6161

INTEGRATED NUTRIENT

MANAGEMENT IN CORIANDER, CUMIN

AND FENNEL

6060

Definition of spices Spices are natural plant or vegetable products or mixtures thereof, used in whole or ground form, mainly for imparting flavour, aroma and pungency to food.

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

5959

Major spices Seed spices Tree spices Herbal spices Other spices

Classification of spicesClassification of spices

India is land of spices. 109 spices - ISO.India- 63 spices. India -17 seed spices ,12 - commercial scale.

5858

The seeds contain volatile oil, which makes them important and valuable. They are mainly used for flavoring, garnishing, making tempting and tasty foods.

(Singh et al., 2006)

Why seed spices are Important ?

5757

Group of annuals , where dried fruit seeds are used as spices.

Major seed spices- coriander, cumin, fennel, fenugreek etc Minor seed spices- ajwan, anise, celery, dill, opium poppy etc.

Seed spicesSeed spices

Classification of seed spicesClassification of seed spices

5656

Ajmer

Dholi

Guntur

Hisar

Jagudan

Jobner

Kumarganj

Coimbatore

NRC

AICRP - SAU

Fig.1:Research centers of seed spicesFig.1:Research centers of seed spices

5555

Table 1:CROP-WISE AREA, PRODUCTION AND PRODUCTIVITY OF MAJOR SPICE CROPS IN INDIA DURING 2007-08 AND 2008-09

Spice crops 2007-08 2008-09AREA PRODUCTION PDY. AREA PRODUCTION PDY.

Chillies 808.17 1294.15 1601 779.05 1269.85 1630Garlic 206.12 1068.50 5184 166.21 831.10 5000Turmeric 174.51 794.19 4551 181.09 821.16 4535Ginger 104.36 390.08 3738 108.64 380.10 3499Coriander 384.21 229.95 598 396.85 242.13 610Tamarind 55.04 182.08 3308 54.63 177.68 3252Cumin 429.38 172.47 402 429.38 172.47 402Fenugreek 55.20 55.48 1005 68.29 76.58 1121Fennel 54.29 67.78 1248 47.16 64.29 1363Pepper 197.33 47.01 238 238.71 47.40 199Ajwan 19.29 11.12 576 19.59 16.41 838Cardamom 81.93 13.65 167 91.99 15.45 168Nutmeg 15.26 11.37 745 15.27 11.37 745Other seed spices 17.71 10.71 605 17.71 10.71 605

Tejpat 2.45 5.29 2160 2.44 4.98 2044Cinnamon 0.87 1.67 1918 0.88 1.67 1901Clove 2.25 1.01 446 2.57 1.33 516Others(2) 9.01 0.23 26 9.01 0.23 26Total 2617 4356.71 2629.44 4144.91

NHB, 2009

5454

FIG. 2:PRODUCTION SHARE UNDER MAJOR SPICES IN INDIA(2008-09)

NHB, 2009

5353

FIG.3:AREA SHARE UNDER MAJOR SPICES IN INDIA(2008-09)

NHB, 2009

5252

SEED SPICES 2007-08 2008-09

AREA PRODUCTION PDY. AREA PRODUCTION PDY.

Coriander 384.21 229.95 598 396.85 242.13 610

Cumin 429.38 172.47 402 429.38 172.47 402

Fenugreek 55.20 55.48 1005 68.29 76.58 1121

Fennel 54.29 67.78 1248 47.16 64.29 1363

Ajwan 19.29 11.12 576 19.59 16.41 838

Other seed spices 17.71 10.71 605 17.71 10.71 605

Total 960.08 547.51 4434 978.98 582.59 4939

Table 2:CROP-WISE AREA, PRODUCTION AND PRODUCTIVITY OF SEED SPICE CROPS IN INDIA DURING 2007-08 AND 2008-09 Table 2:CROP-WISE AREA, PRODUCTION AND PRODUCTIVITY OF SEED SPICE CROPS IN INDIA DURING 2007-08 AND 2008-09

NHB, 2009

5151

Year Area(‘000 HA)

Production(‘000 MT)

Productivity(MT/HA)

