INTER-AMERICAN WATER DAY IAWD - 2005

2005

OrganizaciónPanamericanade la Salud

INTER-AMERICAN WATER DAY IAWD - 2005

INTER-AMERICAN WATER DAY IAWD - 2005

2005


INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

1 http://www.un.org/spanish/events/waterday/2005

• International Decade for Action: “Water for Life, 2005-2015”1

• In September 2000, “Millennium Summit” → 189 Member States, including 147 Heads of State, adopted the Millennium Declaration giving rise to the Millennium Development Goals - MDG2

• In November 2003, in Brasilia, “High-level conference” → “Brasilia Declaration”, is a call for action and implementation that reinforces the principle of association inherent in the Millennium Declaration and in the agreements reached at former Summit Meeting of the Americas.2 http://www.unmillenniumproject.org

2005


INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

• In Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) one in four people does not have access to water and sanitation

• In the areas and communities of the Region most affected by inequities, -where the average is one in two people does not have access to water and sanitation

• In Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) one in four people does not have access to water and sanitation

• In the areas and communities of the Region most affected by inequities, -where the average is one in two people does not have access to water and sanitation

2005


1. Erradicate extreme poverty and hunger.2. Achieve universal primary education.3. Promote gender equity and empower women.4. Reduce child mortality.5. Improve maternal health.6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases.7. Ensure environmental sustainability.

– Target 10. Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation. (Indicator defined by JMP)

– Target 11. By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum-dwellers (Indicators defined by UN-HABITAT. Se prevé joint report with JMP)

8. Develop a global alliance for development.

1. Erradicate extreme poverty and hunger.2. Achieve universal primary education.3. Promote gender equity and empower women.4. Reduce child mortality.5. Improve maternal health.6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases.7. Ensure environmental sustainability.

– Target 10. Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation. (Indicator defined by JMP)

– Target 11. By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum-dwellers (Indicators defined by UN-HABITAT. Se prevé joint report with JMP)

8. Develop a global alliance for development.

MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (MDG) MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (MDG)

2005


• JMP is based on household surveys and/or population census in the countries

• When this type of data is not available does the JMPE use data from service providers in the countries

• JMP uses indicators of access or coverage:– Percentage of the population [urban and rural] using

improved drinking water sources– Percentage of the population [urban and rural] using

improved sanitation facilities

• JMP is based on household surveys and/or population census in the countries

• When this type of data is not available does the JMPE use data from service providers in the countries

• JMP uses indicators of access or coverage:– Percentage of the population [urban and rural] using

improved drinking water sources– Percentage of the population [urban and rural] using

improved sanitation facilities

MONITORING THE TARGETSMONITORING THE TARGETS

3 JMP: Joint Monitoring Program, http://www.wssinfo.org

JMP 3, WHO and UNICEF, evaluates the process of reaching Target 10 - MDG

2005



Technological options in monitoring indicators Target 10 MDG (JMP, 2004)

Water Supply Sanitation

Improved Unimproved Improved Unimproved

- Piped connection into dwelling, plot, or yard;

- Public tap or standpipe;

- Borehole; - Protected dug well; - Protected spring; - Rainwater.

- Unprotected well;- Unprotected spring;- Vendor-provided

water;- Bottled water;- Tanker truck-

provider water; - River, stream,

pond, or lake.

- Connection to public sewer or septic tank;

- Pour-flush latrine; - Pit latrine with slab; - VIP latrine;- Ecological sanitation.

- Service or bucket latrine;

- Traditional latrine;

- Public latrine or shared toiled;

- Open pit or pit latrine

without a slab;Open defecation in

bush or field.

2005


• According to the JMP :– Drinking water is that used for domestic purposes,

including water used for drinking and hygiene– If more than 30 minutes are needed for a round trip from

a water source in rural areas– A lower quantity of water tends to be collected that the

required for basic needs– The monitoring instruments in use do not consider

neither the cost, continuity of the service, nor the quality of the water at the source or in the household.

– “Improved Drinking Water Sources” may already be contaminated or, if there is no household connection or the service is not continuous, water may be contaminated during transport or inadequate household storage.

• According to the JMP :– Drinking water is that used for domestic purposes,

including water used for drinking and hygiene– If more than 30 minutes are needed for a round trip from

a water source in rural areas– A lower quantity of water tends to be collected that the

required for basic needs– The monitoring instruments in use do not consider

neither the cost, continuity of the service, nor the quality of the water at the source or in the household.

