Integrated Pest Management Environmental & Ecology State Standard 4.5.12.
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Transcript of Integrated Pest Management Environmental & Ecology State Standard 4.5.12.
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Integrated Pest Management
Environmental & Ecology State Standard
4.5.12
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What is a pest?
Any organism that spreads disease, destroys property, competes with people for resources such as food, or is just a nuisance.
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Undisturbed Ecosystems
Pests have natural enemies such as predators, parasites, and disease organisms to keep them in check.
Naturally, these enemies can control 50 to 90 % of the pest population.
So what’s the fuss?
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Natural ecosystems have been drastically altered by replacing diverse forests, meadow, and wetland habitats with orchards, tree farms, lawns, and farm fields.
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By changing these ecosystems, we have dramatically decreased the biodiversity of these ecosystems.
This type of planting supports a much smaller range of wildlife and microorganisms- including those that would keep pests in check.
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Pest control
Chemical pesticides
Insecticides
Herbicides
Nematicides
Fungicides
Rodenticides
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Pesticides
Most of these have chemicals that are harmful to human health and the environment.
In the 1960’s, the public became more aware and wanted to decrease their use.
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Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
Uses a mix of methods– traps, – disease-resistance
plants – natural pest-killing
substances– Introduction of
predators to control pests
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IPM requirements
Understand how a pest lives
What it likes to eat
What it doesn’t like
What its enemies are
Must be economical & not harmful to the environment & human health
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PAIPM
Pennsylvania’s Integrated Pest ManagementEstablished 20 years ago
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Main Goals of PAIPM
Increase food & forestry while decreasing the exposure of workers to harmful pesticides
To reduce air & groundwater contamination
Reduce pesticide/insecticide use on crops
More cost effective
Maximize the use of natural organisms
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School IPM program goals
1. Manage pests on school grounds– Eliminate pests’ food, water, shelter– Use minimal amount of pesticides
2. Teach Pa’s students about benefits, risks, and interdisciplinary nature of IPM
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Is it a pest or not???
Honeybees??– Sting and annoy you– but they pollinate many flowers and fruits
Leaf-cutter ants– Destroy foliage– Improves the germination success of the lobeira,
South American shrub, by discarding the seeds onto a pile of nutrient rich wastes
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Forests pests
There has been a large decline in the number of forests due to logging.
98% of of the forests of the US have been logged.
Replaced with tree farms, farm fields, and pastures
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Forest pests
This has created a much less diverse ecosystem which are more vulnerable to invasion and attack by pests.
Pollution further weakens forest trees, exposing them to pests and the diseases they spread.
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Balsam woolly adelgid
A pest that has caused the elimination of Fraser fir and northern bracted balsam fir trees from the southern Appalachians.
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Balsam woolly adelgid
It is destroying the population of the Eastern Hemlock.Changed the canopy from an closed canopy to an open canopy, decreasing the bird population
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Gypsy moth caterpillar
Feeds on the leaves of oak and many other important tree species
Can completely defoliate some areas of the forest.
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Black knot
A fungus that causes black knot (a gall), a warty growth that targets the braches of cherry and plum trees
These galls break open and spread their spores via the wind.
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Exotic pests
An insect or other organism that are native to an area and is introduced to that area by some means.
Many are brought in as a result of world trade.
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Exotic pests
US Department of Agriculture’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)– Responsible for patrolling US ports and
inspecting imported goods for exotic pests– Between 1985-1998, seized 7,000 exotic
pests from wood items alone.
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Exotic pests
Found in logs, wood chips, unseasoned lumber, crates, cable spools, and wood packing material.
Also found on live plants and among seeds.