2006-07 2448 3953 1.6

2007-08 2617 4357 1.7

2008-09 2629 4145 1.6

Table 3:Area, Production and Productivity of spices in India (2006-09)

Table 3:Area, Production and Productivity of spices in India (2006-09)

NHB, 2009

5050

Sl. No. Name of the crop Area (ha)Production

(T) Pdy. (T/ha) Value (Lakhs)

1 Pepper 18857 6236 0.33 10097

2 Cardamom 20631 1747 0.08 4072

3 Tamarind 15880 81814 5.15 17785

4 Ginger 29092 273253 9.39 38076

5 Turmeric 15320 93817 6.12 16314

6 Garlic 6758 34407 5.09 9394

7 Dry chillies 123378 141927 1.15 51017

8 Coriander 8124 6129 0.75 1874

9 Fenugreek 626 28.39 4.54 1854

10 Cumin seed

11 Clove 122 174 1.43 427

12 Nutmeg 147 213 1.45 115

13 Cinnamom 37 7 0.19 1012

14 Vanilla 2518 994 0.39 4245

15 Fennel 6 12 2.00 2

16 Dill 329 1793 4.61 181

17 Paprika 10 10 1.00 164

18 Other spice crops 1047 4620 4.41 1962

Total 242942 649780 2.67 158591

Table 4 : Spice crops scenario in Karnataka (2008-09)Table 4 : Spice crops scenario in Karnataka (2008-09)

(HORTICULTURE DEPARTMENT, 2009)

4949

Seed spices Area (ha) Production

(T) Productivity

(T/ha) Value (Lakhs)

Coriander 8124 6129 0.75 1874

Fenugreek 626 28.39 4.54 1854

Fennel 6 12 2.00 2

Dill 329 1793 4.61 181

Total 9085 7962.39 11.9 3911

Table 5 : Seed Spices scenario in Karnataka (2008-09)Table 5 : Seed Spices scenario in Karnataka (2008-09)

(HORTICULTURE DEPARTMENT, 2009)

4848

Commodity

April – July 2008 April – July 2009%

Achievement % Change

Target for 2009-10

Quantity

(tonnes)

Value

(Rs. Lakhs)

Rate

(Rs./kg)

Quantity

(tonnes)

Value

(Rs. Lakhs)

Rate

(Rs./kg)

Quantity

(tonnes)

Value

(Rs. Lakhs

)

Quantity

(tonnes)

Value

(Rs. Lakhs)

Quantity

(tonnes)

Value

(Rs. Lakhs)

Total Spices 1,89,870 188,087 - 1,64,215 169,080 - 38 38 - 14 -10 435,000 450,000

Coriander 12,745 8,306 65.17 16,750 8,480 50.63 62 52 31 2 27,000 16,200

Cumin 18,860 18,704 99.17 15,950 17,421102.2

255 83 -15 -7 29,000 20,880

Fenugreek 7,160 2,422 33.83 7,250 2,326 32.09 69 63 1 -4 10,500 3,675

Fennel 2,675 1,415 52.93 2,900 2,145 73.99 58 86 8 52 5,000 2,500

Celery 955 580 60.83 1,650 911 55.23 47 47 73 57 3,500 1,925

Other 9,270 3,299 35.59 9,500 3,375 35.53 119 121 2 2 8,000 2,800

(Anon., 2009)

Table 6:Export of Seed Spices from India

4747

Integrated nutrient management is one in which nutrients are supplied to plants in combined form of organics, inorganics, and bio-inoculants to obtain higher yield level in seed spices and also to get quality products and to maintain the soil health

As per National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS), “A holistic approach involving integrated nutrient management, enhances input use efficiency and adoption of region specific promising cropping systems would be the best organic farming strategy for India”.

Integrated nutrient managementIntegrated nutrient management4646

To upgrade the efficiency of plant nutrient supply. To improve the physico-chemical properties of the soil. To regulate escalating cost of chemical fertilizers. To maintain good soil health and sustainable productivity. To avoid the disadvantages of individual application of fertilizers. To promote the bio-diversity and cultural bio-system on the farm.

Need of INMNeed of INM4545

Subramanian, 2001

Reduces the use of chemical fertilizers.