– “Improved Drinking Water Sources” may already be contaminated or, if there is no household connection or the service is not continuous, water may be contaminated during transport or inadequate household storage.


2005


• The JMP recognizes that a better definition of sanitation should include aspects of– Good service, – privacy, – cleanliness and– Healthy settings.

• The indicator does not take into account the disposal of sludge from septic tanks or effluents from sewerages, a risk to public health, ecosystems and people’s environment and their competitiveness in trade and tourism.

• Other monitoring instruments are required to collect information on these aspects.

• The JMP recognizes that a better definition of sanitation should include aspects of– Good service, – privacy, – cleanliness and– Healthy settings.

• The indicator does not take into account the disposal of sludge from septic tanks or effluents from sewerages, a risk to public health, ecosystems and people’s environment and their competitiveness in trade and tourism.

• Other monitoring instruments are required to collect information on these aspects.


2005


• Since 2003, the JMP has had an advisory group which includes academicians and experts in sectorial and monitoring aspects. In addition to its current functions, the JMP will work on: – A report on drinking water and sanitation in

marginal urban areas, with UN-HABITAT,– A report on the scale and impact of poor

management of wastewater, with UNEP,– Strengthening the monitoring and evaluation

capacities of the countries. This should contribute to identify overcome and the problems of equity and quality of the services, which are not detected during the global monitoring.

• Since 2003, the JMP has had an advisory group which includes academicians and experts in sectorial and monitoring aspects. In addition to its current functions, the JMP will work on: – A report on drinking water and sanitation in

marginal urban areas, with UN-HABITAT,– A report on the scale and impact of poor

management of wastewater, with UNEP,– Strengthening the monitoring and evaluation

capacities of the countries. This should contribute to identify overcome and the problems of equity and quality of the services, which are not detected during the global monitoring.


2005


WATER FOR CHILDREN’S LIFE WATER FOR CHILDREN’S LIFE

WHO: Health, rather than absence of disease is a state of psychic, physical, and social

welfare which enables human development

Consequently, infant mortality indicators are valuable as long as they simultaneously reflect improvements in other aspects affecting infant health –such as growth, neuro-psychic development, and learning ability; emotional maturity and the ability to have a place in the family and community; among others 4.

4 Chapter VII of the Millennium Development Goals in LAC. Challenges, Actions and Commitments. IABD, 2004.

2005


DEVELOPINGREGIONS

DEVELOPED REGIONS

84.7%

5.8%

0.5%9.0%0.3%

90.2%

2.7%

6.8%

< 5 YEAR 5-14 YEARS 15-59 YEARS 60+ YEARS

WATER FOR CHILDREN’S LIFE PERCENTAGE OF DEATH ATTRIBUTABLE TO DIARRHOEAL DISEASES BY AGE

GROUP AND REGION

WATER FOR CHILDREN’S LIFE PERCENTAGE OF DEATH ATTRIBUTABLE TO DIARRHOEAL DISEASES BY AGE

GROUP AND REGION

Source: JMP (2005), Water for Life. Making it Happen

2005


WATER FOR CHILDREN’S LIFE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN LACK OF IMPROVED SOURCES OF DRINKING WATE AND SANITATION

FACILITIES, AND DEATHS ATTRIBUTABLE TO DIARRHOEAL DISEASES (< 1 YEAR PER 1000 NACIDOS VIVOS)

WATER FOR CHILDREN’S LIFE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN LACK OF IMPROVED SOURCES OF DRINKING WATE AND SANITATION

FACILITIES, AND DEATHS ATTRIBUTABLE TO DIARRHOEAL DISEASES (< 1 YEAR PER 1000 NACIDOS VIVOS)

0

5

10

15

20

25

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%

Developed regionsEurasia

Latin America and the Caribbean Asia oriental

South East Asia

Western Africa

Western Asia

Oceania

Central Asia

Sub-Saharan Africa

INF

AN

TM

OR

TA

LIT

Y

AccessDeficit

Source: JMP (2005), Water for Life. Making it Happen

2005


WATER FOR CHILDREN’S LIFE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN INFANT MORTALITY AND ACCESS TO DRINKING WATER AND

SANITATION

WATER FOR CHILDREN’S LIFE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN INFANT MORTALITY AND ACCESS TO DRINKING WATER AND

SANITATION

Source: Adapted from Otterstetter, H., Galvão, L. A., Witt, V., et al. (2001) Health Equity in Relation to Safe Drinking Water Supply, en Equity and Health: Views from the Pan American Sanitary Bureau, pp. 99-114, based on data from i) PAHO (2003), Indicadores básicos de salud en las Américas and ii) JMP (2004), Meeting the MDG Drinking Water and Sanitation Target. A Mid-Term Assessment of Progress

2005


WATER FOR LIFE – AND FOR LIVING LIFELONGWATER FOR LIFE – AND FOR LIVING LIFELONG

• Diarrhea is not the only water-related disease that limits children’s development.

