x

Wild perennial sorghumSorghum halapense

Annual

grain

sorghum

Inter-species hybrid

Perennial

grain

sorghum

Highly

diverse

breeding

population

BULK06-10

160 cm

perennial

legumes

1. The Land Institute is

domesticating Illinois

bundleflower (IBF)

– Adapted to Great Plains

conditions

– Nitrogen fixation and seed

protein content similar to

soybean

Indehiscent

Dehiscent

Pod dropping score (0=marcescent, 2=highly deciduous)

2008 families: 0 0.5 1 2

Indehiscent families 11 13 36 48

Dehiscent families 18 2 2 1

Pod dropping score (0=marcescent, 2=highly deciduous)

2008 families: 0 0.5 1 2

Indehiscent families 11 13 36 48

Dehiscent families 18 2 2 1

2. Existing forage legumes as

nitrogen source for perennial cereals

Mowed legume intercrop

Late spring:

Mow between each row of

cereal

Multi-row mower tractor attachment

Early summer:

Mowing triggers legume to

drop fine roots; nitrogen from

decomposing roots and

leaves is taken up by the

cereal crop

3. Existing perennial grain legumes

– but usually grown as annuals

• pigeonpea

• lab-lab

• runner bean

• Lima bean

Pigeon Pea

•Deeply-rooted,

perennial

•4.92 million hectares

worldwide (3.58 million

in India alone)

•Average yield 898 kg/ha

―The pigeonpea plants, especially of the perennial varieties, have a strong root system, which helps hold the soil on sloping hillsides. ―

―’Pigeonpea has been found to be very successful in covering the soil and reducing soil erosion," says Dr Zong Xuxiao, from the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences at Beijing.’‖

http://www.cgiar.org/newsroom/releases/news.asp?idnews=536

Lab-lab or hyacinth bean

(Lablab purpureus)

Runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus)

Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus)

http://www.spiralmonkey.com/nepal/nepal.0084.jpg

IBF: seed yields of 3000 kg/ha on mine

spoils in Florida!

Protecting fragile landscapes,

reclaim degraded farmland

In Haiti alone,15,000 acres are

―abandoned to erosion‖ each

year (Paskett and Philoctete,

1990)

Perennials:

•No tillage: protect steep

slopes

•Perform well despite

crusted, degraded soil

•Deep taproots access

moisture in droughts

Protein consumption (per capita)http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:World_map_of_Protein_consumption

_1979-1981.svg by Lokal_Profil

Perennial Oilseed Grains

Sunflower family (Asteraceae)

many heads, small seeds, many seeds per head

many heads, large seeds, few seeds per head

Helianthus annuusHelianthus

maximiliani

:

Silphium

integrifolium:

modern

domestic

cultivar

wild accession (Kansas)

Strategies for perennial sunflower

Domestication Interspecific

Wild perennial

species in Asteraceae

A B C

Moderate

yield

High

yield

No shatter-

resistance

found

Small seed,

shattering

Large seed,

non-shattering

University of Minnesota The Land Institute

Annual crop

sunflower (2x)

Perennial wild

sunflower (6x)

F1 mostly

perennial (4x)

X

BC1

Annual

crop

sunflower

(4x)

X

X

Annuals & perennials

Backcross breeding to give

a tuberous Helianthus

annuus (4x)

X

X

X

(nearly)

random mating

to create a

diverse 4x

population

Cycles of

selection for

seed size and

seed yield

Variation in plant form in recurrent selection populations of

Kansas rosinseed

Perennial sunflower domestication program:

1 m

ete

rDomestication:

Helianthus maximilianii

(Maximilian sunflower)

Growing in natural

grassland ecosystemGrowing in research plots

Perennial sunflower domestication program:

Recurrent phenotypic selection of H. maximiliani for various agronomic traits.

Trait “Heritability”

Lodging score 0.39

Yield per area 0.32

Yield per stalk 0.51

Seed weight 0.46

Shattering 0.56

Plant Height 0.61

Maximilian sunflower

Seed size

Seeds/head

Yield per head

Yield per stalk

Yield per plant

Stalk diameter

Shatter resistance (2)

Shatter resistance (3)

Stalk density

Head clustering

Plant dwarfing

Foliar disease (2008)

Foliar disease (2007)

Index

8

1838

2108

Average of the ―top 50‖ genotypes

chosen for combined scores for

seed size, yield, etc. Overall these

are better than the population

mean, but never the best for any

one trait.