Saving of non-renewable natural resources.

Creates positive nutrient balance in soil.

Reduced leaching of nitrates to ground water.

Maintains soil fertility and soil health.

Increased crop productivity.

Maximizes the nutrient use efficiency.

Advantages of INMAdvantages of INM4444

Subramanian, 2001

Dose of nutrientsDose of nutrients Sources of nutrientsSources of nutrients

Components of INM

Components of INM

Time of applicationTime of application Method of applicationMethod of application

OrganicOrganic InorganicInorganic

Bio-fertilizerBio-fertilizer

COMPONENTS OF INM

4343

Frequent and long term use of these sources renders soil unfertile.

Improves soil physical, chemical and biological properties.

Improves moisture holding capacity Provides food for micro-organism. Better infiltration and aeration. Maintains soil fertility.

Disadvantages of Inorganic sourceDisadvantages of Inorganic source

Advantages of organic manureAdvantages of organic manure

4242

Rhizobium

Azotobactor

Azospirrillum

Phosphorus solubilizing bacteria-Bacillus polymyxa, Aspergillus niger

Vesicular Arbauscular Mycorrhizae (VAM)

Bio- fertilizersBio- fertilizers

Thomas, 2003

4141

Bio- fertilizersBio- fertilizers

N fixing organismN fixing organismP solubilizing

organismP solubilizing

organism

symbioticsymbiotic AsymbioticAsymbiotic SolubilizerSolubilizer AbsorberAbsorber

Rhizobium Azotobactor Aspergillus niger, Bacillus sp.

Mycorrhizae

Thomas, 2003

4040

Classification of Bio-fertilizerClassification of Bio-fertilizer

CASE STUDIESCASE STUDIES

3939

CorianderCoriandrum sativum L.

(Dhania), ApiaceaeOrigin: Southern Europe and North

Africa to Southwestern AsiaChromosome no. 2n = 22. Used as spice: fresh green-Flavourant in chutneys and soups , seeds- condiments, bakery products, candy, preserves, liquors (NIIR, 2008)Medicinal uses : flatulence, diuretic, stimulant, carminative.

3838

Crop Requirement :

• A tropical crop

• Cool and comparatively dry frost-free climate, particularly at the time of flowering and seed formation stages

• Frost following the flowering stage reduces production drastically

• High temperature and high wind velocity during anthesis and seed formation enhances sterility and reduces yield

• Cloudy weather at the time of flowering increases the number of aphids and disease

• Loamy to moderately heavy soils & also grown in black cotton or heavy soil.

3737

State 2005-06 2006-07

Area(‘000 ha)

Prod. (‘000

tonnes)

Yield(Kg/ha)

Area (‘000 ha)

Prod. (‘000 tonnes)

Yield(Kg/ha)

Andhra Pradesh 28.00 13. 00 464 25.00 10.00 400

Bihar 2.30 1.70 739 2.30 1.70 739

Chhatisgarh 3.90 1.10 282 3.70 1.00 270

Haryana 1.70 2.90 1706 2.20 2.60 1182

Karantaka 9.20 1.40 152 6.00 1.00 167

Madhya Pradesh 112.80 42.00 372 108.40 43.60 402

Meghalaya 0.05 0.30 5940 0.10 0.27 2740

Orissa 19.10 9.00 471 19.10 9.00 471

Rajasthan 136.70 142.40 1042 131.10 155.10 1183

Tamil Nadu 21.10 6.40 303 17.40 5.70 328

Uttar Pradesh 5.50 3.20 582 5.50 3.20 582

Total 340.35 223.40 656 320.80 233.17 727

Source: Directorate of Arecanut and Spices Development, 2008

Table 7: State wise area, production and productivity of Coriander in India

3636

Effect of Organic and Inorganic Manures on Growth, Flowering and Seed Yield of Coriander

Bodamwad et al ,2009

3535

S.N. Treatments Vegetative parameters Flowering parameters

Plant height(cm)

Primary branches

plant-1

Secondary branches plant-1

Days to 50 % flowering

No. of days required for seed set to harvesting

1 100% RDF (60:30:20kg/ha)

