Intergenerational consequences of inequality
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Transcript of Intergenerational consequences of inequality
Jane Scobie | February 11, 2009
Intergenerational Consequences of Inequality Presentation for Save the Children 15.9.09
Sylvia Beales Head of Strategic Alliances
Older people are speaking out
We’re listening
2 | HelpAge International | Communicating 'age helps’| Jane Scobie | February 11, 2009
Definition of inequalityDefinition of inequality
• The quality of being unequal; difference, or want of equality, in any respect; lack of uniformity; disproportion; uneveness; disparity; diversity;
• Inequality in size, stature, numbers, power, distances, motions, rank, property; changeableness
• Inequality of opportunity (ie to school, health, employment, amenities, land, state benefit)
• If a single person holds all of a given resource, inequality is at a maximum. If all persons hold the same percentage of a resource, inequality is at a minimum.
Inequality studies explore the levels of resource disparity and their practical and political implications
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Inequalities – and human rightsUniversal Declaration of Human Rights Articles 1 -3
• All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
Article 2.
• Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status..
• Article 3.
• Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.
4 | HelpAge International | Communicating 'age helps’| Jane Scobie | February 11, 2009
Right to ‘adequate standard of living
Universal Declaration of Human rights Article 25
• (1) Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.
• (2) Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. All children, whether born in or out of wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection.
342 million older people currently lack any form of income security; this could rise to 1.6 billion people by 2050 if no action is taken on income security
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Income equality measurement; Gini coefficient• A – Equality Diagonal Population = Income
• B – Lorenz Curve
• C – Difference Between Equality and Reality
• An equality diagonal represents perfect equality: at every point, An equality diagonal represents perfect equality: at every point, cumulative population equals cumulative incomecumulative population equals cumulative income
• The Lorenz curve measures the actual distribution of incomeThe Lorenz curve measures the actual distribution of income
• Gini coefficients for income range from approximately 0.230 in Sweden to 0.707 in Namibia; pension and social welfare systems in place or being piloted in high gini coefficient countries
6 | HelpAge International | Communicating 'age helps’| Jane Scobie | February 11, 2009
Other inequality measurements; Human Development IndicatorsHDI – human development index; shift from income to
human development - ie
• A long and healthy life
• Access to knowledge
• A decent standard of living
Measured by
• Life expectancy at birth
• Adult literacy rate and the combined primary, secondary, and tertiary gross enrolment ratio;
• GDP per capita (PPP US$)
How do we measure these indicators?
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Our world
Climate Change
Globalisation
Demographic transition
(Insecure) Future
Rising inequalities
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Intergenerational households are the poorest
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
AVERAGE
Zambia
Uganda
Nigeria
Mozambique
Malaw i
Madagascar
Kenya
Guinea
Ghana
Gambia
Ethiopia
Cote d'voire
Cameroon
Burundi
Burkina Faso
depth of poverty (poverty gap %)
Elderly and children
Elderly persons
No elderly persons
Ultra poor: 162 million
12%
7%
76%
5%
East Asia & Pacific
South Asia
Sub-Saharan AfricaLatin America & Caribbean
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Rising inequality
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1500
1600
1700
1820
1870
1900
1913
1938
1945
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Ratio Richest to Poorest Country Ratio of Top 10 to Bottom 10 Countries
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Intergenerational impacts on inequality• Influence and emotional support
• Gender bias
• Health
• Schooling
• Basic amenities – water, housing
• Livelihoods - Employment
• (In)security
• Opportunities for change
Poverty - rather than wealth -is also bequeathed between generations
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Demographics and development
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Generational changes
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
% o
f pop
ulat
ion
Older people Young children
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Age trends by region
Population over 60 by region
365
1,231
225
193
189
118
151 4749
565
12
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
2,000
2005 2050
Mill
ion
s
Oceania
Northern America
Latin America andthe Caribbean
Africa
Europe
Asia
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Demographic changes - China
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Poverty of older people compared to other age groups
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Generational interdependence
% of OVC and PLWHA cared for by older people
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
% of OVC
% of PLWHA
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Simon Bukenya, 58, Uganda
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Daw Kyi Kyi Nyunt, 62, Myanmar
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Consequences - work in older age
Proporiton of people over 60 in the labour force
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
World More developedregions
Less developedregions
Least developedcountries
Prop
ortio
n of
peo
ple
over
60
Men Women
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Catastrophic health spend in older age
Household healthcare expenditures in last 12 months relative to expenditures for all households (=100), by household type
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Bangladesh China Slovenia Viet Nam
Co
st r
ela
tive
to
ave
rag
e f
or
all
hou
seh
old
s
All Households
No members 60+
1 member 60+
2 members 60+
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Health policies not adjusted for predicted death by
Non Communicable Disease (WHO projections)2005 2006-2015 (cumulative)
Geographical regions (WHO classification)
Total deaths
(millions)
NCD deaths (millions)
NCD deaths
(millions)
Trend: Death from infectious disease
Trend: Death from NCD
Africa10.8 2.5 28 +6% +27%
Americas6.2 4.8 53 -8% +17%
Eastern Mediterranean
4.3 2.2 25 -10% +25%
Europe9.8 8.5 88 +7% +4%
South-East Asia14.7 8.0 89 -16% +21%
Western Pacific12.4 9.7 105 +1 +20%
Total 58.2 35.7 388 -3% +17%
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Political will counts: Brazil reduces income inequality
Indice de GINI - Desigualdade de Renda per capita - Brasil
0,6068
0,56200,5680
0,5717
0,5829
0,5886
0,5957
0,59370,6001
0,6004
0,6019
0,5832
0,5994
1992 1993 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Universal access to education since 1995 and state cash transfers (pension, bolsa familia) have reduced gini coefficient by two thirds since 2001; PNAD report 40% income growth in bottom six deciles of population source CPS S/BRE/FGV and IPC
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Zambia case study of cash transfer pilots (info
from govt sources)• Increase in education, nutrition, health access, livelihood investment
(up 50%) decrease in begging
‘Without the social cash transfer scheme I would be dead and buried . The scheme has become my husband. I can only beg government to continue for the likes of us” the words of Mrs. Felistus Hamalambo an aged widow looking after 5 orphan grandchildren.
“ I am now able to eat three meals a day and have managed to buy 6 chickens and a goat” Mrs. Gertrude Simasiku a ‘sickly’ widow looking after 5 children.
‘ They encourage investments in physical, human and social capital including education, the benefits of which are felt by future generations. Regular income to older people relieves the need for adult children to support their parents, enabling households to invest in childrens health and education’
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Lesotho increases universal pension
Older
people in
Lesotho
spend 20%
of their
pension on
caring for
dependant
orphans
25 | HelpAge International | Communicating 'age helps’| Jane Scobie | February 11, 2009
Moving to reduce inequalities in Africa
Social Policy Framework for Africa 2008: 2.3.3.para 32 and 33
• Member States are encouraged to choose the coverage extension strategy and combination of tools most appropriate to their circumstances. There is an emerging consensus that a minimum package of essential social protection should cover: essential health care, and benefits for children, informal workers, the unemployed, older persons and persons with disabilities. This minimum package provides the platform for broadening and extending social protection as more fiscal space is created’.
• A minimum package can have a significant impact on poverty alleviation, improvement of living standards, reduction of inequalities and promotion of economic growth and has been shown to be affordable, even in low-income countries, within existing resources, if properly managed
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Securing the future