Integration of Renewable and Green Energy Sources in Electric ...

Integration of Renewable and Green Energy Sources in Electric Power Systems

Ali Keyhani, Professor,

The Ohio State [email protected]

The Ohio State University Mechatronics –Green Energy Laboratory

08/06/10The Ohio State University Mechatronics –

Green Energy Laboratory [email protected]

2

Outline of the Talk

Historical Perspective –

Problem Statement

Cyber-Controlled Smart Grid Systems of the Future

EducationResearch

08/06/10The Ohio State University Mechatronics –Green Energy

Laboratory [email protected]

Source of Data: BP (2000). Statistical review of world energy. BP, London. Available at http://www.bp.com/Statisticalreview

http://www.bp.com/Statisticalreview



4

Source: Energy Information Administration, U.S Department of Energy (DOE), U.S Data History, Available at http:// www.eia.doe.gov/



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Source: Energy Information Administration, U.S Department of Energy (DOE), U.S Data History, Available at http:// www.eia.doe.gov/

Energy Sustainability Discussion

Primary Energy : All We Use Comes from the Sun. Energy sustainability requires use of resources at the same rate at which they are naturally replenished on earth without externalities.”

Source : BMW Group, 2000

08/06/10 [email protected]

Energy Sustainability DiscussionEarth at night - 2007



Earth at night 2030


Production of CO2 Since 1700



Proven Energy Resources around the world

Petroleum Natural Gas Coal

Region 2002 preserved Resources (10^9 bbls)

R/P (years)

2002 proved Reserves (10^12 SCF)

R/P years 2002 preserved Reserves (10^9 tonnes)

R/P

(years)

North America 49.9 10.3 252.4 9.4 257.8 240

S. & Cent.America 98.6 42 250.2 68.8 21.8 404

Europe & Eurasia 97.5 17 2155.8 58.9 355.4 306

Middle East 685.6 92 1979.7 >100 ???? >500

Africa 77.4 27.3 418.1 88.9 55.3 247

Asia Pacific 38.7 13.7 445.3 41.8 292.5 126

World 1047.7 40.6 5501.5 60.7 984.5 204

Reserves-to-production (R/P) : R/P ratios represent the length of time that those remaining reserves would last if production were to continue at the previous year's rate. It is calculated by dividing remaining reserves at the end of the year by the production in that year.

BP website – www.bp.com08/06/10 [email protected]

Speculate for Possible Solution• We need to stop and control the exponential

growth CO2 , level it and then reduce it .

• We need to develop a sustainable modern industrial society. How?

• Efficiency. Every Energy user---an energy producer

• Everyone must have a skin in the game.

• Smart Grid: “Real Time Pricing”

• Distributed Generation Systems (DG)



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This map represents smart meter deployments, planned deployments, and proposals by investor-owned utilities and some

public power utilities. http://www.edisonfoundation.net/IEE. As of this writing, approximately over sixty million customers have

been equipped with a smart meter.

08/06/10 12The Ohio State University Mechatronics –Green Energy Laboratory

[email protected]

http://www.edisonfoundation.net/IEE



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Cyber-Controlled Smart Grid Systems of the Future

08/06/10

The Ohio State University Mechatronics –Green Energy Laboratory

[email protected] 14

RFCTransmission

System

Sub Transmission

MRG

MRG

MRG

MRG

MRG

MRGMRGMRG

CFP

CFP

CFP

CFP

CFP

CFP

CFP

CFP

CFP: Cyber Fusion Point

MRG: Micro-grid Renewable Green Energy System

n 2

3

4

j

Sub Transmission

1

5k

A Cyber-Controlled Smart Grid of the Future with High Renewable and Green Energy



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Power Market

MRG

MRG

Cyber System

Router

Router

Router

Router

Router

RouterRouter

RouterMRG MRG

MRGMRG

EMS

Internet

The Cyber System.

08/06/10The Ohio State University Mechatronics –Green Energy Laboratory

[email protected]

LAN/WAN

Database

Database

0

0

0 SmartMeter

Air Condition (A/C)

Space Heater

Washer

Electric Stove

Refregirator

HTTP

User ApplicationCSV-XML

SNMPSNMP Maneger

SCADA

Modbus TCP

EthernetTCP / IP

WebBrowser

Tra

nsd

uce

r RME

+ infoThermocouple

PT100

4-20 mA

0-10 V

FlowPressure

HumidityLevel

Temperature

Cyber-Controlled Smart Metering Systems



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[email protected]

Smart Microgrid Systems DC Architecture


[email protected]

LocalUtility

1

DG

2 3

DG

LocalLoads

DG

PV array

DC Bus

DC/AC

AC Bus

Net Metering

PV Roof Top DC BUS

Asyn.Gen.

Storage

DFIG

DC/AC

DC/DC

DC/AC

AC/DC

Step up Trans.

Step up Trans.

Step up Trans.

LV HV

HVLV

PV Gen.

Station

PV Gen.

Station

PV Gen.

Station

Wind Gen.

Station

Wind Gen.

