departmentthe Bible).

of

Isidore Singer, Ph.D. (Department of Biography from 17jo to ig04).

Modem

Joseph Jacobs, B.A, (Departments of

the

Jews

Crawford H. Toy,of Hebrew Philology

D.D., LL.D. (Departnietili

of England and Anthropology: Re-jising Editor\.

and

Hellenistic Literature).

ISAAC

K. FUNK, D.D., Chairman of the Board

LI,.l).

FRANK

H.

VIZETELLV.

F.S.A.

Secretary cp the Hoard

WilliamAssociate

I'opfer, M.A., Ph.D.:

ReviMng

F.dttov

Chief of the Bureau of Trajislation

ISIDORE SINGER, Ph.D.Projector

and Managing Editor

A.SSISTKD KV

AMERICAN AND FOREIGN BOARDS OF CONSULTING EDITORS

VOLUME

VI

GOD ISTRIA

Copyright,

1904,

by

FUNK

&

WAGNALLS COMPANYof traftslaiion reserved

A II rights

Registered at Stationers' Hall, London, England

\_

Printed

in the

Unitai States of America'\

; ;

CollegeLibrai-y

litei:ai{v

diuf/tokate

EDITORIAL BOARDCYRUS ABLER,IDepartmcnlsi>!

Ph.D.Jews ufChief of

HERMAN ROSENTHAL.(Dfixlitnniit ofI

I'list-llihlKul .liili'jiiitus: the

tlo: ./cics of

liussia ontt I'olnnd.)

Anicrica.)President of the .American Jewish Historical Society: Librarian, Smithsonian Institution. Wasliington, D. C.

lie

Slavonic Department,

New York

Library.

SOLOMON SCHECHTER,[Di ixtrtnittit(if till

M.A., Litt.D.

GOTTHARD DEUTSCH,ilJciiaiiincid uf lliatoin fniinI'/.i,':

Tidiiiud.t

Ph.D.IdI'.iii.;.)

President of

tiie

America.

New York

Facully of the Jewish Theological Sermnary of Author of " studies in Judaism.";

Professor of Jewish History, Hebrew finion College, Cincinnati. Ohio Editor of " Deborah."

ISIDORE SINGER, Ph.D.Ma.naging Editor.U}fp(xrtntent of ^^odcr}l rsiogynjihii from V.'otol'io.3.)

RICHARD GOTTHEIL,

Ph.D.

^Deparlmcnta o/ llistni!/ frmn Ezra to lliK; Nixt'irii af Post-Tttliiutdic Litt raiitrf.)Professor of Semitic Lan^uat^s, Columbia University, New York Chief of the OrienUil Depai'tment, New York Public Library;

CRAWFORD HOWELL[Depiirtmcnts of lldinirProfessor of

TOY, D.D., LL.D.andlliHiiii.slir

I'liiloloini

Literature.)

President of the Federation of American Zionists.

Hebrew in Harvard University, Canihrirlge. Mass.; Author of " The Religion of Israel," etc.I.

EMIl, G. HIRSCH, Ph.D., LL.D.\l)i

K. FTJNK, D.D., LL.D.(i^liairniau of the Hoard.)

[Hirtliunt

III

tin:

nUih:.)

Rabbi of Chicai?o Slnal Congregation, Chicago, III.; Professor of Rabbinical Literature and Philosophy, University of Chicago; Editor of " The Reform Advocate."

Editor-in-Chief ot the

Standard Dictio.varv ok LANdTAGE, etc.

tiik F.nolisii

JOSEPH JACOBS,fievining Eftllor.)

FRANKB.A.

H. VIZETELLY, F.S.A.

(Serrctarii of the Board.)Associate Editor of the Sta.vdard Dictio.nary, "'The Colum-

iDepartmcnts of tlicJeivs of Emihtud and AuthropohJumFormerly President of the Jewish Historical Society of England .\uthorof "Jews of Angevin England," etc.

bian Cyclopedia," etc.

WILLIAM POPPER,{Axfiinii

M.A., Ph.D.ot tin

KATJFMANN KOHLER,{Drpartiiiiiits

Ph.D.(iustav(iottheil

Kditor: Chief TranMatlon.)Semiti

n

//

DJf

p k"1

w:

2

k

'

^

Note5.

The presence of dagesh leneletter.

is

not noted exce]it in the case of z.

Dagesh

forte

is

indi-

cated by doubling the

The vowels have been

tr.anscribed as follows,

:

~

(kamez) a

uee

a ~o

~'!1

^

So

(kamez hatuf)ei

o.

The6.Tlieletter.

i

a

uis

so-called " Continental " pronunciation of the English vowels

implied.

Hebrew

article is transcribed as lia, followed by a hyphen, without doubling the following [Not litik-Knhen or hale- Cohen, nor liosli, ha-sh.shnnah.'[

B. Rules1.

for the Transliteration of Arabic.to English readers in other are transliterated according to the following system,

All Arabic

names and words, except such as have become familiar

forms, as^

Mohammed. Koran, mosque,See above

^J

A:/i

j sli

f^gh

*-r>b

O ddhr

yOx

ary.* In nil other matters of orthograpliy the spelling preferred

has usually heen followed.

Typo

:

tiYSTEM.s

OF 'I'HANSLlTEliATloX AJND OF CITATION OF

FliOPElJ

NAMKS

3.

The Arabic article is iiiTariably written al. no account being taken of the assimilation of the / to the foUovvmg letter: I'.y Abu ul-Halt, not Alin-l-Satt: Aa/Zs itl-Dau/ali, not Xajix ad-l>ciiilah. The article is joined by a liyphen to the following word.,

4.

At the endat;

of words the feminine terminational-Kiii-xijij.

is

written ah

;

but win n followed by a g^'nitive.

e.g.,

Risulah dhatis

but Hi'at al-AJIak.:

5.

Noor

account

Amrun;

Va'kiib, not Va'/cuban; or in a

taken of the overhanging vowels which distinguisli tlie cases e.g.. \Uiir, not 'AmrK title, Kitdb al-Amaiiat ical-I'tika(tnt.

C RulesAll Russian

for the Transliteration of Russian.

as hare become familiar to English readers in other forms, as Czar, AlexauUer, deciatine, Moscuw, are transliterated according to the following system

names and words, except such

A

a

'

1.

LIST OF AiilillEVlATIO.NS[Solf-cvidcnl abbreviations, partituilarly those used intin- liil)]ion;i-;iphios.

an* not infludod

lii-r*-.]

AbAb. U.

Abol. PirkH

N

*Ab. Ziinili ad loc

A.HAllg. Zelt. des Jiid.. Am. Jew. Hist. Soc.

Abot. di'-Kabbi NaUm 'AiHHl:i!i Zanili at the place ; to the passage cited in the yeai- of tlic llegira

En^' English Epuibaiiius. HiLTes. Epiphariius. Aciiisiiil;nid

A. T.. A. v..

Das Allc ToiamentAuthnrizeii Vcision

b.Bacher, Ag. liab.

ben or bar or born(.\

AmorBacber, Ag.l*al.

Bacher. Agada dcr Babyloniseheo Amoraer

Bacher, Agada der Palastinensischen Amor raer Barber, Ag. Tan.... Bacher. Agaila dcr Tannaiten(1

Amo-

B.BB.C

Bahu

iiatta ('niliiiii.l)

BekBer

before tlic (lii'islian era Bek. .rut (Talmud)

Benzinger, Arcb... Bcn>:inLn'r. Hcbriiiscbe Archaolo^c Berak>-t (Taluiud)

Berlinerscbrift

Fesl-

II

Festschrift

zum

70ten Ceburtstag Berllnersfiir

Berbner's

I.

MagazinBibl.

I

Berliner's Magazin JudcntlmriisBikkuiiiii (laliuud)

die Wissenscbaft des

Geiger, Urschrift und Ucbcrscizungen der Geiger, Urscbrift. a Bibel in Ibrcr Ahhiingitrkcit von der Inneren Entwickluug des Juii'-mliutns Geiger's Jiidische Zeitschrilt fiir WissenCieiger'sJiid.Zeit. scbaft und Leben Geiger'sWlss. Geiger's Wissenschaftliclie Zeitschrift fur Zeit.Jud.Theol. ( Jiidische Theologie Gesch .Geschichte Gesenius, Gr .Gesenius. Grammar Gesenius, Th (iesenius, Thesaurus Gibbon, Decline Gibbon, History of the Decline and Fall of and Fall the Roman Empire f Ginsburg's New Massoreticu-Critical Text Ginsburg's Bible., of the Hebrew Bible Git Gittin (Talmud) Graetz, His! Graetz. History of the Jews Griitz, (iesch Griitz, (Veschichte der Juden (iest-bicbtti des ErziehungsG u d e a n n , (jiidemann, wesens und der Cultur der AbendlandiI /

-j

m

^

Rab

Biblii'llit'ca l{;ibbinica

Gesch

)

BikB. B.

K

MS

,

Baba l\amma (Talmud) Baba Mezi'a (Talmud)

Hag HagHal

Boletin de lu Real Acadeuiia de la Historia (Madrid) Briiirs Jahrbiicher fiir Jiidisohe Geschichte BriilPs Jahrb. und Litteratur Bulletin All. Isr.... Bulletin of the Alliance Israelite Universelle Boletiu Acad. Hist.c

Hamburger.R. B. T Hastings, Diet. Bible

'

i/

scheu Juden Haggai Hagigab (Talnuid) Hallah (Talmud) Hamburger, liealencyclopSdie und TalmudHastings, Dictionary of the BibleEpistle to the

fur

Bibel

i'

HebHebrHerzog-Plittori -

HebrewsThe-

aboutCanticles (Song of Solomon)I \ 1

Masoretic Textl{i'al-Encykln|);idie fiir Protestantische

CantCat. Auglo-Jew. Hist. Exh Caz^s. Notes Bi-

Catalogue of Anglo-Jewish Historical Exhibition

Herzog-Hauck,Real-EncycV Hirsch, Biog. Lex.)

bliograpbiques. O.E CU

T

comuKmI

Caz^s, Notes Ribliograpbiquessurla Littrature Juive-Tunisienue era chapter or chapters

*

ologie und Kirche (2d and '.id editions respectively) Hirscb, Biograpbiscbes Lexikon der Hervorrageutler Aerzle Aller Zeiten und Vcilker

HorHuli'h

Horayot (Talmud)

Cheyne and Black.

Cheyne and Black, EncycIop;pdia Biblica Encyc. Bibl Travaux Rf^digcs en Memoire Chwolson Jubilee J Recueil des scii'utilliiuede du Jubile M. Daniel ChwolVolume\ i

iitftnIsr..i

HuUin (Talmud) same place same authorIsraelitische Letterbode

Lettcrbude..

Jahvist

son,

184(i-]s:i(;

C. C.

I. I.

A

a C.I.H C.I. LC.I. S mp('urinier. Diet.I

Corpus Corpus Corpus Corpus Corpus

InsrrJ|itionum Atticarum Irisciiiiiinuuui (iriecarum Inscripiiouiim Hei>raicarumIiisiripiiouiuu Latinariim

JaarboekenJacobs, Sources..