46.45 5.12 13.58 42.78 40.11

2 100% vermicompost 46.73 4.70 13.40 42.86 41.18

3 100% FYM 45.29 4.30 12.86 43.72 41.324 50%RDF+50%vermi

compost49.88 6.44 15.37 39.01 37.73

5 50%RDF+50%FYM 48.16 5.96 14.27 39.98 38.65

6 50%RDF+25%vermicompost+25%FYM

47.55 5.50 14.06 41.04 39.39

7 Control(without any fertilizer)

45.00 3.90 10.36 44.70 42.66

S.E.(m)±C.D.at 5%

0.892.75

0,240.76

0.561.72

0.872.69

0.611.89

Bodamwad et al ,2009

Table 8: Effect of organic and inorganic manures on growth and flowering of coriander Cv. Pant Haritma

RDF – FYM and Vermicompost 20 , 5t/ha3434

S.N Treatments Yield parameters Quality parameterFresh weight

Of plant

(g)

Dry weight

Of plant

(g)

Umbels /plant

Umbellate

/plant

Number of seed

/umbellat

e

Number of

seed/plant

Seed yield/plant

(g)

Test weight(g)

Germination %

1 100% RDF (60:30:20kg/ha)

20.17 12.13 17.51 4.47 3.78 386 5.86 10.76 54.03

2 100% vermicompost 19.58 10.28 16.89 4.31 3.65 373 5.65 10.40 53.46

3 100% FYM 19.16 9.96 16.50 4.21 3.56 364 5.51 10.60 52.16

4 50%RDF+50%vermicompost

22.52 15.63 19.99 5.10 4.31 439 6.65 11.79 57.22

5 50%RDF+50%FYM 21.09 13.00 18.96 4.84 4.09 418 6.34 11.46 55.21

6 50%RDF+25%vermicompost+25%FYM

20.54 12.67 19.25 4.91 4.16 425 6.23 11.10 54.16

7 Control(without any fertilizer)

18.48 8.96 13.87 3.54 3.00 307 4.64 9.74 51.24

S.E.(m)±C.D.at 5%

0.662.06

1.073.31

0.983.04

0.250.77

0.210.65

21.6466.61

0.290.92

0.290.91

0.561.75

Bodamwad et al ,2009

Table 9: Effect of organic and inorganic manures on seed yield and germination % of coriander Cv. Pant Haritma

3333

Influence of Azospirillium and graded doses of nitrogen on growth and yield of coriander.

Selvarajan and Chezhiyan, 2003

3232

• T0 – RDF (FYM @ 20 t/ha N, P and K @ 50, 25 and 40 Kg/ha

• T1 – Inorganic N (100%) + Azosperillum(1.5kg/ha) + FYM (5 t/ha)

• T2 - Inorganic N (75%) + Azosperillum (1.5kg/ha) + FYM (5 t/ha)

• T3 - Inorganic N (50%) + Azosperillum (1.5kg/ha) + FYM (5 t/ha)

• T4 – FYM (5 t/ha) + Azosperillum (1.5kg/ha)

• T5 – FYM alone (5 t/ha)

• T6 - FYM (10 t/ha) + Azosperillum(1.5kg/ha)

• T7 – FYM alone (10 t/ha)

TREATMENT DETAILS

3131

Treatment Plant height(cm)

No. of primary

branches

No. of secondary branches

No. of umbels per

plant

No. of umbellets

per umbels

Yield/plot(g/m2)

Estimated yield (kg/ha)

T0 53.90 8.00 15.40 33.10 6.20 325.00 650.00

T1 42.70 8.33 12.67 33.47 5.23 158.00 316.00

T2 40.70 6.73 11.80 27.27 5.97 165.50 333.33

T3 44.47 8.73 13.87 35.73 4.90 283.00 566.67

T4 49.50 9.00 14.00 36.20 5.10 241.50 483.30

T5 49.33 8.20 13.80 30.87 5.20 250.00 500.00

T6 52.03 7.87 13.73 32.47 5.13 250.00 500.00

T7 55.50 8.20 13.87 32.73 5.07 241.50 483.23

SEd NS NS NS NS 0.3843 NS NS

CD (P=O.O5%)

0.8240

Selvarajan and Chezhiyan, 2003

Table 10 : Influence of Azospirillium and graded doses of nitrogen on growth and yield of coriander. Table 10 : Influence of Azospirillium and graded doses of nitrogen on growth and yield of coriander.

