Intelligence. Intelligence and Intelligence Testing Module 28.

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Intelligence

Transcript of Intelligence. Intelligence and Intelligence Testing Module 28.

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Intelligence

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Intelligence and Intelligence Testing

Module 28

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The Nature of Intelligence

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Intelligence

• Ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to a new situation

• Is intelligence one thing or are there multiple intelligences?

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The Nature of Intelligence:

Howard Gardner

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Howard Gardner (1943- )

• Author of a contemporary theory of multiple intelligences consisting of eight separate kinds of intelligence

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Gardner’s Types of Intelligence

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Gardner’s Types of Intelligence

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Gardner’s Types of Intelligence

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Gardner’s Types of Intelligence

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Gardner’s Types of Intelligence

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Gardner’s Types of Intelligence

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Gardner’s Types of Intelligence

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Gardner’s Types of Intelligence

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The Nature of Intelligence:

Robert Sternberg

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Robert Sternberg (1949- )

• Author of a contemporary theory of multiple intelligences consisting of:

– analytic,

– creative, and

– practical intelligence

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Sternberg’s Types of Intelligence

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Sternberg’s Types of Intelligence

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Sternberg’s Types of Intelligence

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The Nature of Intelligence:Emotional

Intelligence

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Emotional Intelligence

• Ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions

• People high in emotional intelligence are more in touch with their feelings and the feelings of others.

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Charles Spearman (1863-1945)

• Theorized that a general intelligence factor (g) underlies other, more specific aspects of intelligence

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General Intelligence (g)

• Factor that Spearman believed underlies specific mental abilities

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Intelligence Testing:Alfred Binet

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Alfred Binet (1857-1911)

• Developer of the first test to classify children’s abilities using the concept of mental age

• Assumed children’s intellectual abilities grew every year

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Mental Age

• Chronological age that corresponds to the difficulty of the questions a child can answer

• An average 8-year-old child should have the mental age of 8 years.

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Chronological Age

• The actual age of a person

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Intelligence Testing:Lewis Terman

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Lewis Terman (1877-1956)

• Adapted Binet’s tests for use in the United States

• The test reported intelligence as a calculated IQ score

• Called the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test

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Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

• Number that results from dividing mental age by chronological age and multiplying by 100

• IQ = (MA/CA) X 100• A score of 100 would be considered

average• Formula has been replaced with modern

versions

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What does your IQ score mean?

• Over 140 - Genius or near genius• 120 - 140 - Very superior intelligence • 110 - 119 - Superior intelligence • 90 - 109 - Normal or average intelligence • 80 - 89 - Dullness • 70 - 79 - Borderline deficiency • Under 70 - Definite feeble-mindedness

• *According to Lewis Terman

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Normal Distribution of IQ scores

• 50% of IQ scores fall between 90 and 110

• 70% of IQ scores fall between 85 and 115

• 95% of IQ scores fall between 70 and 130

• 99.5% of IQ scores fall between 60 and 140

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Low IQ & Mental Retardation

• 5% of people have an IQ under 70 and this is generally considered as the benchmark for "mental retardation", a condition of limited mental ability in that it produces difficulty in adapting to the demands of life.

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Severity of MR

• Severity of mental retardation can be broken into 4 levels:

• 50-70 - Mild mental retardation (85%)

• 35-50 - Moderate mental retardation (10%)

• 20-35 - Severe mental retardation (4%)

• IQ < 20 - Profound mental retardation (1%)

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High IQ & Genius IQ

• Genius IQ is generally considered to begin around 140 to 145, representing ~.25% of the population (1 in 400). More notes on High IQ and Genius IQ:

• Einstein was considered to "only" have an IQ of about 160.

• Mensa is a society for people with high IQ, in the top 2% (1 in 50).

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Levels of “Smart:

* 115-124 - Above average (college students)

•* 125-134 - Gifted (post-graduate students) •* 135-144 - Highly gifted (intellectuals) •* 145-154 - Genius (professors) •* 155-164 - Genius (Nobel Prize winners) •* 165-179 - High genius •* 180-200 - Highest genius •* >200 - "Unmeasurable genius"

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More notes on High IQ and Genius IQ

• Einstein was considered to "only" have an IQ of about 160.

• Mensa is a society for people with high IQ, in the top 2% (1 in 50).

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Intelligence Testing:David Wechsler

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David Wechsler (1896-1981)

• Developed the Wechsler intelligence scales which included:– Different tests for different

age groups– Separate verbal and

nonverbal scores– Subtests and subtest scores

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Wechsler Adult Intelligence Test

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Intelligence Testing:Group Tests

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Group Intelligence Test

• Originally designed for the army in World War I

• Can be given to large numbers of people

• Those supervising the test do not need extensive training

• Are very easy to score

• Not the most reliable

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Test Construction:Achievement and

Aptitude Tests

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Achievement Tests

• Tests that attempt to measure what the test-taker has accomplished

• i.e. classroom tests at the end of a unit

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Aptitude Tests

• Tests that attempt to predict the test-taker’s future performance

• Examples: ACT and SAT

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Test Construction:Reliability and

Validity

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Test Reliability

• Extent to which a test yields consistent results

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Types of Reliability

• Test-retest reliability - taking the same test and receiving a similar score

• Split-half - the score on one half of a test’s questions is similar to the score on the other half

• Scorer reliability – the score of the test should be similar no matter which scorer is scoring the test

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Test Validity

• Extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is suppose to

• Does an achievement test accurately measure accomplishments?

• Does an aptitude test accurately measure the person’s future performance?

• One needs to know the purpose of the test

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Group Differences in Intelligence Test

Scores

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Group Differences in Testing

• A number of studies show scoring differences between different racial, ethnic, and gender groups.

• Are these differences due to nature or to nurture? Studies suggest environment is playing a heavy role.

• Heredity and environment interact to produce intelligence in individuals.

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Group Similarities in Testing

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The End