Jaarboeken voor de Israelitcn inlaud

Neder-

Jacobs, Inquiry into the Sources of SpanishJewish History

Inscriptionum SemiticarumDu'tionnaire National des

compareE. E. Curinier,\

Jacobs and Wolf, Bibl.Auglo-Jud. Jahrb. (Jesch. der

Jacobs and Wolf, Bibliotheca A nglo-Judaica

Jabrbuch'

fiir

die (Jesehichte dur

Juden und

JudJastrow, DietJellinek. B. Jew. Chroii

Nata

Contemporainsdied

des Judenthiims Jastrow, Dictionary of the Targumim, Tal-

nmdim,

an-i

Midrashim

(Jubematis, Diz. Biog De Gubernatis,I>e le Koi,

D De

DeuteronomistI 1

H

JeUinek, Bel ba-Midrasli

De

Gubeniatis. Dizionario Biograflco degli

Jewish Chroni.ie,

London

Scrittori ('oniciiiiieranei

EcrivainsduJour Juden-

{ C

De Gubcniati>. IHciionnaire International des Ecrivains du Jour De le Itoi, (icscbichte der EvangelischenJuden-Mission

Jew. Encyc The Jewish Kiicyclupeiiia Jew. Hist. Soc. Eng. Jewish Hi-stoi i.Ni society of Englaud J. (^. R Jewish Quarterly Keview Jew, World Jewish World, LomlonJose[)hus, Ant Josepbus, Amii|iiiiies of the Jews Josepiujs, B. J Josepbus, De Bello Judaico Joseph us.Contra Ap..Josepbus, Contra Apioiiein Josh JoshuaJost's Annalen .lour. Bib. Lit Justin, Dial, cum Jost's IsraelitischeI

Mission Deui

1

Deiiiai tTaliiiud) DereribiiurLr, Kssai snr I'Histoire et la GeoDerenbourg, Hist. ^ graphic tU' la Palestine, etc. De Rossi, Dizit>- i De IJnssi. Diziiiiiario storico degli Autori

AnnalenTryphi)ne Juddso

De

nario Rossibergei-,

i

EInei c tMU-

I,ben und Pseudepigrapheu des Allen TeslaliieTdSKayserlinL^Bil'lloIcca Flspaiiola-Portugucza-

*

(

Lex

'Eduyot (Talmud) Ludwiir KistMiherg's (irosses Biograpbiscbes Biog. J Lexiknii dt-r DeiUschen Biibne im XIX.i

\

JudaicaDie Jiidischen Frauen in der Literatur und KunstKeritot(Jescbichte,

J

)

Encyc

Brit

Jabrhun2 Roest, ("atalog der Heliraica imd .ludtiicu aus der L. ItoseulliaI'Mlieu Bibhothek Revised \'ersinn Salfeld. T):is Martyrologiuiu des Niirnberger. ..

^

vlllume'""""'I-t'hn-

*^*'"'"''' *^t"'lfes

Memory

logium

Memorliitcb(>s

SanhS, B.

Krauss.

'

wiirtcr

\

Krauss, (iiiechisclip und Lateinisehe Lelinwiirter ini Taliimd, Midnisoh, und TarL'um

E,,

,,

,'

I

h^ousse.l>icl....\^'^{^%^!^'^l.C

l.i.Hounaue Universd duWOrterlaich uber die

^- " "

1

Sanbedrin (Tjilnuid) Sacred Books ot the East (Sacred Books of the Old Testament) Polychrome Bible, ed. Paul HauptSchafl'-Hei-zog,

Levy, dial.

I.

in lilt! place ritcd Levj-, I Ualdiiisclu's

^^''Ency?'"'*''"

f'

A Religious Encyclopaedia

Worterb Tpvv Ni.iihplirw-",....H

(

1 Z.

Targuuiiiu (Levy, Neuhi-hriiisclies und fliakUiisches Worterbuch uber die Taliriudiiu uud MidZoolojrie dcs TalniudsliterallyI'';;;,:,^;|:'

Sclirader, C. I. 0.

Schrader, Cuneiform Inscriptions and the

T'p

I

u,.i,,..i^,.,. I.A S(hianci, iv.A.

I

i.-,

Old Testament, Eng. transl. Sclnailer, Keilinschrifteu und das Alte Tes,.,|p|,t

Solu-ader, K.

B,.

Lewvsnhn.lit

T

Sihiadei.h.,,,

..

(.. f.-,

(.Scbnider,

Schrader. Keilinschriftliche Bibliothek Keilinschrifteu und Geschichtsfr,;,.|ning

Low, Lebensalter]

'-"'"S''"^'- '"

'' Jiidisdien Li-

Schiirer, Ciesch.

Semshall

Schiirer, (ieschichte des Jiidischen

Volkes

Semahot (Talimid)

m

LXXMa'as. Sh

SeptuaM:int

Ma"as

married Ma'aserot (Talmud) Ma'aser Slieui (Talmud)

Mace"''''"'''

Maeeabeesj-

""Moreh" Mannouides, Yad

Maimonides, Moreh Nebukim.Maimoniiles,

Shabliat (Talmud) Sliel) Shehi'it (Talmud) SbeliU Sbebu'ot (Tallnudl Sliek Shi'kalim (Talmud) Sibyjlines Sibylline Books Sinilli, Rel. of Sem. .Smith, Lectures on Religion of the Semites Tran.sactioiis of the Society ot Biblical ArSoc. Bibl.1.

.

Yad ha-Hazakali

Arch^f.,^v7 .o .,.i....-ft stade m iit s zcitsiSteinschneider,Cat. BodI

)

clavologyZeitschrift fiir die Alttestamentwissensdiaf Catalogue of the Hebrew Books in ilii' Bodleian Library Sleinsclineiiler. Die Hehriiischen Handschriften der K. Hof- und Staat-s-BiblicvStadi*'s,

MakMaksh MasMassekMnz-'iin.r, IMCLnnio(k

Makkot (TalmudMakshirin (Taliiuid

)

,

j^.i,^

I,

Masnrah.! auri...( \

1

Steinsehneider.

Massekrt MiClintnck awlj,,,,,.^,

J 1

Striinff, Cvek>iiu?dia ot

Bib-

fc;i,.i.,opiinei i,.rI

Stiong, tji'

Meal. Theological,

and

Ecclesiastical Liter-

1 .a.

Mnni .wuiK .1, u

..

.

.

j

,|^|,|j jij

Miiui'lien

MegMe'l

Megillab (Talmud)Me'ilah (Talmud) Mekilla'^''llebr.'Bi'lll"'I

Steinschneider, Hehriiische Bibliograpbie!'

Mek MenMidMidrMidr.Teli

Menabot (TalmudMiddol Ci'almud)Midrasli

^'liebr! Uebersnnii uiut. Riio Mrack, uasfr.i,.i..

Steinschneider. Hebriiische Uebersetzungen

iStrack,^

Mik M."K,, , ,..-f, Monatsscbnft.' i

Midrasb Teliillim (Psalms) Mikwaoi (Talmud) Mo'eil Katan (Talmud)]

Suk.s.(i

Das Blut im Glauben f,|,,,ui,en ^er Menschlieit Snkkali (Talmud)luider the word Ta'auit (Talmud)

und

.\ber-

Ta'an

Monalsscrji'iri fiir (iescliichte j.^.,^,,,., ,|,.^ .i,i..ih,s

und Wissenfiraeco-

Tiin

Tanhuma-Targinuim Targum oukelos Tai-gum \ei'iishalini or Targum Jonathan Temurjih ( TiilTntidl

TargTarg. onk Targ. Yef Tern

Mortara, Indice Midler, Frag. Hist.CJra'c

'.

Mortaia, ludice Alfabetico Miiller, Fragnieiiia Historicorum

t

rum''"'

Munk, Melanges

'''""''''P''"'

""

TerTest. Patr

.

] "^'^Jf

iVabe"''""'"*

Teiumot cralnilldl Testaments of the Twelve PatriarchsToliorot'i'osafot

Murray's Eng. Dict.A. H. Mmray. A Nazir (Talmud Naz no date n.d

Newd)

English Dictionary

Tob'i'os

Tosef

To.sefta

Ned NegNeubar.ei-. Cat.()'

Nedarini (Tal

Tr

Nega'im Neubauer. Ciilalngue of the Hebrew MSS.

Bodl.Hehr.MSS. in the Bodleian Library Neubauer. (r. T Neubauer, (ieograplne dll Talauid Neubauer, M. .1. (.'..Neubauer, Mediieval Jewish Cbrouii-les no place of pLd>!ication stated n,p New Teslamenl N. TOest.Woclienschrift.OesteiTeicbiscbe Wochenschi'ift Obalol (Talimal) Oh

Transactions translation Tristram, Nat. Hist.Nalnnil History ot the Bible Tebul Yom (Talmud) T. y 'Ilk "Lkziu (Taliiual)translriii\.

Isr.^

Cn'ivers Israelite

Virchow's

Arf Ilii^ Aiiichciiii .Icwisli Hisldriciil Socifly ; Pii'siiionlof the ISoarti (it Dirertors of tlie Jewish Thcdloificiil Scniin.iry of iiuerit-a;

Pi-ofessor of (ierrnaii Lileratiire. University ot llie ci(y of .New York. New York City.

A.

S.

W. R A.

W. Rosenbach,Law, Philadeljihia, Pa.Hoheinius, Tyrol, Austria.

Librarian

of

tlio

Siiiitlisoniim

Institution,

.Vltorney at

Washiiurtiin, D. C.

A. Ta A.Bailcn.

Aaron Tanzer, Ph.D.,liablii,

A. A. A.

G

Am^lie Andre Gedalge,fans, naure.

WAB

Albert Wolf,Dresden, Sa.xony, Germany.

Blum

A. Blumgrund, Ph.D.,Raliiri, Carlsriilie,

Germany.

B. B.

B.

Auerbach, Ph.D.,Rabbi. Rogasei), I'oscn, Germany.

A. Bii

Alexander

Biichler, Ph.D.,

Ualilir. Kcsztljely, Hiinjiary.

Benuel H. Brumberg-,Contiibutorti.>

A. BuchA.A.A.

Adolf Biichler, Ph.D.,Professor,.lewisli

Tlieoloffical

Seminary.

ican Bioirraiihy."

"National Cyclopedia of AmerNew York City.

Vienna,

Aii-stria.

B.

D

Bernard Drachman, Ph.D.,Kabbi of the Congregation Zichron Kphraim Instructor in tlie Bible and in Hebrew Grammar at the Jewish Theological Seminary of Amei-ica, New Y'ork City.;

DEF

Abraham Danon,Priiii-jpal..li'\vish

sIaiilino|ile,

Theological Seminary, ConTurkey.

A. Eckstein, Ph.D.,Ualjbi. liainlierg. liavaria.

Germany.

B.

Fr

B. Friedberg,Frankfort-iai-the-Main, Germany.

A. Freimaun, Ph.D.,the "Zeitschrift fiir Hebraische tlie Hebrew Bibliogniiihie" : Libraiian of Depart nient. Stadtblbhothek. Frankforl-onKilitor

B.

G

"f

Bernard Gorin, New York city.

B. J

Benno Jacob, Ph.D.,Rabbi, Giiiiingen, Hanover, Germany.

the-Main. Gennatiy.

A. Fe

Alfred Feilchenfeld, Ph.D.,I'riiii'ipal

B.

P

Bernhard Pick, Ph.D., D.D.,Foinjciiy I'astoi' of St. John's Lutheran Cliuivh. Albany, .\. Y. ; Ne\y York City.

of the liealseluile, Fiirth. liayaria.

Germany.

A.

GHa

Adolf Guttmacher, Ph.D.,Ituhbi, Baltimore.

B. TeC.

Bernhard Templer, Ph.D.,Rabbi.N'ielllia.

Austria.

Md.

A.

Alexander Harkavy,New York City. A. H. Sayce, D.D., LL.D.,I'nifessor of .\ssyrioIofry. (LKford Unlyersity,ti.xforii, Eiif^land.

H.

B

C.

H. Bjerreg-aard,ericia.

A. H. S

I'ormeriy Piofessor. Fredericia College. FredDenmark ; Librarian of the New York Public Library, New Y'ork City.Aiviiit.Tt,

C. C.

H.I.

I

Charles H. Israels,.New Yolk(

a;

K

ity.

A. Kaminka, Ph.D.,lialibi;

Seoi'etary of the Israelltische Alliance

de S

.

Clarence

I.

de Sola,

Montreal. Cailad;l.

zu Wien, Vienna. Austila.

A. Kai

Alois Kaiser,t

C.

LS

Caspar Levias, M.A.,Instructor in Exegesis and Talmudic Aramaic, Hebrew Union College, incinnati, Ohio.(_

antor, Temiile

Oheb Shalom, Baltimore, Md.Bohemia, Austria.lioliiiiiia.

A. KiA. A.

Alexander Kisch, Ph.D.,l!;ibhi, I'lasrue,

C.

Carl Siegfried, Ph.D., LL.D.Laie Professor Jena, (iermany.(

(decea.sed), of

Theology.

University

KuLewF

A

Kurrein, Ph.D.,Rabbi, Teiililz.

Auslna.

DD.

Gotthard Deutsch, Ph.D.,Professor of Jewish History. College, Cincinnati, Ohio.

Abraham Lewinsky,;

Ph.D.,

Hebrew UnioD

Chief Uabbi, Hilileslieim, Hanovei-, (ieiiiiany.

A. m.

Albert M. Friedenberg, B.S., LL.B., Correspondent of " 'i'he Counselor at Law Jewish Comment," Baltimore, Md.; NewYorkCity.