T0 – RDF (FYM @ 20 t/ha N, P and K @ 50, 25 and 40 Kg/haT4 – FYM (5 t/ha) + Azosperillum (1.5kg/ha)

3030

Prabu et al , 2002Prabu et al , 2002

Effect of integrated nutrient management on growth and yield of coriander (Coriander sativum L)

2929

TREATMENT DETAIL:

T0 – Unfertilized controlT1 – Recommended dose of fertilizers(RDF) @90:80:50 NPK kg/haT2 – 25% RDF + FYM(10t/ha)T3 – 25% RDF +Azospirillum+PSBT4 – 25% RDF +Azospirillum+ VAMT5 – 25% RDF + Azotobacter + PSBT6 – 25% RDF +Azotobacter +VAMT7 - 25% RDF +FYM+ Azospirillum+PSBT8 - 25% RDF +FYM+ Azospirillum+VAMT9 - 25% RDF +FYM+ Azotobacter + PSBT10- 25% RDF +FYM+ Azotobacter + VAM

2828

Treatment details

Plant height atHarvest

(cm)

No. of leaves

at harvest

No. of BranchesAt harvest

(cm)

Root length

atHarvest

(cm)

Shoot:rootLength

ratio

Leaf weight(g)

Shoot weight(g)

Dry weight(g)

Yield/plot(g)

1.5×1.5 m2

T0 13.85 8.27 1.78 6.87 1.78 7.47 9.87 1.63 225.00

T1 16.10 10.60 2.70 9.25 1.75 10.35 13.30 2.60 280.40

T2 17.53 11.53 3.13 8.50 2.06 12.73 17.83 3.50 410.00

T3 15.50 9.67 2.40 7.20 2.18 8.63 11.20 2.10 236.67

T4 17.15 10.50 2.70 8.80 1.94 14.90 19.20 3.33 240.83

T5 14.90 8.90 2.30 7.90 2.16 9.10 11.75 2.53 238.20

T6 16.36 9.30 2.10 7.85 2.08 9.00 11.50 2.00 260.00

T7 20.50 11.33 2.67 8.53 2.42 16.60 21.63 3.63 633.33

T8 19.50 10.80 2.90 8.28 2.37 12.75 17.10 2.63 419.73

T9 20.54 12.50 3.00 8.01 2.55 11.95 16.95 2.97 427.67

T10 20.97 10.47 2.53 7.72 2.71 10.13 15.00 2.80 431.67

S.EmCD (P=0.05)

1.143.36

0.7902.32

0.264NS

0.4291.26

0.1490.439

1.614.76

2.096.17

0.3551.04

57.69169.93

Table 11: Effect of integrated nutrient management on growth and yield of coriander

Prabu et al , 2002Prabu et al , 2002

T1 – Recommended dose of fertilizers(RDF) @90:80:50 NPK kg/ha T2 – 25% RDF + FYM(10t/ha), T7 - 25% RDF +FYM(10t/ha)+ Azospirillum+PSB, T8 - 25% RDF +FYM(10t/ha)+ Azospirillum+VAM, T9 - 25% RDF +FYM(10t/ha)+ Azotobacter + PSB,T10- 25% RDF +FYM(10t/ha)+ Azotobacter + VAM,

2727

Effect of Azospirillum sp. Nitrogen and farmyard manure on growth and yield components of coriander

Malhotra et al, 2006

2626

Treatment Plant height (cm)

No. of primary

branches /plant

Days to 50%

flowering

Days to seed

maturity

No. of umbels /plant

No. of umbellets /umbels

No. of seeds / umbel

1000 seed

weight

yield q/ha

Stemgall disease

intensity (%)