Seed size

Seeds/head

Yield per head

Yield per stalk

Yield per plant

Stalk diameter

Shatter resistance (2)

Shatter resistance (3)

Stalk density

Head clustering

Plant dwarfing

Foliar disease (2008)

Foliar disease (2007)

Index

8

1838

2108

1104

This genotype had reduced

shattering but also small heads—

would not have been included in

the ―top 50‖

-- -

++

Seed size

Seeds/head

Yield per head

Yield per stalk

Yield per plant

Stalk diameter

Shatter resistance (2)

Shatter resistance (3)

Stalk density

Head clustering

Plant dwarfing

Foliar disease (2008)

Foliar disease (2007)

Index

8

1838

2108

1104

This genotype had huge seeds

but higher-than-average

shattering.

+

-

-

-

•head size

•ligule number

•branching pattern

•leaf size/shape

Variation among the half-sib progeny of a single unusually apically dominant plant

Perennial sunflower domestication program:

Normal, branched formUnbranched

type

No-branching types

???

No heads!

= extreme

apical dominance?

Hexaploid perennials

--H. tuberosus

--H. rigidus

Diploid perennials

--H. maximiliani

--H. salicifolius

--H. grosseserratus

--H. giganteus

Diploid Annuals

--H. annuus (wild)

--H. annuus (crop)

--H. petiolaris

Tetraploid Breeding Population (68 chromosome)

containing genes from many species

X X Pollen: 17

chromosomes

Pollen: 17

chromosomes

Eggs: 51

chromosomesEggs: 51

chromosomes

2009 Sunflower populations

2009 Sunflower populations

Variation in head size between half-sib progeny of a cross between H. annuus and H. tuberosus.

Interspecific perennial sunflower program:

Greatest age of any plant structure (years)

0.11 10 100 1000

Ave

rag

e a

nn

ua

l se

ed

yie

ld (

kg

/ha

)

Long-lived trees

Shrubs, short-lived trees

Herbaceous

perennials

Annuals

Greatest age of any plant structure (years)

0.11 10 100 1000

Ave

rag

e a

nn

ua

l se

ed

yie

ld (

kg

/ha

)

Long-lived trees

Shrubs, short-lived treesHerbaceous

perennialsAnnuals

?

Greatest age of any plant structure (years)

0.11 10 100 1000

An

nu

al re

pro

du

ctive

effo

rt

Long-lived trees

Shrubs, short-lived trees

Herbaceous

perennials

Annuals

Stems, leaves (herbivory, frost, fire)

Roots, rhizomes

(drought, tillage, flooding)

structures frequently

lost due to ecological

disturbance:

Greatest age of any plant structure (years)

0.11 10 100 1000

Long-lived trees

Shrubs, short-lived trees

Herbaceous

perennials

Annuals

Stems, leaves (herbivory, frost, fire)

Roots, rhizomes

(drought, tillage, flooding)

Competition for light:

invest in trunks

Competition for water, nitrogen, space:

Invest in roots, rhizomes

Competition to colonize:

Invest in seeds

Strongest

Competition:

An

nu

al re

pro

du

ctive

effo

rt

Greatest age of any plant structure (years)

0.11 10 100 1000

Long-lived trees

Shrubs, short-lived trees

Herbaceous

perennials

Annuals

Stems, leaves (herbivory, frost, fire)

Roots, rhizomes

(drought, tillage, flooding)

Competition for light:

invest in trunks

Competition for water, nitrogen, space:

Invest in roots, rhizomes

Competition to colonize:

Invest in seeds

Few losses:

ability to invest in dispersal

(seeds, fruits), once established.

An

nu

al re

pro

du

ctive

effo

rt

Greatest age of any plant structure (years)

0.11 10 100 1000

Annual grains

An

nu

al re

pro

du

ctive

effo

rt

Greatest age of any plant structure (years)

0.11 10 100 1000

Annual grains

Nuts,

fruits

An

nu

al re

pro

du

ctive

effo

rt

Crop Product Dry matter

yielda

(kg ha-1)

Annual net

reproductive

effortb

Basis of

reproduct

ive effort

Source and

location

Malus x domestica

(apple)

Fruit (diaspore) 13,000 to

17,000

0.65 Mass Palmer (1988),

New Zealand

Elaeis guineensis (oil

palm)

Fruit plus seed 5000 to 9000 0.34

0.52

Mass

Energy

Corley (1983),

Malaysia

Cocos nucifera

(coconut palm)

Copra (seed

endosperm)

3000 to 6000 0.20

0.31

Mass

Energy

Corley (1983),

Malaysia

Elaeis guineensis Oil (kernel &

mesocarp)

Bunches (fruit &

peduncles)

6800

16,800

0.32

0.55

Energy

Energy

Wahid et al. (2004),

Malaysia

Olea europaea (olive) Fruit (whole,

with seed)

4600 0.54 Mass Villalobos et al.