G

Baron David von GUnzburg,St.

Petersburg. Russia.

D. JD. D.

David Joseph, Ph.D.,Berlin, (ieruiany.

A.

P

A. Porter,Formei'ly .Associate Edit^ir of "The Forum," New York; Reyisinpr Editor "Standard Cyclopedia," New York City.

KP

D. Katzenstein,(iolha. Saxe-Cobuig-(iotha, (iermany.

David Philipson, D.D.,Rabbi, B"ne Israel Coiign'gation Profes.sor of Homiletics, Hebrew I'niiui College, ('incinnati, Ohio.:

A. PeA. A.

A. Pei&insky, Ph.D., New York City.

PhB.

Adolf Philipp,Hamburg, tiermany.

D. E.

Su

David Sulzberger,Philadelphia. Pa.

A. Bhiue,Rabbi, Hot Springs. Ark.

A

Eduard Andre,Paris. France.

CONTlUnUTOKS TO VOLUME VIE.

CI

Executive Committee of the EditorialBoard. ..EzekielCaro, Pli.D.,1

HH.

Bl

..

HeinrichBloch, Ph.D.,Professor of History. Jewish Theological inary, Budapest. Hungary.

Sem-

E. Ca.J. C.

i

lii.-l

liLil.bi,

LfiiilptTK,

lialiL-iii,

Austria.

E

H. EliassofChicago,111.

,

E

G.

H

EmilG.

Hirscli, Ph.D., LL.D.,;

RabRabbi. Siual OuiiKreKntion Professor of tbe Uuiblnk'.al Literature and Pbilosophy in veisityof Chicago; Cblcago. 111.Vii'iina. .\ustria.

H. E.

K

H. E. Kaufmann,Rabbi, Krovitza, Austria.

H. Gut

E. J

Emil Jellinek,

H H HHir..

H. Gutteustein, New York City. Henry Hyvernat, D.D.,

E

Li

Enno Littmann, Ph.D.,

biliraram of the iiriental Department and Lecturer In Semitic Philology, Princeton University, Princeton, N. J.p.roi.klyn. N. V.

Professiir of Oriental Languages and ArcheWa.shology, Catholic University ot America, iiigton, D. C.

HartwigHirschfeld, Ph.D.,Professor, .lews' College. Luiuloli. England.

E. E.

Ii.

S

Elias L. Solomon,

H. H.

M

Harry H. Mayer,Rablii,

MsS

Kansas

City,

Mo.Hesse, (,er-

E. N.

E. Schr

Edg-arMels, New York fity. Elvira N. Solis, New York City. E. Schreiber, Ph.D.,Kalilii

H K H R111.

H. Kottek, Ph.D.,Kabbl,iiiany.

Hoiiiburg-vor-der-Hiihe.

Herman Rosenthal,Henrietta Szold,

Kmaiiu-El Consregation. Chicago,

chief of the Slavonic Department of the NewYork Public Library. New Y'cirk City.

E SdE. SIE.

.

E. Schwarzfeld, LL.D.,Secretary of the Jewish Colonization Association, Pails, France.

H. S

Secretary ot the Publication Committee of the Jewish Publication Society of America ; New

E. Slijper,.\mslerdam, Holland.

York

City.

c

F

H V.

Frank Cramer, New York city. ..FrankH. Vizetelly, F.S.A.,Associate Editor of the "(dliimbiau CycloIiedia " and of the ST-i.ndakii Uictionarv;

H VI

HermannI'ri.fi'SSdr

Vogelstein, Ph.D.,

Rabbi, Koliigslierg, East Prussia, tienuauy.

Be Br

Immanuel Benzinger, Ph.D.,of old

Testament Exegesis, Uni-

veisity of Berlin,

Germany.

F L C F PE. s. E. T.E.

New York City. Francis L. Cohen,Ualihi,

I

.

Isaac Broyd6

(0(ficf A'ffilo?-),

Borough

New-

Synagogue. London,I

Diidouie de I'Ecole des Hautes Etudes; formerly Librarian of the Alliance Israelite Universelle, I'aris, France; New Y'ork City.

Kiighmd.

Felix Perles, Ph.D.,Italilii,

E

Ismar Elbogen, Ph.D.,sciiaft

Kiinigsberg, East Prussia,

Germany.I.

WH

Instruiinr at the Lebraiistalt (ur die Wissendes Judenthuiiis, Berlin, Germany.Professiir of Semitic Philology, University of Budapest ; Member of the Hungarian Acad-

Francis S. New York City. Frederick T. Haneman, M.D.,lirooklyn, N. Y.

Wilson,

GG.

Ignatz Goldziher, Ph.D.,emyot Sciences, Budapest,

Hungary.

W

F. Westbergr,

Ph D

,

Riga, C'lurlanil, Russia.

I.

D

I.

George Dobsevage,Ni'W York(

ity.

a

Richard Gottheil, Ph.D.,Semitic Languages, Columbia luiversity, New Y'ork Chief ot the Oriental Department, New York Public Library President ot the Federation of American Zionists, .New Y'ork City.Pr.ifessor

I

HL

of

Isidore Harris, A.M., Rabbi ot West London Synagogue. London,England.

:

:

I.

Israel L^vi,logical

(J.

A.

KIi

George Alexander Kohut,Formerly Rabbi in Dallas, Ti'xas; Assistant Librarian of the Jewish Theological Seminaryof America,

Rabbi; Professia- in the Paris Jewish TheoSeminary; Editor of "Revue des Etudes Juives," Paris, France.liief

I.I.

LoM. c

Immanuel Low, Ph.D.,(

New York

Rabbi of Szegedin, Hungary.

City.I.

G. B. G. D. G. H. G. G. G. G. G.

Gerson B. Levi,NewY'olk City.

M. Casanowioz, Ph.D.,United States National Museum, Waslilugtnn.D. C.

RC

George D. Rosenthal,F.leclrical Kiigiiieer, St. Louis,

Mo.

I.

M. PS

Ira Maurice Price. B.D., Ph.D.,

Professor of Semitic Languages and Litera-

G. Herbert Cone,Altorneyat

ture. I'nixersity of Chicago. Chicago, IlL

Law. Albany, N. \.I.

I.

Scliwartz,I'aris,

Ke L

G. Kecskemeti, Ph.D.,Ralilil in

France.

(irosswardein, Hungary.

Goodman Lipkind,Ralibi,

B.A.,

I. S.

B

Isidor S. Beaumache,

New York

City.I.

MoO

Godfrey Morse,Lawyi'f, liusbjii, Mass.

Z

New York city. Ignaz Ziegler, Ph.D.,Rabbi, Carlsbad, Boheiiiia. Austria.

Gustav Oppert, Ph.D.,Privat-Doceiit. Universily of Berlin, (Germany.

J

Joseph Jacobs, B. A.,Formerly President of the Jewish Historical Corresponding Member Society of England of the Royal Academy ot History, Madrid ;;

R

G.Riilf, Ph.D.,Rabbi, r.runswlck, (iermany.

New YorkJ. C.J.

City.

H. B

H. Brody, Ph.D.,Rabbi; Coeditor of the " Zeitsclnift fiir Heliriilsche BiWiographie": Nachod. Bohemia.Aiislria.

SeeE. Ca.

D.

B

J. J.

D. Bravermann, Ph.D., New York city.D. Eisenstein,

H. Bar

Henry Barnstein,Rablii.

J.

D.

E

Houston. Texas.

New

Y'ork City.

.

;

CONTKIBUTORS To VOLIMKJ.

VI

EMcC. .

Joseph Ezekiel,IJi'iiiliiiy.

J. P.,

M. CoM. F

Max Cohen,Ailoruey al Law-. New York Cily. Michael Friedlander, Ph.D.,Principal .lews" College. London, England.

Iiuiiii.

J. F.

.J.

Frederic McCurdy, Ph.D., LL.D.,Collect*,

Protussor nf uru'iitul Languages, Universily Torontu, Canada.Holk'scliau, Moravia. Austriu.

M. Fi

Maurice Fishberg-, M. D.SurgeonCharities,

J.J.

FreiFrlG.

Jacob Freimann, Ph.D.,lialilii,

,

to the Beth Israel Hospital Dispensary; Medical Examiner to the United Hebrew

J.

Friedmann, Ph.D..Hablii, (;ralz, I'oscn, (it-rmany.

New Yoik

City.

M. Fr M. GarM. Gr

M. Franco,Principal. Alliance Israelite Universelle School. Dc'iuoticii, Rumelia, Turkey.

J.

L

J. Gr. Lipman, Ph.D., Assistant ARriculturist, Nfw Jersey State K.\jieriinent Station, New Brnuswicli, N. J.

J.

de

HG

M. Garsson,New- York City.

J.

de Haas,SecretaryZionists.

of

the

Federation

of

AineTican

J.

H.Jr

New YtirU City. Julius H. Greenstone,Ualila. riiiladelpbia. Pa.

M. Grunwald, Ph.D.,Rabbi, N'ienna, Austria.

M.M.

K

Meyer Kayserling, Ph.D.,Habbi, Budapest, Hungary.

J.

Morris Jastrow, Jacques Kahn,llalilii.

Jr., Ph.D., Professor of Semitic Languages, University of Pennsylvania, Pliiladelphia, Pa.Paris, t'rance.

ME

Moses Mielziner, Ph.D., D.D.Late President of the Cincinnati, Ohio.

(ileceiLsed).

Hebrew Union

College.

J.

Ka

M. M. M.

M. M. Eichler,Rabbi, Belli El Cimgregiitlon, Philadelphia, Pa.

J. li

Joseph Lehman,Cliief Rabbi; Principal Rabbinical Seminary Paris, France.

R

Max Rosenthal,YorkCity.

M.D.,New

Visiting Physician, Geiiuan Dispensary,

J.J.

Ii.

La

J.

L. Lait,Journalist, Chicago,111.

M. ReNew YorkCily.

P.

P

John

P. Peters, Ph.D., D.D.,

Milton Reizenstein, Ph.D., New York City.

lieclor. St. Micbael's Cliurcb,

M. Sc

Max

Habbi,J.

So

Joseph Sohn,Contributor to " The New International Encyclopedia"; lormerly with "The Furuni,"

Schloessinger,Ph.D.(Oi/!CBi;di(or), New Ycuk City.

M. Sel M. Si M.

Max

Seligsohn

^Offlcc Eililur),

Dlplomc' de I'Ecole des Hautes Etudes. Paris.

J. J.

Sto

New York City. Joseph Stolz, D.D.,Itabbi, Cliicago,111.

Fnince; New-

"^'ork City.

Moritz Silberstein, Ph.D.,Rabbi, Wiesbaden, Nassau. Germany.

Ta

Jacob Tauber, Ph.D.,lUibbi, I'erau,

WM

Max Weisz, Ph.D.,Rabbi, liudapest, Hungary.

Moravia. Austria.

KK. H. C

Kaufmann

Kohler, Ph.D.,

M. W. L

Martha Washington Levy, B.A.,Contributor to "The New- International Encyclopa'dia," New York City.

Habbi EmeT-itus of Temple Beth-El, NewYork; President of the Hebrew Union College, Cincinnati. Ohio.

M. W.

Mary W. Montgomery,.New-

Ph.D.,

Karl Heinrich Cornill, Ph.D.,Professor ofgesis. Cniversity of Breslau,

York

City.

Hebrew and Did Testament ExeGermany.

M. ZN. N.

M. Zametkin,New Y'ork City. N. Almquist,Stockholm, Sweden.

L.

B

Ludwig- Blau, Ph.D.,Professor, Jewish Theological Seminary ; Editor of " Magyar Zsidfi-Szemle " ; Budapest,

AD

Hungary.

Newell Dunbar,Newark, N.J.

L.

G

Louis Ginzberg, Ph.D.,Professor of Talmud. Jewish Theological Seminary of .\merica. New York City.

N.

KL

Nehemias Kranberg, Ph.D.,Rabbi, Hernianmiestec, Bohemia. AiLstria.

L. Gr'u

Lazarus Gr'iinhut,Director,tine.

N. St N. T.

Nathan

Stern, Ph.D.,City.

Orphan Asylum, Jerusalem, Pales-

New York

N. T. London,New- York City.

L. H. G.

.

L. H. Gray, Ph.D.,Assistant Editor of the " Orientalische Bibliographie"; formerly on the editoi'ial staff of "The New International EncyclopiEUia " Newark, N. J.