Absolute control 58.6 5.0 81 148 22.2 4.8 18.3 11.5 6.4 18.0

FYM 5 t ha-1 72.5 5.2 79 145 28.4 5.0 26.3 12.2 7.2 16.0

FYM 10 t ha-1 73.0 5.2 79 146 30.6 5.0 28.4 12.3 7.8 17.0

100 % N (N1) 78.0 5.3 80 143 32.8 5.0 32.6 12.0 8.4 18.0

75% N (N2) 78.0 5.2 80 144 34.6 5.0 33.2 12.2 8.3 16.0

50% N (N3) 76.0 5.5 79 144 32.4 5.1 30.2 11.8 8.2 16.0

Azospirillum sp. 64.0 5.2 78 143 30.2 5.2 32.4 11.4 7.2 8.0

Azospirillum sp + FYM 5 t ha-1 77.5 5.5 78 142 32.2 5.2 34.4 12.0 8.8 8.0

Azospirillum sp + FYM 10 t ha-1 79.6 5.4 77 141 36.2 5.0 36.2 12.1 9.2 8.0

Azospirillum sp+ N1 + FYM 5 t ha-1

82.8 7.1 76 140 39.4 5.0 43.2 12.8 10.8 7.0

Azospirillum sp+ N2+ FYM 5 t ha-1 80.2 6.2 78 140 38.2 5.0 40.2 12.5 10.2 8.0

Azospirillum sp+ N3+ FYM 5 t ha-1 79.2 6.2 80 142 36.2 5.1 36.4 12.4 9.7 8.0

CD(P=0.05) 12.4 0.9 NS NS 6.4 NS 11.4 0.4 1.8 3.5

Table 12 : Effect of Azospirillum sp. Nitrogen and farmyard manure on growth and yield components of coriander (mean pooled data of two years)

Malhotra et al, 2006RDF N- 80kg/ha2525

Influence of bio-fertilizers on growth, yield and quality of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.)Influence of bio-fertilizers on growth, yield and quality of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.)

Chikkapeddanna, 2001

2424

TREATMENT DETAILST1- Rec. NPK (60:37.5:37.5)kg/ha

T2-80% N + 80%P + 100%KT3- 60%N + 60%P + 100%KT4-Azotobactor+80%N +100%PKT5-Azospirillum+ 80%N +100% PKT6- PSB +80% P+100%NKT7-VAM+80%P+100%NKT8- Azotobactor+VAM+80%NP+100%KT9- Azospirillum+VAM+80%NP+100%KT10- Azotobactor+PSB+80%NP+100%KT11- Azospirillum+PSB+80%NP+100%KT12- Azotobactor+Azospirollum+80%N +100%PKT13-VAM+PSB+80%P+100%NKT14- Azotobactor+Azospirollum+PSB+VAM+80%NP +100%KT15- Azotobactor+Azospirollum+PSB+VAM +100%KT16- Azotobactor+Azospirollum+60%N +100%PKT17- PSB +VAM+60% P+100%NKT18- Azotobactor+Azospirollum+PSB+VAM+60%NP +100%K

2323

Treatment details

Plant height(cm)

Branches/plant

Umbels/plant

Flowers/umbel

Seed yield/plant(g)

Seed yield/ha(q)

T1 44.13 21.20 25.87 64.27 8.7 14.49

T2 40.17 17.87 20.93 60.27 6.59 11.19

T3 36.00 15.47 17.80 56.47 5.13 8.54

T4 42.13 21.77 27.93 58.00 9.25 15.40

T5 41.13 23.00 29.47 59.27 10.17 17.61

T6 43.33 23.20 26.67 64.00 9.97 16.83

T7 44.13 23.67 29.67 61.80 10.80 17.92

T8 48.47 24.87 30.87 60.40 11.41 19.00

T9 50.27 25.00 35.00 60.13 12.06 20.08

T10 46.80 23.87 29.80 58.93 10.51 17.51

T11 46.87 24.20 32.00 61.93 11.66 19.42

T12 44.87 24.03 33.53 61.80 12.05 20.08

T13 47.47 24.27 31.53 66.33 12.41 20.68

T14 55.23 29.07 41.80 74.27 14.31 23.55

T15 36.27 16.57 19.67 56.20 6.13 10.21

T16 42.00 21.06 31.53 62.67 10.59 17.64

T17 43.73 22.87 30.07 62.00 10.90 18.16

T18 49.00 25.97 36.73 69.37 12.04 20.52

S.EmCD @5%

0.481.38

0.270.79

1.053.03

0.481.39

0.421.19

0.651.87Chikkapeddanna, 2001

Table 13: Influence of bio- fertilizers on growth and yield of coriander

T14- Azotobactor+Azospirollum+PSB+VAM+80%NP +100%K

2222

CuminCuminum cyminum L.

