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Integrating the Monitoring of Agricultural Pests into Biodiversity Assessments Gail E. Kampmeier...
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Integrating the Integrating the Monitoring of Agricultural Pests Monitoring of Agricultural Pests into Biodiversity Assessmentsinto Biodiversity Assessments
Integrating the Integrating the Monitoring of Agricultural Pests Monitoring of Agricultural Pests into Biodiversity Assessmentsinto Biodiversity Assessments
Gail E. KampmeierIllinois Natural History Survey
Institute of Natural Resource SustainabilityUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Gail E. KampmeierIllinois Natural History Survey
Institute of Natural Resource SustainabilityUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Agriculture as a Measure of Biodiversity
Agriculture as a Measure of Biodiversity
Traditionally, agriculture = downgraded
ecosystem a poor relation to the ideal
biodiverse ecosystem of "Nature" Agriculture has its own
challenges Reduced diversity - easily
discovered by pests Monocultures - species, cultivars Spatial regularity - row crops,
crowding Selection pressure: environment
modified by use of pesticides, resistant cultivars, planting date
Traditionally, agriculture = downgraded
ecosystem a poor relation to the ideal
biodiverse ecosystem of "Nature" Agriculture has its own
challenges Reduced diversity - easily
discovered by pests Monocultures - species, cultivars Spatial regularity - row crops,
crowding Selection pressure: environment
modified by use of pesticides, resistant cultivars, planting date
Wealth of DataWealth of Data
Aside from scientists interested in conservation of genetics of crops & their wild relatives, few agricultural scientists see the value of their data to the biodiversity community Value in peer-reviewed publications, not data
publication Concern about losing control of their dataset
Biodiversity community has traditionally only paid attention to what is stored in museums or databanks
Aside from scientists interested in conservation of genetics of crops & their wild relatives, few agricultural scientists see the value of their data to the biodiversity community Value in peer-reviewed publications, not data
publication Concern about losing control of their dataset
Biodiversity community has traditionally only paid attention to what is stored in museums or databanks
Land Managers, Climate Change Specialists NeedLand Managers, Climate Change Specialists Need
More than one-off collections of taxa Sampling biased by
collector, but not always apparent
Need measures over time of Presence and absence Diversity
Under varying conditions
More than one-off collections of taxa Sampling biased by
collector, but not always apparent
Need measures over time of Presence and absence Diversity
Under varying conditions
Agricultural Research has Rich Data Heritage
Agricultural Research has Rich Data Heritage
Purposefully constructed hypotheses tested in Variety of (controlled) habitats
& (uncontrollable) abiotic conditions
Replicated experimental designs Examine effects of manipulation
of the environment on species behavior
Samples taken at uniform intervals over seasons, years
Purposefully constructed hypotheses tested in Variety of (controlled) habitats
& (uncontrollable) abiotic conditions
Replicated experimental designs Examine effects of manipulation
of the environment on species behavior
Samples taken at uniform intervals over seasons, years
Integrated Pest ManagementIntegrated Pest Management
Sets an economic threshold for making decisions on strategies for maintaining pests at, or below a threshold of economic loss (economic injury level)
The choice of strategies can conserve Biodiversity Water, air, & soil quality money
Sets an economic threshold for making decisions on strategies for maintaining pests at, or below a threshold of economic loss (economic injury level)
The choice of strategies can conserve Biodiversity Water, air, & soil quality money
Brewer, et. al. 2009. Opportunities, experiences, Brewer, et. al. 2009. Opportunities, experiences, and strategies to connect integrated pest and strategies to connect integrated pest management to U.S. Department of Agriculture management to U.S. Department of Agriculture Conservation programs. Conservation programs. American Entomologist American Entomologist 55(3):140-146.55(3):140-146.