O E.d' A. C.Osmond Elim d'Avigdor Goldsmid,M.A., LL.B., J.P.,Brighton, England.

L.

HuLaz

L. Hlihuer, A.M., LL.B., Attorney at Law. New York City. L. Lazarus, Ph.D.,Rabbi, Sijdeuz, Moravia, Austria.

O. S.

S

Oscarkey

S. Straus,

LL.D.,

Former Envoy Extraordinary and;

L.

Minister Plenipotentiary of the United States lt> TurMember of the Court of Arbitration at;

The HagueP.

New York

('Ity.

L. N.L.

D

Lewis N. Dembitz,.\ttorni-y at

B

Philipp Bloch, Ph.D.,Rabbi. Posen, (iermany.

Law.

Louisville. Ky.

V

Ludwig- Venetianer, Ph.D.,Rabbi, Neupest. Hungary.

P. -Wi

Peter Wiernik, New York City.

L.

Y

L. Ysaye,Vienna, Austria.

R. H. S

Rachel Hays Sulzberger, New York City.

M. BlM. C

Maurice Bloch,Principal of the BIscholTshelm School. Paris,

R.

I.

C

RudolphAssistant

I.

Coffee, A.B.,

Superintendent,City.

Hebrew Orphan

Frame.

Asylum,

New York

M. Caimi,C'trfu, (jreece.

R.

P

Rosalie Perles,Konigsberg. East Prussia, (iermany.

CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUMKSS.

VI

Isidore Singer, Ph.D. MANACiMi EDITOR, New York,

S V St'"'

S.

van StraalenLateAssistant

(deceased), Librarian, British

Museum,

City.

London, England.

Bac

S.

Bachrach,Hami-lii,

Hanover, Germany.

TT

Crawford Howell Toy, D.D., LL.D.,Professor of

Hebrew

in

Harvard University,

S Fra

Salomon Frankfurter, Ph.D.,Scriptor,

(.'ambridge, Ma.ss.

Vieuua University Library, Vienna.

Austria.

K

C

Thomas Kelly Cheyne,ter

D,D., Litt.D.,

S.

Fu

Samuel Fuchs, Ph.D.,Cliic'f

liabbi, Ln.vemburtt,

Luxeminnr.

Scriporiel Professor of the Interpretation of Rochesture, 0.-stord Univei-sity, and Canon of " EncyCathedral, England ; Coeditor of

S.JS. S. S. S. S.

S.

Janovsky,Attorney at Law,St.

clopedia r.iblica "

;

Oxford, England.

Petersburg, Russra.

KKrLeLev

TSU. C

...Tobias Schanfarber,111.

S.Kahn,Kabbi, Nlmes, France.

Uablii.AnscheMa'arab Congregation, Chicago,

S. S. S.S.

Krauss, Ph.D.,Professor,

TJmberto Cassuto,Florence, Italy.

Normal

College, Budapest,

Hungary.

Levy,liabl>i,

M.A

London, England.

Vy. V.College, Cincinnati,

c

Vittore Castig-lione,Chief Rabbi, Rome, Italy.

Levene,Biodklyu, N. y.

E

Victor Eosseau Emanuel,Laurel, Md.

M

Mendelsohn, Ph.D.,Habbi, Wilmington, N. C.

R

Vasili Rosenthal,Kremeuchug, Russia.

S.ManS. S.

S.

Mannheimer,Instructor,

B.L., Hebrew Union

V RyW.

Victor Ryssel, Ph.D.,

Ohio.

M.

D

S.

M. Duhnow,ildessa, Russia.

Professor of Old Testament Exegesis and Semitic Languages, University ot Zurlcli, switzeiiand.

p

Samuel Poznanski, Ph.D.,Kabbi, Wai-saw, I'oland, Russia.

A.

M.

William A. Miller,New YorkCity.

S S S SaS.

..Solomon Schechter, M.A., Litt.D.,Salfeld, Ph.D., Rabbi, Mayence, Hesse, Germany.Ji^lau,

W

B

W.

TheoPresi.leni of tbe laculty of the Jewish York City. logical Seminary of America, New

Professor, Jewish Theologii-al Seminary, Budapest,

Bacher, Ph.D.,Hungary.

Sigismund

W.S..F

William H. Fineshriber,Rabbi, Davenport, lowa.

Sp

Salomon Spielmann,Moravia, Austria.

W M MWN

..W.

Professor of Bible Exegesis, Reformed Episcopal Theological Seminary, I'hiladelphia, Pa.Professor of Old Testament Exegesis, Uniyersity of Strasburg, Germany.

Max Miiller,

Ph.D.,

S. StS. S.

W

Sara Straus, New Y'ork City. Stephen S. Wise, Ph.D.,Rabbi,I'ortlaucl. lire.

.

William Nowack, Ph.D.,

LIST OF ILLUSTOAT10N8 INIs]}

VOLUME YI

lu

the iVillowing

list

stibjiTls likely lo be souglit for iimlcr various litiulinifs are repeateel

under each lieading.

PAGE

" Ab,

Xiutli of, iu a Polisli Synagogue."

From a puiuting by Leopold,

Ilorowii/

4680:33

Algiers,

Tomb

of Rabbi Isaiic beu Slieshel at

Aiiisterdam, Printed Halizah Blank Used by

Archeology: see

Jews of Coin; Had AD; Ha.m.muraiu; Hanukkait; Haiu'; Hykcancs; Lyke;

173Mi:r>Ai.:

Seal;

Tomb.

Hanover; Hebkon; House; Hykcanus; To.mh. AncnEOLOGT; Architecture; Costume; Habdalau; Haggadah; Haxukkaii; Heine Memorial; Horowitz, Leopold; Huppah; Israels, Joseph; Manuscripts; Typography. 510 Autograjih Letter of Hushiel ben Elliaiian. From tlie Cairo GeuizahArchitecture: see

Art: see

Baldachin

:

see

Huppah.601

Banner of the Inquisition at Goa, India. After Picart Bar Kokba, Coin of, Bearing Lyre with Three Strings Benedict. Marcus, Diploma Conferring the Haber Degree Issued by, 1828. .......Bible: see Isaiah;

237122 147

Pkntateucii.Ilaggadah, Prague, 1526

BorderBo.x,

to the First Illustrated Priuteil

184 Modern Charity 119, 120, (tmi plate between 118-1 19 Boxes, Spice, Used in Habdalah Ceremony 565 Brescia, Page from the First Edition of Immanuel ben Solomon's "Mehabberot," Printed in 1491 at..

Cairo see Gekizah. Candle Used in the Habdalah Ceremony Caricature of Isaac of Norwich. After a contemporary manuscript Caucasus, Head-Dress of Jew of (Fig. 34) Cave of Machpelah. Entrance to the Mosque at Hebron, Containing the Traditional:

118 628,

293313184

Ceremonial: see

Habdalah; Hahzaii; Hanckkah; Huppah.464237

Charity-Box, Modern Clepsydra as Described in the Zohar

Coin of Bar Kokba Bearing Lyre with Three Strings of Herod the Great Sliowing Helmet with Cheek Pieces

343515 237

Hyrcauus Simon Kasi Bearing Lyre with Six Strings Columbia University Library: sec Ibn Ezra, Abraha.m; Ibn Tibbon, Moses; Solomon.of Johnof

Immanuel ben393

C

Shoe Ilallel "

C

Lulab Chant

"),

Music of

177, 178

I.Iahd>kah

BoxIS'?,

li1S3

Contract Between a Sheliah and the Sephardic Congregation at Jerusalem

'HaMabdil." Music of Hamburg, Jewish Hawker of. Eighteenth Century Handiurgcr, Jacob, German Rabbi and Author'

1882(18

195190

Ha-JIeliz," Title-Heading of the First the

Number

of

Hammurabi Before

Sun God

1992~'3

Hanover, Synagogue at Hanukkah Lamp, Bronze, French, Attributed to the Twelfth Century Bronze, Italian. Fifteenth Century Found in E.xca vations at Jerusalem Silver, German, Seventeenth Century. .

plate faeina 22022.5

226225, -plntc Jacituj

Silver, Silver,

Medieval

226 225 225

Modern

Century Silver and Bronze, Seventeenth Century Yellow Copper. Modern Ilarkavy, Albert, Russian Orientalist and Historian Harp, Babylonian Representation of a. About 3000 B.c Bedouin Playing a. After a painting in the tombs of the Benl HassanSilver, Si.xteenth

plate fad ntj 226

pldtefaciiiy 226

235 237237

Eg}'ptiau Representations of asee also Lykk.

238244

Hartmann, Moritz. Austrian Poet' llattarat Ilora'ah ":

Rabbinical Diploma of the Seventeenth Century

203

Hawker, Jewish, of Hamburg, Eighteenth CenturyPolish Jewish, Seventeenth Century

Hazzanut." Music of Head-Dress Worn by Jews at Various Periods Hebron, Entrance to the Jlosque at. Containing the Traditional Cave of Machpelah

268 268 290-292293

313312

General View of Heidenheim, Wolf, German E.xegete Heilprin, Michael, Polish-American ScholarHeine, Heinrich,

319325 327 329343. 350

German Poet Memorial. New York

Helmet with Cheek-Pieces Depicted on Coin of Ilerod the Great Hemion, Mount, in Judea Herod the Great. Coin of, Showing Helmet with Cheek-Pieces Copper Coins of Herschell, Solomon, Chief Rabbi of the Ashkenazim in EnglandHerz, Henriette,

355 343350, 357

364 367 368

German Leader of Society Markus, German Physician and Author Herzfeld, Levi, German HistorianHerzl, Theodor, Leader of Political Zionism

370 370 395

Hildesheimer, Israel,

German

Ortliodo.v

Rabbi

LIST OF ILLLSTKATIUNS IN

VOLUME

VIPAGE

Hillel the Great,

Entrance to

tlie Traditi(in;il

Tomb

i.f

397 405 409

Hiram, TraditionalHirsch, Clara de,

Tomb

of

German Philanthropist Maurice de, German Philanthropist Samson Raphael, German RabbiPortraitof.

414 417 438 427130171

Hittite Divinity

From

an inlaid

tile in

the

tomb

of

Eameses

III.

Representation of Hadad Holland, Halizah Scene in. Early Eighteenth Century

393 Head-Dress of Jews of (Fig. 11) 464 Horology Clepsydra as Described in the Zohar 464 Sun-Dial as Described by Mainionides 468 Horowitz, Leopold, "The Ninth of Ab in a Polish Synagogue," From a Painting by " Hosha'ua Kabbah," Procession Carrying Palms on. 477 After Picart, 1723 jihiie between 482-483 Host Desecration at Passau in 1477. After a contemporary wood-cut 483 Jews of Sternberg Represented as Transfixing Hosts. After a wood cut of 1492 171 House, Interior of a Jewish, in Holland, Early Eigliteeuth Century 173 in German}', Eighteenth Century:.

Hugh

of Lincoln,

Tomb

of, in

Lincoln Cathedral

487

503 Hungary, Map of. Showing Chief Centers of Jewish Population, 1901 Medal of Joseph II. Commemorating Grant of Religious Liberty to Protestants and Jews of, 1786.. 499 504 Huppah or Wedding Baldachin Among Dutch Jews, Seventeenth Century. After Leusden, 1657...

.

Jews, Eightecntli Century. Representations of. After samplers Hushiel ben Elhanan, Portion of Autograph Letter of. Hyrcanus, John, Copper Coin of Ruins of the Palace of

Among German

After Bodensehatz, 1748

505 506510 515516

From

the Cairo Genizah

Ibn

Ezra,

Gabirol,

Abraham: Page from the First Edition of his Commentary to the Pentateucli. Naples, 1488. 523 Solomon: Page from the First Edition of his "Mibhar ha-Peninim," Printed by531

Soncino, 1484 Tibbon, Moses:

Page from

the First

Edition of his Translation of Maimonideis'

"Sefer ha547

Mizwot," Constantinople, 1517 Illuminated Manuscripts: see Diploma, Rabuinkai,; IIagcadaii; Isaiaii. Immauuel ben Solomon; Page from the First Edition of his " Mehabberot," Brescia, 1491Inkhorn and Reed Pens UsedInquisition:

in Jloderu Palestine

565 586 589601

A

Sanbenito.the. at Goa.