(Jeerige, Jeera, Saphed jira)

Apiaceae

Chromosome no.: 2n = 14

Used as spice: soups, cakes, pastries,

pickles, liquors (NIIR, 2008)

Med uses :carminative, diuretic and

stomachic.

2121

Crop Requirement: •Hot summer of 3–4 months

•Daytime temperatures around 30°c (86°f)

•Mediterranean climates. (Drought-tolerant)

•Well-drained soil

Table 14: State wise area, production and productivity of Cumin in India

State

2005-06 2006-07

Area(‘000 ha)

Prod. (‘000 tonnes)

Yield(Kg/ha)

Area (‘000 ha)

Prod. (‘000 tones)

Yield(Kg/ha)

Rajasthan 135.11 52.24 387 135.11 52.24 387

Uttar Pradesh 0.00 0.01 3500 0.00 0.01 3500

Total 349.02 158.35 454 349.02 158.35 454

(Source: Directorate of Arecanut and Spices Development, 2008)

2020

Dry, whole cumin fruit (or seed) Whole cumin seeds and ground cumin

Commercially packaged whole and ground cumin seeds

1919

Patel et al, 2004

Response of cumin (Cuminum cyminum) to integrated nutrient management

1818

Treatments Plant height(cm)

Branches/plant

Umbels/plant

Umbellates/plant

Seeds/umbellate

Test weight (g) Volatile oil(%)

Average seed yield (kg/ha)

T1 RD of N in form of castor-cake

30.6 4.7 13.5 4.9 5.9 4.57 3.04 653T2 RD of N in form

of mustard-cake31.9 5.0 14.7 5.4 6.3 4.84 3.33 774

T3 RD of N in form of FYM

30.9 4.7 13.9 5.1 6.0 4.65 3.14 670T4 RD of N in form of C.C.+inorganic fertilizers at the

ratio of 1:1

31.5 4.8 14 5.1 6.1 4.79 3.13 723

T5 RD of N in the form of

MC+inorganic fertilizers in ratio

1:1

33.2 5.3 15.5 6.0 6.8 5.05 3.30 869

T6 RD of N in form of FYM +inorganic fertilizers in ratio of

1:1

31.9 4.7 13.8 5.0 6.3 4.76 3.07 769

T7 RD as inorganic fertilizer(N and P)

32.1 5.0 14.3 5.4 6.5 4.64 3.11 759

T8 RD as inorganic fertilizers(N only)

30.7 4.6 13.3 4.8 6.0 4.43 2.98 746

CD (P=0.05)CV (%)

0.914.1

0.37.9

0.910.0

0.26.5

0.511.9

0.206.13

0.197.84

7815

Patel et al, 2004

Table 15: Growth yield and quality attributes, seed yield of cumin as influenced by organic and inorganic fertilizers(pooled data of 4 years)Table 15: Growth yield and quality attributes, seed yield of cumin as influenced by organic and inorganic fertilizers(pooled data of 4 years)

RDF-30:15kg N and P/ha1717

Choudhary et al, 2006

Response of cumin (Cuminum cyminum) to inorganic nitrogen, farmyard manure and biofertilizer

1616

Treatment details

T1 - Inorganic N (100%) +Azospirillum + 5 tonnes FYM/haT2 - Inorganic N (75%) +Azospirillum + 5 tonnes FYM/haT3 - Inorganic N (50%) +Azospirillum + 5 tonnes FYM/haT4 - Azospirillum + 5 tonnes FYM/ha aloneT5 - 5 tonnes of FYM/ha aloneT6 - Azospirillum+ 10 tonnes FYM/haT7 - 10 tonnes of FYM/haT8 - Inorganic N (100%)T9 - AzospirillumT10 - control

RDF N- 30kg/ha,Azospirillum-1.5kg/ha

1515

Treatments Plant height (cm)