• Access to drinking water and sanitation services and improvements in hygiene practices helps to reduce health risk associated with parasites, such as schistosomiasis and helminthiasis.

• A better integrated water resource management helps to reduce the risk of transmission of diseases associated with mosquitoes, such as malaria and dengue.

• Diarrhea is not the only water-related disease that limits children’s development.

• Access to drinking water and sanitation services and improvements in hygiene practices helps to reduce health risk associated with parasites, such as schistosomiasis and helminthiasis.

• A better integrated water resource management helps to reduce the risk of transmission of diseases associated with mosquitoes, such as malaria and dengue.

2005


WATER FOR LIFE – AND FOR LIVING LIFELONG

WATER FOR LIFE – AND FOR LIVING LIFELONG

• Millions of families in LAC pay the cost of not having access to adequate drinking water and sanitation services every day.

• When they are ill, they cannot work and need care from other members of the family.

• Collecting water involves waste of time and energy. This limits the quality of life and productivity, which generally affects women more than men.

• Millions of families in LAC pay the cost of not having access to adequate drinking water and sanitation services every day.

• When they are ill, they cannot work and need care from other members of the family.

• Collecting water involves waste of time and energy. This limits the quality of life and productivity, which generally affects women more than men.

2005


WATER FOR LIFE AND ECONOMIC BENEFITS

WATER FOR LIFE AND ECONOMIC BENEFITS

COST/BENEFIT OF INTERVENTIONS SCENARIOS IN WATER AND SANITATION IN LACScenarios

(Access and/or level of service by 2015 in LAC)

AnnualCost1

AnnualBenefit1

Benefit/Cost

1. Reduce by 50% deficit in access to water. 171 2199 12.8

2. Reduce in 50% deficit in access to water and sanitation (according to Target 10 of the MDG) .

788 9635 12.2

3. Reduce in 100% deficit in water and sanitation.

1577 22532 14.3

4. Universal access to water and sanitation (scenario 3) plus disinfection of water at point of use.

1937 38129 19.7

5. Universal access to regulated water and sanitation systems. Treatment of water and wastewater.

14085 69223 4.9

1 Annual costs and benefits in millions of USD at 2000 values

2005


Others17.0%

Health sector 8.0%

Deaths prevented1.1%

Productivity0.8%

Medical treatment

0.2%

Ahorro de tiempo72.9%

Source: Hutton, G, and Heller, L. Evaluation of the costs and benefits of water and sanitation improvements at global level. WHO, 2004; JMP, 2005

WATER FOR LIFE AND ECONOMIC BENEFITSESTIMATED BENEFIT OF INTERVENTIONS IN WATER AND SANITATION ASSOCIATED WITH

SCENARIO 2. (MDG TARGET 10 IN LAC, ACCORDING TO JMP INDICATOR)

WATER FOR LIFE AND ECONOMIC BENEFITSESTIMATED BENEFIT OF INTERVENTIONS IN WATER AND SANITATION ASSOCIATED WITH

SCENARIO 2. (MDG TARGET 10 IN LAC, ACCORDING TO JMP INDICATOR)

2005


ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY

ACCESS TO IMPROVED DRINKING WATER SOURCES IN LAC (JMP, WHO-UNICEF, 2004)

Area

Million inhabitants Proportion of the population (%)

With accessWithout access

With accessLack of Access

2002

2002 1990

2002 2015

1990 2002Home Others Home Others

Fore.1 Goal2

Urban 362.3 24.4 20.4 93 89 6 97 97 07 05

Rural 54.0 34.7 39.9 58 42 27 80 79 42 31

Total 416.3 59.1 60.2 83 78 11 95 92 17 11

1 Forecasts of access by 2015,according to trend in period 1990 to 2002;2 Forecast based on compliance with Target 10 of the MDG 7, according to JMP indicator.