After Picart After Picart After Picart

Banner of

Procession of the, at Goa.

603595 590 628 633 637 674675

Title-Page of Process of, of Mexico, Against Simon Lopez, 1643 Various Manners of Torturing During the. After PicartInscriptions: see Coins.

Isaac of

Norwich

Dejiicted in a

Contemporary Caricature

ben Sheshet, Tomb of, at Algiers From a manuscript Bible, said to be of the twelfth century Isaiah, Illuminated Page of. Israels, Joseph, Dutch Genre PainterItaly,

from the painting by Head-Dress of Jewess of (Fig. 13)"

The

Scrilje,"

293

Jerusalem:JosephII.,

see

Medal

Coin; Halukkah; IIanukkah. of, Commemorating Grant of Religious Libertythe First Edition oftlie

to Protestants

and Jews, 1786

499

Kimhi, David, Page fromjara, 1483

Commentary

of,

on the Prophets, Guadala103225, 326,

Lamps,

IIanukkah, Various Forms of Autograph, of Hushiel ben Elhanan. Lincoln, Tomb of Hugh of Lincoln, in the Cathedral at Lyre, Coin of Bar Kokba Bearing a Three-StringedLetter, Portion of

and plate facing 336510 487

From

the Cairo Genizah

337

lasr OK ILLl

STKATlONS IN VOIA MK

VI

I'AOK]jyri>,

Coin of Simon Nasi

Ucariiij;

SiN-StriiiLTil

.

237

scp also IIaki'.

Machpelah, CaveJlainioiiiik's. I'ago

of,

Eutraiicp to the

i\I()S(|ue

at ITcbron, f'ontainins tlie TraditionalTil)ljon's Translation of the " Sefer

313

from Ihc First Edition of Moses ibn

lia-Mizwot"547

of,

Constantinople, 1517H.\iii;i(;;

IIaggadaii; IIattauat IIoka'aii Inquisition; Isaiah. Map of Hungary Showing Chief Centers of Jewish Population, 1901 Medal of Joseph II. Commemorating Grant of Religions Liberty to Protestants and Jews, 1786

Manuscripts: see

503

Mehabbcrot," Page from the First Edition of Immanuel ben Solomon's, Printed at Brescia, 1491 595 Mexico, In(iuisition of, Title-Page of Process of. Against Simon Lopez, 1643 "Jlibhar ha-Peninim," Page from the First Edition of Solomon ibu Gabirol's, Printed by Son531 cino, 1484 Monuments; see IIadad; Heine Memobiai,. 293 Moravia, Ilcad-Dress of J(;w of (Fig. 32)"

499 565

Morocco, Ilead-Dress of Jew of (Fig 31)

293

Mount Hermon in Judea Music, " Had Gadya "" Haijkafot "" Hallel "

355128- 129 161- 163

177- 178 187- 188

"Ha-Mabdil " " Hazzanut "Musical Instruments: I{epresunt;\lion of a Three-Stringed Lyre on Coin of Bar Kokba Representation of a Si\-Stringed Lyre on Coin of Simon Nasi

290- 293

237 237

Representation of Egyptian Harps

.

Representation of a Harp from a Babylonian BasRclief, About 3000 From an Egyptian painting Representation of a Bedouin Harp.First Edition of .Vbraham ibn Ezra's

is.C

238 237 237Pentateuch, Printed

Naples, Page from thein 1488 at"

Commentary

to the

523 Synagogiie,"

Ninth of

Ah

in a Polish

From

the painting

by Leopold Horowitz

468 516

Palace, Ruins ofPalestine: see

the, of

HyrcanusHit.lei,;

Heumon, Mount;

Hiram

;

HvncANUS, Ruins OP the Palace OF; Inkhorn;357 482-483185

Jekusai.E-m.

Palm-Branches on Coin of Herod the Great plate Passau, Host Desecration at, 1477. After a contemporary wood-cut Passover, Preparations for. Depicted on an Illustrated Ilaggadah of the Fifteenth Centurysee also II,\ggadah.

betireen

Pedlers: see

Hawker.il)n

Pentateuch, Page from the First Edition of .VbrahamPeriodicals: see IIa-Mei.iz.

Ezra's

Commentary

to the, Naples, 1488.

.

.

.

523

Polish JewishPortraits: see

Hawker, Seventeenth CenturyGraetz, Heinrich. Gratz, Rebecca. Guastalla, Enrico. GUdemann, Moritz. GCnzbcrg, Horace,Heilprin, Michael. Heine, Heinrich.

268

(iOI-DFADEN, .\HR.V11.\M.

(ioi.DMARK, Karl. Goldschmidt, Levis. (iOLnSCMMU)?, MF.iR AARO.N.GOI.IKS.VIU,

ABRAUAM.

GOLDSMin, Sir Julian.OOI.nZIHER, ICrNAZ. GOMi'KRS, Samuel.

gonznurg, mordecai aaron. Halberstam, Solomon. HalSvy, Jacques Francois.HALfivY, Joseph. Hamburger, Jacob.

Herschell, Solomon Herz, Henriette. Herz, Markus. Herzfeld, Levi. Herzl, Theodor.hildesiieimer, israel.

Gordon, Lord George.GORDO.V, Leo.n. Gottheil, Gcstav.

Harkaty, albert.ISaer.

Gottlober, Abraham

Hart.mann, Moritz. Heidenheim, Wolf.

HiRSCn, CLARA DE. HiRseu, Maurice de. hirsch, samson itapuael. Israels, Joseph.

Prague, Page from the First Illustrated Printed Haggadah, Printed in 1526 Procession Carrying Palms on " Ilosha'na Rabbah." After Picart After Picart of the Inquisition at Goa.

at.

147 477 602

.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN

VOLUME

VIPAGK

Rhine

Provinces, Heatl-Divss of

Jews

of (Figs 9 unci 15-17)

Ruius of tlie Palace of Hyrcaaus Russia and Poland, HeadDress of Jews of (Pigs. 34^29,

33, 35,

and

38)

293 516 293589

Sanbeuito, a. After Piearl Sarajevo Haggadah. Illuniiiiated" Scribe, Tlie,"

I'age from the.

Written probably early in the fourteenth century

.

Frontispiece

674 Joseph Israels 165 Seal of Halberstadt Cathedral: Jews Represented as Stoning St Steplieu 18.'! Seals of the Sephardic Congregation at Jerusalem "Sefer ha-Mizwot," Page from the First Edition of Moses ibu Tibbon's Translation of Mainionides',

from

tlie

painting

l)y

Constantinople, 1517

547170

Shoe Used in the Halizah Ceremonj' Simon Nasi, Coin of. Bearing Lyre with Six Strings Soncino, Joshua ben Solomon, Page from the First Edition of Solomon ibu Gabirol's ''Mibharha Peninim," Printed iu 1484 bySpain: see Inquisition.Spice-Boxes, Various Forms

237531

119, 120, and plate hetwcen 118-119 of. Used in the Ilabdalah Cereraonj601 Standard of the Inquisition at Goa, India After a wood-out of 1493 483 Sternberg, Jews of. Represented as Transfixing Hosts. 464 Sun-Dial as Described by JMaimonides 199 Sun-God, Hammurabi Before the. From a stele at Susa 393 Swabia, Head-Dress of Jew of (Pig. 23)

Synagogues

:

see H.\j;ovek.

Title-Page of Process of Imiuisition of Mexico Against Simon Lopez, 1643

595

Tomb

of

Hugh

of Lincoln in Lincoln Cathedral....

487 633397

of Rabbi Isaac ben Sheshet at AlgiersTraditional, of Hillel the Great, Entrance to the

of

HiramAfter Picart

405 590 293;

Tortures, Various, of the Inquisition.

Tunis, Head-Dress of Jews of (Figs. 30, 36, and 37)

Typography:

see Bresci.\;

Const .\ntinople

;

Gi adal.\.iau-\

HAtiGAD.VH;

Ha-Meliz

Naples-

Soncino.

Wedding

Jews, Seventeenth Century Jews, Eighteenth Century Representations of. After samplers Writing, Cursive: see H.\I!Ek; Hai.izait.

Baldachin or

HuppaU Among Dutch

304.')()5

Among German

,

506

*^:t

1

:

THE

Jewish EncyclopediaGOD:

The Supreme Being, regarded

as the Crea-

when God speaksas the

(Deut.

iv. 15).

Ho

rules

supreme

and First Cause of the universe, the Ruler of the world and of tlie affairs of men, the Supreme Judge and Father, tempering justice witii mercy, working out His purposes tlirough chosen agents individuals as well as nations and communicating His will through prophets and other aptor, Aiitlinr,

of the nations (Jer. x. 6-7). His will conies to pass (Isa. viii. 9, 10; Iv. 10, 11 Ps. xxxiii. 10-13, Ixviii. 3-4). He is one, and none shares with Him His power or rulership (Deut. vi. 4; Isa. xliv.;

King

6, xlvi.

10 [A. V.first

9]).

He

is

unchangeable, though

he was theiii.

and

will be the last (Isa. xli. 4; Mai.

pointed channels. Biblical Data

God " is the rendering in the Englisli versions of the Hebrew "Kl," "Eloah," and "Eloliim." The existence of God is presupposed:

"

All that is, is perishable: God is everlasting 23-35; li. 13-13). Hence His help is always triumphant (Ps. xx. 8-9, xliv. 4, xlvi. 1-8).6).

(Isa. xl. 7-8,

He

is

in all things, places,

throughout the Bible, no attempt being anywhere made to demonstrate His realit)'. Philosophical skepticism belongs to a period pf thought generally posterior to that covered by the Biblical books, Ecclesiastes and some of the Psalms (xiv., liii., xciv.) alone indicating in any degree in Biblical Israel a tendency toward Atheism. The controversies of the Earlier Prophets never treat of the fundamental problems of God's existence or non-existence; but their polemics are directed to prove that Israel, ready at all times to accept and worship one or the other god, is tmdcr the obligation to serve Yiiwii and none other. Again, the manner of His worship Is in dispute, but not His being. The following are the main Biblical teachings concerning God God and the woi-ld are distinct. The processes of nature are caused by God. Nature declares the glory of God: it is His handiwork2a et such, Nature. He is "in heaven above and upon the earth beneath" (Deut. iv. 39). His are the heavens, and His is the earth (Ps. Ixxxix. 13 He created the [A. V. 11]; compare Amos iv. 13). world by the word of His mouth (Ps. xxxiii. 6, 9). Natural secpiences are His work (Jer. v. 23, 24; Ps. Ixxiv. 15-17). He maintains the order of nature (Ps. cxlvii. 8-9, 16-18; Neh. ix. 6). He does not need the offerings of men, because "the earth is the Lord's and the fulness thereof " (Ps. xxiv. 1,4, 7-13; compare Isa. i. 11; Jer. vii. 21-33; Micah vi. 6-8). Nothing is affirmed of His substantial nature. The phrase "spiritof God " ("ruah Elohim") merely describes tlie divine energy, and is not to be taken as equivalent to the phrase "God is a spirit," viz., an assertion concerning His incorporeality (Zech. iv. He can not, how6; Num. xiv. 33; Isa. xl. 13). ever, be likened to any thing (Ex. xx. 4-5; Isa. xl. No form is seen 18) or to any person (Jer. x. 6-7).(Gen.i.;

7-13).

He

is not. like

and times (Ps. cxxxix. man, subject to whim (Num.

Relationto

Ps.

viii.,

xix.

;

Isa. xl.

nei/. ).

God

is

the Creator.

