Competitive intelligence tools Last updated: January 2014 [email protected] [email protected].
Intelligence
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Transcript of Intelligence
Intelligence
What makes us smart?Or not so smart?
Intelligence is maybe…
The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt
to new situations.
Theories of Intelligence• Not one true
definition…why?• Fluid versus
Crystallized Intelligence
• 4 main theoretical concepts of intelligence….
Is intelligence one thing or several different abilities?
• To find out scientists use FACTOR ANALYSIS:A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test.
• Charles Spearman used FA to discovery his g or (general intelligence) and s factor (mathematical).
He saw using FA that doing well in one area of a test predicted that you will do well in another
Howard Gardner and Multiple Intelligences
• Gardner believed that there exists at least 7 different types of intelligences (not one single “G factor”.
1. Linguistic2. Logical-mathematical3. Spatial4. Musical5. Body-kinesthetic6. Intrapersonal7. Interpersonal8. Naturalist
Which ones are most valued in schools?
Howard GARDNER
“Multiple Intelligences” - continued
The existence of savants, prodigies and other exceptional individuals supports Gardner’s theory:
Rain Man on Netflix: 37:50 -39:50 and 42:00
Robert Sternberg and his Triarchic Theory
• Most commonly accepted theory today.
• Three types of intelligence
1.Analytical2.Creative3.Practical
Goleman and his EQ• Emotional
Intelligence• Interpersonal and
intrapersonal intelligences.
• Maybe EQ is a better predictor for future success than IQ.
Brain Size and IntelligenceIs there a link?
• Small +.15 correlation between head size and intelligence scores (relative to body size).
• Using an MRI we found +.44 correlation with brain size and IQ score.
Brain Function and Intelligence• Higher performing
brains are less active than lower performing brains (use less glucose).
• Neurological speed is also a bit quicker.
How do we Assess Intelligence?
• Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon set out to figure out a concept called a mental age (what a person of a particular age should know).
• They discovered that by discovering someone’s mental age they can predict future performance.
• Hoped they could use test to help children, not label them.
Terman and his IQ Test• Used Binet’s
research to construct the modern day IQ test called the Stanford-Binet Test.
• IQ=Mental age/Chronological age X 100.
• A 8 year old has a mental age of 10, what is her IQ?
• A 12 year old has the mental age of 9, what is his IQ?
• A boy has the mental age of 10 and an IQ of 200, how old is he?
Problems with the IQ Formula
• It does not really work well on adults, why?
then his IQ would be 50!!!!!!
If a 60 year old man
does as well as an average 35 year old
That makes no sense!!!!!
Wechsler Tests• More common way
to give IQ tests….does not use the formula but uses the same scoring system.
• WAIS• WISC• WPPSI
Normal Distribution
The Flynn Effect
How do we construct an Intelligence Test?
• Standardized: the questions have been piloted on similar populations and the scores fall on a normal distribution.
• Reliable: Do you get similar results every time the test is administered?
• Validity: Does the test measure what it is supposed to?
ValidityThe extent to which a test measures
what it is supposed to measure.• Content Validity: is it measuring
what it is supposed to be measuring?
• Predictive Validity: does the test predict future behavior?
Does the SAT predict performance in college?
Types of Tests
Aptitude• Measure ability or
potential.
Achievement• Tests that measure
what you have learned.
Does Intelligence Change Over Time?
By age 3, a child’s IQ can predict adolescent IQ scores.Depends on the type of intelligence, crystallized or fluid.
Extremes of Intelligence• Akrit Jaswal
Low Extreme of Intelligence• Mental Retardation: condition
of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of below 70 and difficulty adapting to the demands of life.
Degrees of Mental Retardation Degrees of Mental Retardation
Level Typical Intelligence Scores Percentage of the Retarded Adaptation to Demands of Life
Mild 50-70 85% Most learn academic skills up to sixth-grade level. Adults may, with assistance, achieve self-supporting social and vocational skills.
Moderate 35-49 10 May progress to second-grade level. academically. Adults may contribute to their own support by labor in sheltered workshops.
Severe 20-34 3-4 May learn to talk and perform simple work tasks under close supervision but are generally unable to profit from vocational training.
Is Intelligence Genetic or Environmental?
• Influenced by both, but the most genetically similar have the most similar scores.
Similarity ofintelligence
scores(correlation)
Identicaltwinsreared together
Identicaltwinsreared apart
Fraternaltwinsreared together
Siblingsreared together
Unrelatedindividualsreared together
Genetic Influences• With age, genetic influences become
more apparent.• Adopted children’s intelligence scores
become more like their biological parents, and identical twins similarities continue to increase as they age.
• Still hard to tell what percentage of intelligence comes from genes to account for differences between people (heritability).
Genetic Influences
0.35
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0.15
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0.05
0.003 years 16 years
Child-parentcorrelation inverbal ability
scores
Children and theirbirth parents
Adopted childrenand their birthparents
Adopted childrenand their adoptiveparents
Group Differences in Intelligence Scores Are Probably Mostly Attributed
to the Environment
Variation within group
Variation within group
Difference within group
Poor soil Fertile soil
Seeds