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Exotic pests
The worse aspect of exotic pests is when they enter a new country, the pests have not brought along their natural enemy
Trees are extremely susceptible to exotic pest infestation.– Ex: gypsy moth
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Gypsy moth
First appeared in PA in 1932Decreased between 2000 and 2001 because it contracted a fungal and viral diseases (natural pest control program)The fight has cost PA more than $1 million in 2002.Insecticide-Bacillus thuringiensis Btk– Harmful to moth but not to people
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Asian long-horned beetle
Came from China housed in crates and pallets
Attacks maples and other hardwoods
Trees have been cut down in an attempt to eliminate further infestation
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Dutch elm disease
Caused by a fungus carried on a beetle
It can kill a large elm tree in 4-8weeks
It has killed more than 2/3 of the elm trees in the US
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Chestnut blight
Came from China in 1900’s on chestnut trees imported by the Bronx Zoo.Wiped out nearly every chestnut tree on the East coast Disrupted the natural ecosystem of the forest and the diet of many animals
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Starling
Came from Europe in late 1800’s
Compete with livestock for food, transmit diseases, pollute livestock food and water, and compete with other birds for nesting and food
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Asian lady beetle
Native to Japan
Released to control aphids and other insects
Overpopulated and became a nuisance
Harmless to human but can leave a yellow stain on walls when disturbed
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6 steps of IPM
See handout
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IPM tactics1. Cultural methods
• Deprive pest of life necessities ( food, shelter, water)
• Multicropping: the practice of growing many crops together in the same field• However, it is labor intensive & expensive • Pests that feed on 1 crop do not overrun the
entire field & more likely to host predators
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Multicropping
Native Americans- corn, beans, & squash
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Advantages of Multicropping
Hosts predators/beneficial insects
Other plants are scent decoys since some insects are attracted by smell
Provides a physical barrier
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IPM tactics2. Physical methods
Physical barriers
Trapping it
Vacuuming
Mowing
Tilling
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IPM tactics3. Genetic methods
Genetically engineered crops to be pest resistant– Ex: Bt corn crops have the Bt gene in it so the pest
will die when they feed on the plant– Plant breeders have produced many varieties of
food and grain crops which pests are not attracted to or can tolerate an attack. (host plant resistance)
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IPM tactics4. Biological methods
Using other living things that are enemies of the pest to be controlled
Main types:– Parasitoids– Predators– Pathogens– Weed feeders
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Parasitoids
An insect that develops on or within an insect host which will feed on the body fluids of the host
Ex: wasps and flies– A wasp may lay its eggs inside an aphid
and as it develops it kills the aphid
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Predators
A natural enemy that feeds on the insect or pest
Although some predators may attack many pests, sometimes they also attack the beneficial insects as well
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Pathogen
A disease causing organism that infects insects, plants, humans, and other animals.– Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa– Generally specific to the insect and
lifecycle– Can kill them, reduce their ability to
reproduce, slow the growth, or shorten their lifespan
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Weed feeders
An arthropod, other animal or pathogen that feeds on weed pests
Insects control weeds by eating flowers, seeds, leaves, stems, and roots
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IPM5. Chemical methods
Conventional pesticides: – Synthetic chemical pesticides are used
worldwide– 2.5 million tons applied to farm fields each
year– Caused lower food costs(green revolution)– Some cause birth defects & cancers
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IPM5. Chemical methods
Conventional household pesticides:– Common pesticides in the house– ants & roaches, termites,
Organophosphates: – Malathion: bug spray– Chlorpyrifos: ants, roaches, termites, – Diazion: flea collars
Many restrictions and warnings on the use of the pesticides
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Conventional Agricultural Pesticides
Although pesticides deter pests from feeding on a crop, these do not break down quickly and disappearFarm workers suffer illness’ due to use of pesticidesPollutes the groundwater, streams, and wildlife #1 Atrazine
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Atrazine
Seeped into drinking water supply
Increased incident of cancer
Strict regulations to reduce the amount used
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Conventional pesticides
Unfortunately, conventional pesticides have been more beneficial due to effectiveness, but are used as a last resort due to the health implications.
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Biorational Pesticides
A naturally occurring compound or a chemical such as a toxin or growth regulator derived from a living organism
Ex:– Pheromones, synthetic growth horomones, chitin
inhibitors(makes shell hard), molt accelerating hormones
– Natural pesticide
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Microbial pesticide
Bacillus thuringiensis Bt– Occurs naturally and it destroys the lining
of the gut of the pest so it can’t eat.
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Bacillus thuringiensis Bt
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Insecticidal Soap
Made from the salts of fatty acids, the principle components of the fats and oils found in animals and plants.
Work well on soft-bodied pests like aphids, spider mites, fliesBenefits: harmless to humans, kills pest quickly, no residual effect
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Botanical Insecticides
Made from natural living plants
Pyrethrum is flower extract which is deadly to insects but safe for many mammals and breaks down quickly
Rotenone the most toxic of natural pesticides, very effective but can be toxic to humans
Neem repels pests, safe for humans, highly selective
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IPM6. Regulatory Control
The role played by government agencies in trying to stop the entry or spread of pests into an area or into the country via inspection, quarantine, destruction of infested material
EPA, USDA, US Customs
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Benefits of IPM
Safer for people & the Environment
Less pesticide residue on food
Less chance of pesticide resistance
Less damage to non-target organisms
Lower costs for farmers
Preserves nutrients in soil
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Drawbacks of IPM
May alter ecosystems
Can contaminate the Environment
Does not eliminate all pests
May lose more crops
Can require intensive planning