Station

DG EMS

Infinite Bus

Utility EMS

Smart Micro Grid Systems AC Architecture



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Smart Grid with High Penetration of Renewable Energy Sources

Transmission Netwrork 220, 380 kV

L1L2L3

HV/MV Transformer 25-63 MVA

Wind Park

110 kV (L_L)

Large Industrial Consumer

MV/LV Transformer 100-630 kVA

L1L2L3

10-35 kV (L_L)

Biogas Plant

Wind Turbine

Industrial Consumer

L1L2L3

400 V (L_L)

N

PV PlantP>100 kVA

~=

~=

Consumer

Consumer with PV (<5 kVA)

~=

Consumer

Consumer with PV (5-100 kVA)

Consumer

08/06/10 21The Ohio State University Mechatronics –


The Weekly Load Variation Sampled Hourly



The Twenty Four Hour Load Variation Sampled

Every Five Minutes



Peak Clipping

Smart Grid Load Management Techniques

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• Peak Clipping: Peak clipping method seeks to reduce

the peak load demand and match it

with the power companies’ available

power generation

Valley Filling

Smart Grid Load Management Techniques

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• Valley Filling: This method is based on scheduling certain load during the time of the day when the load demand is low due to consumer life style

High Power

High Energy

Electricity Storage Spectrum

Load FollowingInertia Inertia

(seconds or less)

Stored Energy(seconds to minutes)

Energy Management ApplicationsEDC, AGC

(minutes to hours)

Figure 4. The Energy Management Time Scale of Power System Control





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Power System

Speed Load Control

(Primary)

Shaft Power

Load

Tie Powers

Prime mover &

Energy Supply System

Valveor

Gate

Supplementary Controls (AGC)

Tie Powers (metered)Energy Control Center

Computers

Speed (frequency)

Governor

123

+

-

-



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GeneratorTurbine

Prime Mover Energy Source

Control Loop

Governor

AVREXC.

Reset Control

--

-+

PowerSystemNetwork

ω

+

ΔPc

Ʃ+

-

Freq. Bias

-

+

+

+

ω

Freq. Ref

Interchange Error

Economic Dispatch

Pactual

Scheduled Area Interchange

Tie Line Loads

Xr

-

Energy Control Center

Data Links

Generating Plant

|Vt|

Vo



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Control of Steam Generators



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AC Output

MeasuredV ac and I ac

MeasuredV dc and I dc

DSPController

Switching Signals

DCInput

+ ,-

P, Q Ref.

P, Q Measured

V Measured

V Ref

+

-

The Operation of an Inverter as a Steam Generator



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Undergraduate education : Modeling of microgrid systems consisting: Sizing of Green energy microgrids Power converters PV farm and wind farm Load models- Nonlinear loads ( power switching loads) Storage-batteries and fuel cell based flow batteries Combined heat hydrogen and power (CHHP) and micro turbines. Control of Converters – Active and Reactive power controlDistributed Generation (DG)



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Graduate Education-Research Issues. Predictive modeling and monitoring for self‐healing (adaptive systems) diagnostics control technology.Development of interactive smart metering to improve load model profiles.Development of control technology for future cyber-interconnected smart microgrids, in which every node in the system will be adaptive, controllable, price-smart, operable as a microgrid, and functioning as an island or a synchronized system.



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Graduate Education-Research Issues: Development of control technology for operation of

renewable sources as steam units Cyber Controlled of Smart Grid Development of control technology for voltage,

current, P and Q operation of inverter. Single phase DC/AC converters Three phase DC/AC Converters

Development of control technology for efficient operation of storage systems, such as flow batteries, battery system, flywheels, and supper-charging capacitors.



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Graduate Education-Research Issues:Voltage and Current Control DC/AC converters Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) problem:

PID controller works very well for linear loads and achieves acceptable level of THD harmonic reduction. However, with nonlinear load PID controller cannot achieve satisfactory level of harmonic suppression.

Specifically, reduction of 3rd harmonic component in the output of single-phase inverter can seriously affect the system performance.

The PID controller can not suppress harmonic frequencies even if PID controller gains are increased.



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Graduate Education –Research Issues:Voltage and Current Control DC/AC PWM Inverter THD Reduction:

•PID Controllers can not achieve THD, specifically the third harmonics.

•It is desirable to reduce THD due to 3rd, 5th, , 7th, 9th harmonics

•The control design should achieve the tracking of reference output voltage and fast transient response without steady state error.



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OSU Mechatronics-Green Energy laboratory Research Contribution

1. Keyhani Ali, Mohammad Marwali, Min Dai “Integration of Green and Renewable Energy in Electric Power Systems”, Wiley, ISBN: 978-0-470-18776-0, December 2009

2. M. N. Marwali and A. Keyhani, "Control of Distributed Generation Systems Part I: Voltage and Current Control," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Volume 19, No. 6, November 2004, pp. 1541-1550

3. M. N. Marwali, J. W. Jung, and A. Keyhani, "Control of Distributed Generation Systems Part II: Load Sharing," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Volume 19, No. 6, November 2004, pp. 1551-1561

4. Min Dai, M.N. Marwali, Jin-Woo Jung, A. Keyhani, "Power Flow Control of a Single Distributed Generation Unit", IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 23, Issue 1, Jan. 2008. pp. 343 - 352 5. Min Dai, M.N. Marwali, Jin-Woo Jung, A. Keyhani, "A Three-Phase Four-Wire Inverter Control Technique for a Single Distributed Generation Unit in Island Mode", IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 23, Issue 1, Jan. 2008, pp. 322 - 331

4.



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5. Jin-Woo Jung and Ali Keyhani, "Control of a Fuel Cell Based Z-Source Converter", IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Volume 22, No. 2, June 2007, pp. 467-476

6. Mohammad N. Marwali, Min Dai, and Ali Keyhani, "Robust Stability Analysis of Voltage and Current Control for Distributed Generation Systems," IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Volume 21, No. 2, June 2006, pp. 516-526

7. A. Keyhani, "Leader-follower framework for control of energy services," IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Volume 18, No. 2, May 2003, pp. 837-841

http://www.ece.osu.edu/~keyhani/ http://www.ece.osu.edu/ems/

Thank you. Hum Dingers

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