2005


ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY

ACCESS TO IMPROVED SANITATION FACILITIES IN LAC (JMP, 2004)

1 Forecast access by 2015, according to trend in period 1990 to 2002.;2 Forecast based on compliance with Target 10 of the MDG 7 according to JMP indicator.

Area

Million inhabitants Proportion of the population (%)

With accessWithout access

Without accessLack of access

1990 2002 1990 2002 1990 20022015

1990 2002Fore.1 Goal2

Urban 256.7 341.9 56.3 65.1 82 84 86 91 18 16

Rural 44.9 56.6 83.6 72.0 35 44 53 68 65 56

Total 301.6 398.5 139.9 137.1 69 75 81 85 31 25

2005


Deficit in Access. (JMP Mid-Term Assessment – WHO/UNICEF, 2004).

•60 millions (11%) without access: 40 millions rural (31%) 20 millions urban (5%)

•59 millions (11%) with access and without household connection

•416 millions (78%) with household connection

Deficit in Quality of Service (E-2000, PAHO)

•41% without disinfection•60% with intermittence•45% losses

Deficit in Access. (JMP Mid-Term Assessment – WHO/UNICEF, 2004).

•60 millions (11%) without access: 40 millions rural (31%) 20 millions urban (5%)

•59 millions (11%) with access and without household connection

•416 millions (78%) with household connection

Deficit in Quality of Service (E-2000, PAHO)

•41% without disinfection•60% with intermittence•45% losses

ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY ACCESS TO “IMPROVED” SOURCES OF DRINKING WATER

ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY ACCESS TO “IMPROVED” SOURCES OF DRINKING WATER

•Between 1990 and 2002 the LAC population rose from 441.5 a 535.6 millions. Exceeding this rate of growth, the proportion of the population with access to water rose from 83% to 89%.

2005


Total: 60M inhabitants in LAC without access to improved drinking water

ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY POPULATION IN MILLIONS (M) WITHOUT ACCESS TO IMPROVED DRINKING WATER SOURCES

BY GROUP OF COUNTRIES IN LAC (BASED ON THE JMP, 2004)

ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY POPULATION IN MILLIONS (M) WITHOUT ACCESS TO IMPROVED DRINKING WATER SOURCES

BY GROUP OF COUNTRIES IN LAC (BASED ON THE JMP, 2004)

- Population (% on the left) without access compared to the total population of the group or country

- Population (%on the right) without access in the group or country compared to the 60 M inhabitants without access in LAC

Andean Area-15.9M13.6% - 27%

Latin Caribbean-4.4M13.9% - 7%

Central American Isthmus-3.9M

10.2% - 7%

Brazil-19.4M11% - 33%

Souther Cone-6.0M9.6% - 10%

Non-Latin Caribbean-0.6M

8.1% - 1%

Mexico-9.2M9% - 15%

N.B. The segments together represent 60 M inhabitants of LAC who have no access to sources of treated water

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ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY ACCESS TO “IMPROVED” SANITATION FACILITIES

ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY ACCESS TO “IMPROVED” SANITATION FACILITIES

Between and 2002, the LAC population rose from 441.5 to 535.6 millions. Exceeding this rate of growth, the proportion of the population with access to sanitation rose from 69% to 75%.

Deficit in access. (JPM Mid-Term Evaluation JMP – WHO/UNICEF, 2004).

137 millions (25%) without access: 72 millions rural (56%) 65 millions urban (16%)

Deficit in Quality of Service (Assessment 2000, PAHO) Coverage of 49% for

population with sewerage systems but only 14% of

effluents with some type of treatment

Deficit in access. (JPM Mid-Term Evaluation JMP – WHO/UNICEF, 2004).

137 millions (25%) without access: 72 millions rural (56%) 65 millions urban (16%)

Deficit in Quality of Service (Assessment 2000, PAHO) Coverage of 49% for

population with sewerage systems but only 14% of

effluents with some type of treatment

0

20

40

60

80

100

Africa Asia Am. Lat &Car.

N. Amer. Europe

Agu

a re

sidu

al tr

atad

a (%

)

2005


ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY POPULATION IN MILLIONS (M) WITHOUT ACCESS TO IMPROVED SANITATION FACILITIES BY

GROUP OF COUNTRIES IN LAC (BASED ON THE JMP, 2004)

ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY POPULATION IN MILLIONS (M) WITHOUT ACCESS TO IMPROVED SANITATION FACILITIES BY

GROUP OF COUNTRIES IN LAC (BASED ON THE JMP, 2004)

Total: 137M inhabitants in LAC without access to improved sanitation facilities

- Population (% on the left) without access compared to the total population of the group or country- Population (% on the right) without access in the group or country compared to the 137 M

inhabitants without access in LAC.