Aphids - Pucerons - Afidos
Aphids - Pucerons - Afidos
Direct pests of plants Vectors of plant viruses Produce honeydew
Food source for ants, predators, & parasitoids
Molds
Damage to crops depends on when & in what numbers they appear in the field
Direct pests of plants Vectors of plant viruses Produce honeydew
Food source for ants, predators, & parasitoids
Molds
Damage to crops depends on when & in what numbers they appear in the field
Complex life cycleComplex life cycleMacrosiphum rosaeMacrosiphum rosae photo courtesy Alex Wild 2008, photo courtesy Alex Wild 2008, http://myrmecos.wordpress.com/
Aphids MoveAphids Move
Walking Intraplant Interplant
Flying Intrafield Interfield Migration over 100s of
kilometers
Walking Intraplant Interplant
Flying Intrafield Interfield Migration over 100s of
kilometers
Cartoon by John SherrodCartoon by John Sherrod
Tracking the Russian
wheat aphid
Tracking the Russian
wheat aphid
Bugs = "Angel Echoes"Bugs = "Angel Echoes"
CHILL Radar CHILL Radar located in located in Greeley, Greeley, ColoradoColorado
Tracking Aphids at Elevations Above Ground Level (AGL)
Tracking Aphids at Elevations Above Ground Level (AGL)
Air temperature Insects, including
aphids accumulate at or in inversions (temperatures are warmer than the air below)
Wind speed Below jet, aphids local In jet, had traveled
overnight from sources 240-400 km south from overwintering populations
Air temperature Insects, including
aphids accumulate at or in inversions (temperatures are warmer than the air below)
Wind speed Below jet, aphids local In jet, had traveled
overnight from sources 240-400 km south from overwintering populations
Mapping to Darwin CoreMapping to Darwin Core
Presence/Absence ObservationsTaxon informationSampling units known volume of
airLarge amount of related
observations of air temperature, radar observations
Presence/Absence ObservationsTaxon informationSampling units known volume of
airLarge amount of related
observations of air temperature, radar observations
Soybean Aphid: Invasive Species in North AmericaSoybean Aphid: Invasive Species in North America
Direct pest of soybean
Suction trap network set up in U.S. Midwest Prediction of
infestation level Indicator to
farmers to scout for signs of aphids
Direct pest of soybean
Suction trap network set up in U.S. Midwest Prediction of
infestation level Indicator to
farmers to scout for signs of aphids
http://www.ncipmc.org/traps/index.cfm
Soybean Aphid CentralSoybean Aphid Central
http://www.inhs.illinois.edu/programs/aphids.html#soybeanaphid
Weekly DataWeekly Data Flights arriving late
August built up on late soybean, leaving in September as soybean dried down & flying to Rhamnus
Flights arriving late August built up on late soybean, leaving in September as soybean dried down & flying to Rhamnus
Soybean Aphids SwarmSoybean Aphids Swarm
Photo courtesy Alex Wild 2009, Photo courtesy Alex Wild 2009, http://myrmecos.wordpress.com/
Date Date 20092009
DeKalbDeKalb MetamoraMetamora UrbanaUrbana Dixon Dixon SpringsSprings
31 July31 July 00 00 00 00
07 Aug07 Aug 33 11 00 00
14 Aug14 Aug 2121 2020 33 77
21 Aug21 Aug 3737 -- 2020 22
28 Aug28 Aug 210210 188188 3939 5151
04 Sept04 Sept 4141 8080 1515 166166
11 Sept11 Sept 88 3030 3333 1111
18 Sept18 Sept 680680 86008600 10001000 1414
25 Sept25 Sept 91869186 53755375 1828018280 2929
Weekly Suction Trap Counts in Illinois
Weekly Suction Trap Counts in Illinois
Implications of Darwin Core for Agricultural Data
Implications of Darwin Core for Agricultural Data
Simple Darwin Core Most agricultural
data fit rows/columns
Fields used only once
No minimum/ maximum data
Will include samples with 0 to multiple observations for a taxon
Simple Darwin Core Most agricultural
data fit rows/columns
Fields used only once
No minimum/ maximum data
Will include samples with 0 to multiple observations for a taxon
Challenges Human observations
(not preserved) thus not given an identifier
Asked to think about data in unaccustomed ways
Asked to document items usually noted once in a field notebook
Challenges Human observations
(not preserved) thus not given an identifier
Asked to think about data in unaccustomed ways
Asked to document items usually noted once in a field notebook
Example of SimpleDarwinRecord
Example of SimpleDarwinRecord
Easier to use Excel spreadsheet or create a database template to export to Excel
Easier to use Excel spreadsheet or create a database template to export to Excel
ChallengesChallenges Mixture of
observations & vouchered specimens
Results buried in literature
Little or no metadata for raw data
Scientists have little incentive to go to extra trouble to share
Mixture of observations & vouchered specimens
Results buried in literature
Little or no metadata for raw data
Scientists have little incentive to go to extra trouble to share
ConclusionsConclusions
If we want to incorporate agricultural datasets into our biodiversity assessments, we will need to work with these scientists to make it easy to provide their data in a format that is fit for use by the biodiversity community.
If we want to incorporate agricultural datasets into our biodiversity assessments, we will need to work with these scientists to make it easy to provide their data in a format that is fit for use by the biodiversity community.
Biocontrol in action!Biocontrol in action!Aphis nerii being eaten by a syrphid Aphis nerii being eaten by a syrphid fly larva. Photo courtesy Alex Wildfly larva. Photo courtesy Alex Wild
How do we do this?How do we do this?
Jim Case provided in talk earlier today, Bring groups together Provide introductory guides (documents) Provide links to resources Registry system Discussion forums bring users together
And engage the cooperation of journals to provide a home for data with its metadata
Jim Case provided in talk earlier today, Bring groups together Provide introductory guides (documents) Provide links to resources Registry system Discussion forums bring users together
And engage the cooperation of journals to provide a home for data with its metadata
AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments Illinois Department of Energy
and Natural Resources Illinois Natural History Survey Illinois State Water Survey University of Illinois North Central Regional IPM National Science Foundation Hatch ILLU-370 Global Biodiversity Information
Facility Biodiversity Information
Standards (TDWG)
Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources
Illinois Natural History Survey Illinois State Water Survey University of Illinois North Central Regional IPM National Science Foundation Hatch ILLU-370 Global Biodiversity Information
Facility Biodiversity Information
Standards (TDWG)