As

xxiii. 19; Deut. vii. 9). He is the Judge, searching the innermost parts of man's being, and knowing all his secrets (Jer. xvi. 17, xvii. 10, xxiii. 34; Ps. cxxxix. 14). His knowledge is too high for man (Ps. cxxxix. 6, 15, 16). God's wisdom, however, is the source of human understanding (Ps. xxxvi. 10). He is " merciful and gracious, longsuffering, and abundant in goodness and truth " (Ex. xxxiv. 6-7). But He can not hold the sinner guiltless (ilj.). He manifests His supreme lordship iu the events of history (Deut. xxxii. 8-12; Ps. xxii. 28, 29; Ixxviii. 3-7). He is the ever-ruling King (Jer. x. 10). He punishes the wicked (Nahum i. 3); He turns their way upside down (Ps. i. 6). Appearances to the contrary are illusive (Hab. i. 13, ii. 2; Jer. xii. 1-2; Ps. X. 13-14, xxxvii. 85-39, Hi. 3-9, Ixii. 11-13, .xcii. 7-8; Job xxi. 7-9, xxvii. 8-11, xxxv. 14). The Biblical theodicy culminates in the thought that the end will show the futility and deceptive nature of the prosperity of the wicked Relation (Ps. Ixxvii. 17). The mightiest nato tious do not prevail against God (Jer. xviii. 7-10, xxv. 30-31 Ps. vii. 8-9; Man. xxxiii. 13, 19). He judges the world in righteousness (Ps. ix. 9, 16; Ixxvi. 9-10; xcv. 1013). I Chron. xxix. 11-12 may be said to be a succinct epitome of the Biblical doctrine concerning God's manifestations in nature and in histoi'j' (compare I Sam. ii.). Yet God does not delight in the death of the sinner: He desires his return from his Fastevil ways (Ezek. xviii. 31-33, xxxviii. 10-11). ing is notan adequate expression of repentance (Isa. Iviii. 3-8; compare Jonah ii. 10; Joel ii. 13; Zech. vii. 5). God hath demanded of man " to do justly, and to love mercy " (Micah vi. 8); hence redress for wrongs done is the first step toward attaining God's forgiveness (Ezek. xxxiii. 15), the "forsaking of one's evil ways" (Lam. iii. 37-40).;

VI.

;

GodItis

THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIAcharacteristic of the Biblical conception of

benefit

Him

(.Job

xxxv.

6-8).

God

is

God

that

He

is

with those of contrite heart

(Isa. Ivii.

(Ps. X. 3-4).

At one with Him, man

is filled

omnipotent with

15). He loves the weak (Deut. x. 17-18). He is the father (Isa. Ixiii. 16, Ixiv. 7); and like a father He taketh pity on His children (Ps. ciii. 13: see Compassion). Therefore, love is due to Him on the part The demand to fear of His children (Deut. vi. 4-5). Him, in the light of the implications of the Hebrew

joy and with a sense of serene security (Ps. xvi. 5-6,8-9;

XX vii.

1-4).

xlix. 7-13).

Without this all else is sham (Ps. Happy, therefore, the man who heeds

God's instruction (Ps, xciv. 12; Prov. iii. 11-12). Sin never attains its aims (Ps. xxxiv. 22; Prov.

anything but in conflict with the insistence that the relations between God and man areoriginal, is

marked by parental andBibleis

filial

love.

The God

of the

not a despot, to be approaclied in fear. For "yir'ah" connotes an attitude in which confidence and love are included, while the recognition of superiority, not separation, is expressed (Nietzsche's " pathos of distance "). Reverence in the modern sense, not fear, is its approximate equivalent.

Sam. xxiv. 14; Job viii. 13-14, xv. 20-31). thus that God documents His supremacy; but unto man (and Israel) He gives freedom to choose between life and death (Deut. xxx. 1.5-20). He is near Though to them that revere Him (Ps. Ixxxv. 9-14). His ways are not man's ways, and His thoughts not man's thoughts (Isa. Iv. 8), yet to this one certainty man may cleave; namely, that God's woi-d will come to pass and His purposes will be carried outxi.

19; I

It is

(ih.

verses

9, 10, 11).

They;

that

confide

in

Him renew

their

Tlie

God of

the Bible

strength

God is holy (compare Isa. vi. 3) this plu'ase sums up the idtimate contents of the Bible conception of God (see Feau of God). He is Israel's God. Not on account of any merits(Isa. xl. 30-31).its

in the fate offacts ofis

is not a national God, though one people are mirrored the universal

His king.ship and fatherhood, and the truth emphasized that not by might, nor by power, but by God's spirit are the destinies of the world and

of

own

(Deut.

vii.

7-8, ix. 4-7), b>it because offa-

of

man

ordered (Zech.

iv. 6;

Mai.is

i.

11;

Ps. cxiii.,

God's special designs, because the

Kelationto Israel.

thers' loved

rael

was

(Deut. x. 11-16), Ischosen by God (Ex. xix. 4-6;ii.

Him

i.e., a with will and purpose, even though by searching man can not find Ilim out (.lob

cxv.).

The God of

the Bible

a person;

bein.g self-conscious,

Deut.

iv. 30, xxxii. 9; Isa. xli. 8-9,xliii.2,

xi. 7;

Ps. xciv.

7, 8, 9, 10,

11; Isa. xl. 28; Ps. cxlv. 3).

21; Jer.

Hence, in Israel's power, love, and compa.ssion, as, in fact, it is Israel's sole destiny to be the witness to God (Isa. xliv. 8). For Israel, therefore, God is a jealous God. He can not tolerate that Israel, appointed to be His portion (Deut. xxxii. 9). His servant (Isa. xliv. 21), His people joined imto Him for His name and glory and ornament (Jer. xiii. 11, A. V., " for a name, and for a praise, and for a glory "), slioukl worship other gods. Israel's task is to be holy as He is holy (Lev. Israel itself does not fully xix. 2; Deut. xxvi. 19). recognize this. God sends prophets a.gain and .again to instruct and admonish Ilis people (Jer. vii. 25. xi. 7, XXXV, 15; Isa. xxix. 13-14). In Israel God's judgments are purposed to impress upon His people the duty placed upon it. Greater suffering He metes out to Israel (Lev. xxvi. 40; Deut. iv. 30-31 viii. .5, 19; xi. 10-17; xxxii. 15;;

and often elsewhere). experience are illustrated God's

xlii. 24-xliii. 1, xlviii. 9-11 18-19; Amos iii. 2), but He will not permit Israel to perish (Isa. xli. 10-14; xlv. 17; Ii. 7And Israel, brought 8; liv. 10, 17; Jer. xxxi. 30). to faitlifulness, will be instrumental in winning the whole earth to God (Isa. ii. 2-4, xi. 9, xlv. 23, Ixv. 25; Micah iv. 1-4; Jer. iii. 17; see Messiah). God is Israel's lawgiver. His law is intended to make Israel hoi)'. That Israel serve God, so as to win all people to the truth, is God's demand (Lev. XX. 20; Deut. iv. 6). God's unity is indicated in the one sanctuary. But legalism and sacerdotalism are withal not the ultimat.t"(Ps. 1. 7-13; I Sam. xv. 22:

Isa.

i.

19-20, iv. 3-4,

E. G. H. In the Apocrypha of Palestinian origin the Biblical teachings concerning God are virtually reallirmed without material modifications. In some books anthropomorphic expressions are avoided altogether; in the others they are toned down. The "hand of God," for instance (Ecclus, [.Sirach] xxxiii. 3), is in the parallel distich explained as "His might." The "eyes of God " symbolize His knowledge and providence (Baruch ii. 17); the " voice of God " is synon3'raous with His will {ili. ii. 22, iii. 4). His unity, postulating Him as the absolute, omnipresent, and therefore as the omniscient, eternal, and living God, is accentuated while in His relations to the world and its inhabitants He is manifest as the Creator, Ruler, the perfectly righteous Judge, requiting evil and rewarding good, yet, in His mercy, forgiving sin. To Him all nature is subject, while He executes His designs according to

In Post-Biblical Literature

:

;

Jer.

ii.

19, v.

In the His inscrutable wisdonL The hisPalestinian tory of former generations is cited inproof of the contention that the.y who confide in Him have never been disappointed (Ecclus. [Sirach] ii. 10);^ for God is full of mercy, pardoning sins, and is the great Helper (ih. verse 11). Good and evil proceed from God, as do life and

Apocrypha.

death

{ib. xi. 14).

Yet,sin

by man's own choice

" to obey is better than sacrifice " Isa. i. 11 .ler. vii. 21-23; Hosea vi. 6; " I desired love [A. V. "mercy"] and not sacrifice "). Nor is the law a scheme of salvation. Nowhere in the Old Testament is the doctrine taught that God must be satisfied (see Fall of Man; Sin). Sin is impotent a.gainst God, and righteousness does not;;

omnipresent. Though Mountains of men's ways ((i. xvi. 17, xvii. 15-10). and the ocean are in His power (ih. verses 18et seg.).

not caused by God, but xv. 11 et srq.). God is He is on high. He takes heedIs{ib.

Being the Creator, He planned the eternal order ofnature(ib.(ib.

verses 26 etsrq.).

He

also fashioned

man

Whatever strength man basis from Him (ib. verse 3). The eyes of men are enabled by Him to see " the majesty of His glory." andxvii. 1 et scq.).

THE JEWISH KN'CYCLOPEDIAtheir ears to licar " His glorious voice "{ih.

Qod

verse 13).

perhaps"

He

and judgeth all things. None may search out His wondious might {ih. xviii.livelhin all eternity1-3), or describe

rest on a faidty reading (comp. Drummoud, Philo .Indicus," i. 173). In the Septuagint. also, the treatment of anthro-

His grace

{ih.

verse

3).

To

Ilim

naught may be added, and from Him nothing maybe taken away (//'. verse G, .\lii. 21). Even the "holy ones" are not comi)etent to relate the marvels He annoiuicesthat which of His works ((V*. xlii. IT). was and that which is to be and all hidden tlu'ngs (ih. verses 19-20). He is one from all eternity (ih. verse 21). He is the Living God {ih. verse 23). Among all the varieties of things He has created nothing without purpose (n?D3?, ib. verse 34). The " wisdom of God " is spoken of and exalted in the same strains as in the Biblical books (Prov. vii., viii.). All wisdom is from God and is with Him forever (Ecclus. [Sirach] i. 1). It came forth from the mouth of the Most High (ib. xxiv. 3); but it wascreated before all things (ib. i. 4). It is subject to the will of Him who alone is "wise, and greatly to be feared," seated on His throne {ib. i. 8). God

"pouredxxiv. 31).it

it

out over

all

His works"

(jV;.

i.

7;

comp.wisthat

However clo.se this description of dom may come to a personification, it is plainis

])omorphic statements alone exhibits a progrc'ss be(he earlier P.ihlical conceptions. For example, in Gen. vi. 6-7 "it repented the Lord" is softened into "He took it to lieart " Ex. xxiv. 9-10, "They [Moses, Aaron, and the others mentioned] saw tlie [ilace where the (lod of Israel stood " is rendered "They saw the God of Israel"; Ex. xv. 3, instead of "The Lord is a man of war," has "The Lord is one who crushes wars "; Josl). iv. 24, "the power " for "the hand." In Isa. vi. 1, the "train of liis God's] rolx! " isclianged into " his .glory " (see Zeller, "Die Philosophic der Griechen," iii., part ii., 2.54). As the Targumim, so the Sejituagiut, on account of a more spiritvialized conception of God, takes care to modify th(^ earlier and grosser terminology; but even the phrase oGtof rijv ihwa/iiuv (Isa. xlii. 13) does not iin]ily the recognition of powers .self-existent though under tlie control of God. The doctrine of the unity of God is put forth as the central truth also in the Septuagint. Nor is this theology toned down in other Hellen-

yond

;

I

from any element which might be construed as involving a departure from the Biblical position regarding God's absolute unity.free

writings. While in style and method under the influence of Greek thought, the fragments ofistic

Alexandrian Apocrypha that modifications of the Biljlical doctrine appear; but even liere are to be found I)ooks wliose theology is a reitera tion of the Biblical teachings. The so-called Third Book of the Maccabees, in tlie praj'er In Alex- of the high priest Simon, invokes andrian "God as the King of the Heavens, the Apocry- Kuler of all creatures, the most Holy, pha. the sole Governor, the Omnipotent," declaring Him to be "a just ruler," and appeals to the events of past days in support of the faith in God's supremacy and in Israel's appointment to glorifj' Him (HI Mace. ii. 1-20) wlio isIt is in the

Demetrius, Pseudo-Artapanus, Pseudo-Phocylides, Ezekielus' tragedy on Exodus, and the so-called Fourth Book of Maccabees can not be said to put forth notions concerning God at variance with the Palestinian theology. The TVisdom of Solomon, the Letter of Aristeas, and the fragments of Aristobiilus, however, do this. In the first of these three, Israel's God is pronounced to be the

Hellenistic only God. He lives in solitar}' suInfluences. preraacy, responsible to Himself alone

(Wisdomlb.

xii.

13-14).