Southern Cone-12.4M19.8% - 9%

Non-Latin Caribbean-1.3M

16.4% - 1% Mexico-23.5M23% -17%

Brazil-44.1M25% - 32%

Andean Area-32.7M27.9% - 24%

Latin Caribbean-10.3M32.3% - 8%

Central American Isthmus-12.4M

32.6% - 9%

N.B.: The segments together represents 137 M Inhabitants of LAC whohave no access to improved sanitation

2005


ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY TRENDS IN ACCESS TO DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION IN LAC ACCORDING TO

JMP INDICATORS (BASED ON THE JMP, WHO-UNICEF, 2004)



2005


ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY TRENDS IN ACCESS TO DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION IN LAC ACCORDING TO JMP

INDICATORS (BASED ON THE JMP, WHO-UNICEF, 2004)

ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY TRENDS IN ACCESS TO DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION IN LAC ACCORDING TO JMP

INDICATORS (BASED ON THE JMP, WHO-UNICEF, 2004)

2005






2005


ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY HOUSEHOLDS WITH HOUSEHOLD CONNECTIONS BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPTENDITURE

IN BRAZIL (A) AND PERU (B).

ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY HOUSEHOLDS WITH HOUSEHOLD CONNECTIONS BY DECILE OF PER CAPITA EXPTENDITURE

IN BRAZIL (A) AND PERU (B).

Source: Inequalities in the access and expenditure with drinking water in LAC, PAHO, 2001 Technical Reports 2 and 11

2005


ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY Service level and quantity of water collected

ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY Service level and quantity of water collected

Fuente: Howard G. and Bartram, J. Domestic Water Quantity, Service Level and Health, WHO, 2003

ServiceLevel

Distance/time Likely volumes of water collected

Public health risks from poor hygiene

Intervention priority and actions

No access More than 1 km/more than 30 min. round-trip

Very low5 liters per capita per day

Very highHygiene compromised.Basic consumption may be compromised

Very highProvision of basic level of serviceHygiene education

Basic access

Within 1 Km; within 30 min. round-trip

Average approximately 20 liters per capita per day

HighHygiene may be compromised. Laundry may occur off-plot

HighHygiene education.Provision of improved level of service

Intermediate access

Water provided on-plot through at least one tap (yard level)

Average approximately 50 liters per capita per day

LowHygiene should not be compromised. Laundry likely will occur on-plot

LowHygiene promotion still yields health gains. Encourage optimal access

Optimal access

Supply of water through multiple taps within the house

Average of 100-200 liters per capita per day

Very lowHygiene should not be compromised. Laundry will occur on-plot

Very lowHygiene promotion still yields health gains

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ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY Drinking water treatment infrastructure in Colombia (SIAS, CRA, 2001)

ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY Drinking water treatment infrastructure in Colombia (SIAS, CRA, 2001)

2005


ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF THE WORLD (JMP,

2000)

ACCESS, EQUITY, AND QUALITY WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF THE WORLD (JMP,

2000)

0

35

14

90

66

0

20

40

60

80

100

Africa Asia Latinoamerica yel Caribe

Norte America Europa

Ag

uas

res

idu

ales

tra

tad

as (

%)

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MESAGE FROM THE UNITED NATIONS SECRETARY-GENERAL AT THE OPENING OF DECADE “WATER

FOR LIFE”

MESAGE FROM THE UNITED NATIONS SECRETARY-GENERAL AT THE OPENING OF DECADE “WATER

FOR LIFE”

“Water is essential for life. Yet many millions of people around the world face water shortages. Many millions of children die every year from water-borne diseases. And drought regularly afflicts some of the world’s poorest countries.

…… We need to make SANITATION a priority. This is where progress is lagging most. And we must show that water resources need not be a source of conflict. Instead, they can be a catalyst for cooperation.“

The world needs to respond much better. We need to increase water efficiency, especially in agriculture. We need to free women and girls from the daily chore of hauling water, often over great distances. We must involve them in decision-making on water management.

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“Water for Life. Equity and quality of services”

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http://www.bvsde.ops-oms.org/bvsadiaa/diaa/index.html

Thank you for your attention

INTER-AMERICAN WATER DAY IAWD - 2005

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