(2006), Spain

Musa spp., genomes

AAB (plantain)

Fruit (whole,

seedless)

- 0.60 Mass Baiyeri (2002),

Nigeria

Vaccinium

corymbosum

(highbush blueberry)

Fruit (whole fruit

& seed)

- 0.55 Mass Pritts and Hancock

(1985), United

States

Greatest age of any plant structure (years)

0.11 10 100 1000

Annual grains

Nuts,

fruits

?

An

nu

al re

pro

du

ctive

effo

rt

Reference Common names Part harvested Species

Baileyb beet root Beta vulgaris

pigeon pea, red gram seed Cajanus cajan

hyacinth bean, lablab seed Dolichos lablab

sweet potato tuberous roots Ipomoea Batatas

tomato fruit Lycopersicon lycopersicum

cassava, manioc,

tapioca, yucca

tuberous root Manihot esculenta

runner bean seed Phaseolus coccineus

lima bean seed Phaseolus lunatus

castor-bean seed Ricinus communis

potato tuber Solanum tuberosum

Ploschuk, 2005 bladderpod seed Lesquerella fendleri

Smartt, 1990 chickling pea, khesari

dhal

seed Lathyrus sativus

goa bean seed, roots, fruit Psophocarpus

tetragonolobus

Greatest age of any plant structure (years)

0.11 10 100 1000

Annual grains Nuts,

fruits

An

nu

al re

pro

du

ctive

effo

rt

Bohrer (1972) Poland Glyceria fluitans

Mongolia Elymus giganteus

Arundo villosa

Bye (1985) Southwestern N.

America

Festuca octoflora

Distichlis palmeri

Doebley (1984)a Southwestern N.

America

Oryzopsis hymenoides b

O. miliacea

Sporobolus spp.

Eragrostis oxylepis

Glyceria spp.

Poa spp.

Elymus canadensis

Melica imperfecta

Stipa speciosa

Muhlenbergia asperifolia

Powers (1874) California Bromus carinatus

Chamberlin (1911) California B. marginatus

DeWet (1992) Chile B. mangoc

Vaughn et al. (2008) China Oryza rufipogond

Guo et al. (2007) China Zizania latifolia

Griffin and Rowlett

(1981)

Scandinavia Leymus arenarius

Weiss et al. (2004) Israel Puccinellia distans

Alopecurus arundinaceus

Bar-Yosef and Kislev

(1989)

Israel Elymus panormitanus

Secale montanum

Piperno et al. (2004) Israel Piptatherum holciforme

Puccinellia gigantea

Hordeum bulbosum

Willcox et al. (2007) Syria H. bulbosum

Hillman et al. (2001) Syria Stipa spp.

Harlan (1989) North Africa Aristida pungens

Panicum turgidum

West Africa Latipes senegalensis

Oryza longistaminata

Paspalum scrobiculatum

Smith (2006) India P. scrobiculatum

Coix lachrymale

Hillman et al. (1989) Southwest

Asia

S. montanumf

Perennial grasses harvested for grain

Greatest age of any plant structure (years)

0.11 10 100 1000

Annual grains Nuts,

fruits

Perennial root

and tuber crops

(potato, cassava,

yam, etc.)

An

nu

al re

pro

du

ctive

effo

rt

Greatest age of any plant structure (years)

0.11 10 100 1000

Annual grains Nuts,

fruits

Perennial root

and tuber crops

(potato, cassava,

yam, etc.)

An

nu

al re

pro

du

ctive

effo

rt

Asexual

propagation

(cuttings,

tubers,

grafts)

Greatest age of any plant structure (years)

0.11 10 100 1000

Annual

grains Nuts,

fruits

Perennial

grains

An

nu

al re

pro

du

ctive

effo

rt