He

is (rov dvrn;

all-merciful

The

third

reiterates

and the maker of jieace. book of the " Oracula Sibyllina," also, with great emphasis and witliout equivo-

cation the unity of God, who is alone in His superlative greatne-ss. God is imperishable, everlasting,self-existent, alone subsistingnitj'.

from

eteruit}' to cter-

alone really is: men are nothing. He, the omnipotent, is wholly invisible to the tleshly eye. Yet He dwells in the firmament (Sibyllines, i. 1, 717, 20, 32;ii.

He

the "eternal light" {ib. vii. 26). He is the Artificer (Tfx'''"'/f) who created or prejiared (both verbs are used) the various things in nature {ib. xviii. 1-5). This uncertainty in the verb descriptive of (iod's part in creation suggests that the old Biblical conception of the Creator's functions is in this book attenuated to the bringing into order of formless primeval matter (comp. ib. xi. i'i). Matter is compared to a lump of wax which, originally devoid of attributes, owes its qualities to divine agencyxiii. 1).

He

is

(Druramond,

I.e.

p. 188).

1-3, 17, 36, 46).

From"

this

heavenly

exercises His creative power, and rules over the universe. He sustains all that is. He is "all-nourishing," the "leader of the cosmos," the constant ruler of all things. He is the "supreme

abode

He

winds, earthquakes, lightnings, famines, pestilences, dismal sorrows, and so forth " ((*. i. 32-34). By these agencies He expresses His indignation at the doings of the wicked (ib. ii. 19-20); while the good are rewarded beyond their deserts {ih. ii. 1-8). God's indwelling in man (irani. (ipoTo'iaiv iv6>v) "as the faculty of judgment" is also taught ((*. i. 18). This indwelling of God, which has been claimed as an indication of the book's leaning toward a modification of the transcendentalism of the Biblical Idea of God. may

Knower" (ib. 3, 4, 5, 8, 15, 17, 3.5; "the One God sending out rains,i.

ii.

42).

He

is

But, while the cosmos is an expression and the result of the greatness, power, and beauty of God, He remains transcendent above it. Nevertheless, He continues to administer all things (Wisdom xii. 15, 18; XV. 1). It is His providencook, and one of the governors ofthe

and at CoUnnbia College, New York. He was graduated from Columbia College in 1881, andland,

continued his studies abroad at the universities of On J5erlin, Tubingen, and Leipsic (Ph.D. 1886). Ills return to America he was appointed, instructorin the S.yriac

language and literature at Columbia

College (Nov. I,''l886).binical literature at

When

the chair of rab-

Hebrew Union College. Cincinnati. The broad catholicity of Dr. Gottheil's sympathiesinterests is evidenced

Columbia was endowed, Oct. 7, 1887, Gottheil was elected to it by the board of trustees. On the retirement of Profes.sor Peck in 1889, the work of the section of Semitic languages wasandtiansferred to Gottheil (June 3), first as instructor later (April 4, 1893) as professor, a po.sitiou he

and

by

his connection

with

various non-Jewi.sh institutions as well as by many He was one of the of Ins sermons and writings. founders of the New York State Conference of Religions, assisting in the editing of its "Book of Common Prayers " and a founder and for many years vice-president of the Nineteenth Century Club. In 1893 Gottheil was one of the representatives of the Jews at the Parliament of Religions held in Chicago during the World's Fair. He published "Sarah";;

and "Sun and Shield" (New York, 1890), a survey of Judaism as he saw it. Essays by Dr. Gottheil haveap|ieared iu various periodicals and colli'Ctions. He was retired as rabbi emeritus of Temide

EmanuElinOclober, 1899. In lionorof hissevenlyfifth birthday a "Gustav Gottheil Lectureship in Semitic Languages" was founded at ColumbiaUniversity.BrnLIOGHAiMiY: Marlcens, Tlir Hchrrirx in Amrrira, Now Yorli, tSS8; The ItKlnniirr and Jewish Timr.s. New '^'cirl;,Oct.2.5,

hoUls (190.3). He has published: "TheSyriac (irammar of Mar EhaofZobha,"Beriin,1887;" Jewish History in the Nineteenth Century " and numerous articles in educational works, including the " World's Best Literature," " Johnson's Encyclopedia." and the "International Encyclopedia." He has edited two volumes of "Persian Chissics" iu English for the Colonial Press; is permanent editor of the "Columbia Uuivei-.sily C3riental Series" and (with J. Jasti'ow, Jr.) of the "Semitic Study Series" (Leyden). In 1898 he was elected president of the American Federation of Zionists, and chief of the Oriental Department of the New Yoik Public LiProfessor Gottheil is a member of the Cenbrary. tral Committee of the Zionist organization, and instill;

1S78, pp. i-r>:

Who's

Whop.

in;

Ama-ini.l."i,

loni-ii;;;

Jewish Chrmiirle, May 1, V.m. American Hchren\ Apiil tT.

;;i

MayApril

V.m.lllii;!;

p.

lO;

V.Ui;

l.'l,

iWid

the capacity of delegate attended the Zionistic congresses held at Basel in 1898, 1899, and 1903 (see Basei- COiNGiiESS) and at Loudon in 1900; lie is He is also a member of various learned .societies. a member of tho: council of the American Oriental

York Times.A.

April

IG, V.mi.

F.:

OOTTHEIL, PAUL EDTJAKDestunt missionary;

(!i

H. V. iman Prot.'),

born

al

Fiausladt, April

1818;

and president (1903) of the Society of BibLiterature and E.\egesis; he was one of the founders and the first vice-president of the "Judivans"; founder and president of the (Jewish) ReSociety,lical

53ligious SelioolnectL'J

TIIIO

.JEWISH

ENCYCLOPEDIA

GottheilOottiutjien

with

llic

KiBLiooitAriiY: Dec. II. 1!X0, !)..>.A.

in New York; and is con Jewish CliiUitauinni Society. IDiri's Who, 1U03-05; .liiicriatii Ixrailitr.

UniDii

V-

".

\

.

GOTTHEIL, WILLIAMcian;lii'iii

S.:

American physieldestat,;

in

IJniin

Fell.

.").

IS.')!);

son

cif

Rabbi

(iiistav Gottlu.'il.

He was educated

Cliorl-

(A.B. 1879) and took his special training at the College of Physicians and Surijeons, New York (M.D. 1882). From 1882 to 1883 he held the post of house svirgeon of the Charity Hospital, New Y'ork and from 188.T to 1888 lie lectured on dermatology at the New Y'ork Polyclinic. In ISStO Gottheil was appointed professor of pathology at the New Y'ork College of Veterinary Surgeons, and in 181)3 professor of derinatology at the New Y^ork School of Cliiucal Jledicine. In the following year he published a "Manual of General Histology," and in 1897 "Illustrated Skin Diseases." Gottheil was editor of "The Clinical Kecolder" in 1898, ans()-,Sl. The last collection of his jioems is entitled "Kol Sliire Mahalalel," 3 vols., Warsaw, 1890. Like Levinsohn, Gordon, and other leaders of the progressive movement, Gottlobcr w rote in Yiildish for the masses. Among his works in that dialect

5^/:^^Abraham BaerGotllober.

married

again,

culture-history of

found his second wife unbearable and soon

printed in

divorced her. In 1830 he married for the tliird time and settled in Krenienelz, where he formed a lasting acquaintance with Isaac Biir Lewinsohn. Gottlobcr travelwi and tauglit from 183G to 1851, when lie went to Jitomir and passed the teachers' examinations at the rabbinical school. After teaching for three years at a government Traveling: school for Jewish boys in Kamenetzand Podolsk, he was transferred to a

are:

"Das Lied vun'm Kugel." Odessa, 1803: "Der Seim," Jitomir. 1809; "Der Decktueh," a comedy,Warsaw, 1876; and "Der Gilgul," Warsaw, IK96. Most of these works were written a long time before the dates of their publication,

Teaching,

similar position

in

his native city,

EiRi.iOGRAPiiY: Ufi-Asif, Wiireaw. ISiX): Ahinsiif.

where lie remained for about eleven In 1S6.J he became a teacher in the rabbinyears. ical school in Jitomir, and remained tliere until it was closeil by the government in 1873. He then setson-in-law, Bornslein, who was the oflicial rabbi of that town. Thence be removed to Kovno, and subsequently to Byelostok, where the aged poet, who in later jcars had becometled in

iii. 43n-4".0; Sifrr Zikkarmi. p. 14, StiiiO (= IIKHI). pp. :is(;^:i,s,s Si.lr. I'chets. pp. 111-lH, 12.'i, Ii."i:i, TW, TB5: i. Wittenberg. (Giessen, 1609, 1618, 1636. 1609. Buxtorf. Johann (the elder). Thesaurus (irainin. Ling.(161.5,1630,1629,16.50,1651,1663.) Sanct. Ba.sel. 1610. Frischlin, Nicodemus. Gramm. Hebr. Strasburg. 1612. DrusOis. .10. (the elder). Gramm. Ling. Sanct. Nova. Franelicr.1613. Josephus,

Job.

Amsterdam. .\dam. Nucleus Grainmaticarum Hebr.

Leipsic.1663. Parschitius.

Daniel. Octo Taliuhe (iramm. Ling. Sanct.

Rostock.1665. Dlest. Henriciis

van. Gr. Hebr. cum.

lUuiiin. Ling. Chald.

et Syr.1666.

Daventria?..

Paul*.- Teutsche Dikduk.

Nuremberg.

Wasmiith, Mattheus. Hehraismus Restitutus (Nova Graminatica). Kiel. (1669.167.5,1695,1713.).

i

751667. SznthinHi-Ni-nifitlii,

TIIK .IKWISllMidmcl. Tynxiniuinlli'linuciim.

1;N(

VCLOI'KDIAWaeliner, Andr. (ie.-iiriindllelie iselien Spraebe. (ii'itlitigen.Hertel,(iratz. Scbullen.s, Alli,

Grainmur, HebrewGmmtnatlk der

r.iTt.

Meliiii-

Fnmeker.1670. HulslU!!. Anioniiis. romp. Itcjruluriiin (ir. llelir. Li-yck'ti. sivi- Kbrii. . 1670. Kiwlhiias. Jo. ClirisKipli. Cniriiin. Hi'hr. ('i)liur),'. Isi'licr TiU'liIiT, 1670. .NU'dhii, Job. Kr. -llcdtvclinim Orifiiljilt' HiiriuDTiicuin.

7:1,5,

W. Cbr. Anweisnng zur

Heliriilscben Spnielie.

7:)7,

Institiitiones

ad Fundam. L. H,174:!.)

Leyden.

(174:3, 1750, 175:!. 17.5(i;7:i8.

Claudlopolis,

(U., t,

1685. Viwcs;, Cbr.-

HiKli'frt'ia Diilai'lU'iis Kbra-u.-i.

Jena.

Hebn'w Witliout Point,s. London. (17:)!), 1751.) Li'-Long, Jae. Nouvelle Mt'-tbode pour Apiirendre Faeilenient les Langues Elir. et Cliald. Paris. 7:i!). Ran, J.iacli. Just. Kurzgefa.sste .^nfangsgriinde der Hebriiisclien Grammatik. KOnigslierg. (1719, 1777, 1780.) 7:). Burell, Andiew. A New Method toObtain Ibe KnoH'U'dge of tbe Hebrew Tongue. London. 7:i9. Lizel. (ie. Eiiitomi! (ir. Hebr. speyfT. 740. Ktieb. Fi'ied. Christ.- Fundamenta L. Hebr. . sen (iramm. Hebr. Pbilosophjea. .lena.7:!8.

.

.

743.

Anonymous.175:!,

Inst.

Hebr.

FiiiiiUiiiienla.

Hildliurgbausen.Halle.(1748,

1680. HcKifihl, KyiT. Viinilfr.- Janiiul.insr. Sani't. (Diitrli) .stci'dam.

Am-

745. .Michaeli.s. Jo. 747. Sisti (iennaro.

Dav. -llebraiscbi'tiranimatik.

1768, 1778,)

Wiirzlmisr. 1688. Kfltninel, Casp. selmla llcliniica. 1691. Mains. Jo. Hem-. Institutio I.ing. Mcbr. Frankfurt.

-Lingua

Santji.

V'eniee.

(1777.)

(170,-1.

747. SteinersdorlT, Jo. Christ. (iriimm. llebi'. Breviter.(17.52,177:2.)

Halle.

17W.)1692. Panliniis, Sinuin. (irammalica Hcbnca. 1693. UicssiT. Jdli. -('(imp. (trarnni. Helir.1694. Hardl,17.TJ.).\Ik.

748. Biittner. Cbristopb.7,50.

Andr. (ii'amm.Hall(\

MarlinrR.Soliila17():(Kill,-*. 17(J().

Hase, Christ,

(iottfr.

Hebr. Stettin. Versucb eines Lehrgebiindes der

Herminnis yan dcr. Brcyia at(pu'HcliusUidl.

Lint'. Fnnilaiiu'iita.

Hehr. IKi,

H(!briiiseben Sprai-be.751. Bate, ,Iiil.7.51.

A HebrewI.

(inimmar.

London.

1694.

Lnd\yis

(Liid()vi(Uis),(Ml!)!).I

Clir. liebraisnni.'i

Cunipimdiarins.

(icschwiiider Hebriier. Eisenaeb. 751. Steinei^dorlT, Jo. Christ. Hebriiisebe (iranimatik. Halle.(1707, I7!K).)

Hniischmarin,

Mallb.

Leipsio.

(.riindlirlif .\ri\y(MsnnK znr Hebr. Spraebe. Halle. 1699. Bnreklinus. lie. Chr. -Inslimtio L. Hebr. Frankforr. 1699. Danzitis. Jo. Andr. Coiripendinm (ir. Ebr.-Cbald. Jena. 174,s, 17*'), (17(Hi, 17.51, 176,5, 177:).) KiSC. NneiI7:!8. 1742, fmnpibnlnm. Jena. lii!)4. Literator Heltr. -('bald. Jena. 1694. Interpres. Ilebr.-Ctiald. (Syntax) .lena. Amsterdam. 1699. Slaugbter, Ed.-firamm. Helir. 1760, 1!'34,

1698. Miohaelis. Joli. ih'inr.

Kypke, (ieorge Dav. Hebriii.sclie und Cliiddiiisithe (irainniatik (after Danz). Bre.slan. (1784.) Caleio, Ignazio, Linguie S. Itudimenta. Naples. Steinweg, Ge. Friedr. - Erleicbterte Heliriiische (inimmatik.

Stuttgart.

L'Advoeat, Jean Bapt. (iramm. Hebr. Traegard, E. Comji. Gramm. H. Hibl.

Paris.

(1,H32.)

(ireifswalde.

(

184=3.)

1702. Micbtielis,

Job. Heinr.

Erleielilerte

Heln-.

(irammalik.

Halle.174.'(.)

(1708. 1733, 17:31, 17:i3. 17:38, 17,59; Latin, Breslan,

1704. Ueinet'cins. Cbrist. Gnimm. Hebr.-Cbald. Leipsie. (1778.) 1705. Levi. Philipp*. .1 Cotnpendinm of ilelirew (iranimar.170,5.

Zeleny, Franc Institutiones L. S. Pi-agiie. Hardl, .\nt. Jul. van der. (iramm. Hebr. Helmstjidt, Wartba, Jo, Paid.- (iramm. Nova Hebr. -Cliald. Styria. Sounenfels, Alois *. Lapis Lvdius, sive luslit, ILL, Priifstein (Latin and (ierman). Vienna. 758. Kals, Jo. (iuL (iiamm. Hebrseo-Harmonica cum Arab, et..

.

0.xford. Starkins (Srarkei. Hem'.(i7i:i,

7.5S.

Bened.

Lii.k

(ir.-Heln-.

Leipsie.758. 758.

1717, 1737, 1764.)

1707.1707.

1708.1708.

1708.

1709. 1711.

Hurens. Car. Grannnaire Saeri-e. i*ai'i.s. llnseliat, .\brabam. -(ininun. Hebr. Nova Eafpie Faeili Metbodo Uigesta. Leyden. (1711.) Arnd, Carol.- (irainmatieu .\nalysi Hebr. Inserviens. Rostock. Sebmidt. Joaeli. Frid.- Mamalnctii (ii'ammaticalis Ml Linj^nam Ktiraieam. Frankfort. Knipe. H. (ir. Rudimenui. o.'sfonl. Sebiinnemann, Cbr. Heinr. Leicbte .Anweisunyznr Hebr.

.Amsterdam. Mart. AiifangsgrQnde der Hebriiischen Spraebe. Hambiu'g. liobertson.Jac (iramm. L. Hebr. Edinliurgh. (1764.) (iireandean. Bonar. Abr(.^gt? de la (ii'amm. Hi^br. Paris.Miiller,

Aram.

Jo.

(1777.)

758. Engotler,(177,s.)

Jos. -Institutiones

Lingua^

Saenv.

Gratz.

760. 703.

Kalmar,

(Hungarus). Gennina Lingua? Hebr. Grammatica. Geneva. Biedermann, Jo. Gottlieb. Anfangsgriinde der He(ieo.

76:i.

Grammatik. Leipsie. Hillenis, Mattb, Institiitiones Ling, Sanct.(171K).)

braiscben Spraebe. Leipsie. Asliworth, Caleb. A Concise bridge. (7tb ed., 1846.)

(1785.1

Hebrew (irammar.

Cam-

Tiibingen,Libra.

7(i4.

765. Babi'dt. (^br.

1716. MaseleQns.

Franc. (iraiamat.(ir.

Hebr. a

Piinetis

766. Schroder,

Paris.1716. Sebaiif,

(1730, 174:3, 1750, 1781.)

llssermanu. Compendium Synta.x. Helir. Salisbury. Fried. Comp. (irammar Hebr. Leipsie. N. \V. Institutiones ad Fundamenta Lingmfi Hebr. cum Syntaxi. (irouingen. (1772 Claudiopolis,1775, 177,8,17.'^3y p;''' iicSn. Bres-

Onde16.5.'>.

se Miistrao

Todas as

Kegi-as.

.

.

.

Hamburg.

1660.1675.1676.

Anon.vmous. .^::n now*. Amsterdam. Aguilar, Moses Raphael. Kpitome da (ir. Hebr. parBi'eve Methodo. Leyden. (KiOl.) 167B. Altaras, David b. Solomon. Gramm. Compendium (Hebrew; in the quarto Bible). Venice. Castillo, Martyr. Gramm. Hebr. y Espati. Leon de Fran-

(Vienna, 18(36, 1810, 1818, 1827; Sudilkov, 1836; Wilna, 1832, 1847, 18.57. 1866, 1879 [with additions by A.

Lebeusohn]

;

Krmigsberix, 1860.)

Lyon. Solomon. A Compendious Hebrew Grammar. London. 1799. Romanelli, Samuel. Gramm. Ragionata Italianaed Ebra1799.icu.

Triest.b.

cia.

1802.

Cohen (Kohn), Shalom

Jacob. -n^^Di)

]v,V^

min

(Ger-

1677. Spinoza,

Benedict. Compendium

(iramm. Ebr. (opera

man

posthuma). Amsterdam. Helman, Tobiah ((Jutmann) b. Samuel. pnp-in ni'?. Amsterdam. (A supplement to n>3vj 'n^i.) 168S. Oliveyra, Solomon b. David. p;;'^ t. Libro de Gramm. Hebr. (Portuguese). Amsterdam. c. 1688. Anonymous. |-inpT -ii5|i (at the endof :--nj mn.i, ed.1683.

Hebrew characters). Berlin. (Dessau, 18071809; Vienna, 1816; revised by Wolf Mayer. Prague. 1816; Vienna, 1825; Prague, 1827. 1834, 1838, 1842. 1850.)witli

1803. Eliakim,1807.

Mordecai1692.169.'.

b. Israelb.

i

.

Prague.

London b. Abraham. -Nii^ri py. Berlin. 1803. ROdelheim. )OD'y^ TV. Hurwitz, Hyman. Elements of the Hebrew Language. London. (1829.1850.) 1808. Baruch (Bendet) b. Michael Moses Meserltz. -spun xni).Altona.1808.

Neumark, Judali

David (Lob Hanau). min' anir.

(Breslau, 1814.)p^''' ^-\yz'.

Frankfort-on-the-Main.

Hananiah (Elhanan Hai) Cohen (Coen). -.i-ipnVenice.

1704. 1708.

Oppenheim, Judah b. Samuel. n'',:' ^^^. (Compendium of Isaac ben Samuel ha-Levi's work.) Prague. nsi:'. Duschenes, Gedaliah b. Jacob.

1808.

Neumann, Moses Samuel.Vienna,1831.)b.

t.;"

"^jyi:.

Prague.la

(1816:

mn3

(1717.)

1810. Blogg,b.

SolomonMeIrb.

Ephraim. Abregi? de

Grammalre

Hanau (Heua, Hene), Solomon

Judah. nc'^S' pj3.

Hebraique.1812. Polak,1813.

Berlin.

Frankfort-on-the-Main. (1786.) Hamburg. 1710. Bochner, Hayyim b. Benjamin.- D"n niNXl.^. 1710. Phoeljus of Metz. nnon -jd:: (in German with Hebrewletters).171.3.

Gabriel. p'.:''^ 3'nj tn:: ((iermau with.

Hebrew

characters)

Amsterdam.1815.1819. 1820.1820.

17171718. 1718.1723. 1728. 1730.

Abina, Israel b. Abraham*. ciipn )W7 n.iDD (in German with Hebrew letters). Amsterdam. Ale.xander (Susskind) ben Samuel. U'lipn ^^^. Kothen. Auerbach, Isaac b. Isaiah. xpu'T Np-i'J (Hebrew and JudiEO-German). Wilmer.sdorf. Hanau, Solomon b.Judab.-mi.-Tiy;;'. Hamburg. (1799.) Lonsano, Abraham b. Raphael. om^s pj,-'. Zolklev. Auerbach, Isaac b. Isaiab.-Npu'i XP12' (Jud:eo-. p. 76). This formula consists of four words, which in the second part are repeated in inverse order. The same remedy is also mentioned in Pliny's " Historia NatuThe following abracadabra is ralis," .x.xviii. 49. .pronounced against the demon of blindness:

Mfndclsoliii. Criminal Juiisiirmlence nf thcAniHliiiuidx cinil Hebrews^ DaltiMiore. ]s9i; Saalschutz. Dos Mosait'clie Rfilit. eh. Ivlil., lieilin. 1S53. J. H. G. s. s.

ShabuiriBRIRI RIRIIRI

Sie Carc.*.ss; Clean and Unclean Animals; Prnrrv. INCANTATIOIT The invocation of magical powers. All peoples, civilized as well as savage, have believed and still believe in magical iufiuences:

IMPURITY.

RI

effects. The chief means of harming or of protecting from harm was the utterance of some word or words invested with the highest magical power; and whoever knew the riglit word had iufliience over gods and demons; for they could not resist the command, spoken under certain necessary and auspicious conditions. Magic pervaded the religions of the A.ssyriaus, Babylonians, Egyptians, Greeks, and IJomans, and in a still higher degree the According to the religions of primitive peoples. Bible the nations whicli lived in the same country as the ancient Israelites or in that surrounding it practised all sorts of superslitions forbidden to the Israelites (Blau, " Das Altjudische Zaubei'weseu," pp. 16-19). The nature of these superstitions can Probably the original not alwa^'s be determined. meaning of f]C'3. the root-word by which magic is indicated in Hebrew, is "to nuu'mur " or " to mutter" (Fleischer, in Levy, " Neuhebr. AVorterb." ii, Hence, the magician (t]t^3D) was a person 459). who muttered magic formulas; but no example of such formulas lias been preserved in the Bible. Rabbinical literature, however, contains a large number of these fonnulas, the majority of which, designated as "heathen" (Amoritic), are forbidden, while f> small number are recommended, Thirlytwo incantations in Hebrew anil Aramaic arc enumerated in Blau, I.e. pp. G.J-SO. In Talmudic some there are unintelligible words. Formulas, which are the characteristic mark of magic formulas; in others there are Persian words, pointing to a Persian origin of the formula. The exclamations "Jammia and Bizia"; " Healing " (on sneezing see " Dagan and Kedron " Asusa); "Abundance and remainder, drink and leave a drop" (;7). p. 66) are Amoritic; that is, they originated among the primitive heathen inluilntants When a teacher of the Law luul taken of Palestine. an excessive quantity of wine, his palm and knee were rubbed with oil and salt, while these words were pronounced: "As this oil evaporates, so may the wine evaporate from A. son of B." {ib. p. 7"J). Several oljscrvances were followed in the case of ague, one of them bei