Branches/plant

Umbels/plant

Umbellate/umbel

Seeds/umbel

Test weight

(g)

Seed yield(q/ha)

pooled(2000-04)

Straw yield(q/ha)

Gross returns(Rs

/ha)

Net returns (Rs/ha)

T1 35.9 5.92 21.28 5.28 32.8 4.50 3.23 8.44 22,610 6357

T2 35.4 5.78 19.30 5.12 30.0 4.37 2.92 7.98 20,440 4262

T3 34.7 5.38 18.81 4.98 30.4 4.29 2.56 8.05 17,920 1817

T4 35.2 5.23 18.48 4.94 28.0 4.26 2.43 7.33 17,010 1057

T5 33.7 5.14 17.47 4.74 27.1 4.22 2.19 7.15 15,330 -598

T6 35.6 5.38 18.07 4.91 27.1 4.29 2.35 6.98 16,450 -753

T7 34.6 5.07 17.96 4.71 27.0 4.29 2.27 6.55 15,890 -1288

T8 37.1 5.84 20.93 5.08 31.8 4.43 2.74 8.29 19,180 4202

T9 32.3 4.77 17.83 4.54 27.3 4.15 2.31 6.11 16,170 1467

T10 32.2 4.54 15.53 4.58 23.7 4.10 1.79 5.91 12,530 -2148

CD (p=0.05) 1.6 0.26 1.78 0.22 2.0 0.18 0.41 0.48

Choudhary et al, 2006

Table 16: Effect of inorganic N, FYM and biofertilizer on growth, yield attributes as well as net returns of cumin(pooled data over 4 years)

T1 - Inorganic N (30kg) +Azospirillum + 5 tonnes FYM/ha, T10 - control

1414

Effect of cultivars and nutrient management on yield & economic returns of Cumin

Singh et al, 2006

1313

TreatmentSeeds/ Plant

Seed yield (kg ha-1)

Gross returns(Rs.ha-1)

Net returns(Rs.ha-1) B:C ratio

2002-03 2003-04 2002-03 2003-04

Cultivar

Local 172.50 260.68 352 586 28140 17240 2.58

RZ-19 201.93 274.92 440 701 34200 22100 2.82

CD(p=0.05) 26.20 9.57 37 76

Nutrient management practices

F1-control 147.20 245.50 321 515 2508013480 2.16

F2-40:40kg N,P2O5 ha-1(100%RDF) 181.50 268.00 406 634 3120018400 2.44

F3-10 t FYM + AC +PSB 166.20 254.20 376 650 30840 167402.19

F4-2 t castor cake +AC+PSB 192.00 267.10 390 657 3141013270 1.73

F5-50%RDF+5 t FYM +AC+PSB 215.50 287.80 435 690 3375020300 2.51

F6-50% RDF+1 t castor cake +AC+PSB 221.60 283.60 453 720 3519019590 2.28

CD(P=0.05) 17.65 8.14 27 32

RDF=recommended dose of fertilizers; FYM= farm yard manures;Ac=Azospirillum chrooccum; PSB=Phosphate solubilizing bacteria

Singh et al, 2006

Table 17: Effect of cultivars and nutrient management on yield & economic returns of Cumin (mean of 2 years data)

1212

Fennel

Foeniculum vulgare Mill.

(saunf, sompu)

Apiaceae

Chromosome number 2n = 22

Used as spice: soups, sauces, pastries,

confectionaries, bread rolls, liquors, meat

dishes, seeds chewed alone or in beetle

leaf(NIIR, 2008)

Medicinal use: Carminative, diuretic , and

stimulants.

1111

Florence fennel or finocchio is a selection with a swollen, bulb-like stem base that is used as a vegetable

1010

Crop requirement:•Mediterranean Climate•Deep and well-drained soil •pH range 4.8 to 8.2 •Full sunlight •Optimal soil temperature 15° - 18°C

Table 18: State wise area, production and productivity Fennel of in India

State

2004-05 2005-06

Area(‘000 ha)

Prod.(‘000 tonnes)

Yield(Kg/ha)

Area(‘000 ha)

Prod.(‘000 tonnes)

Yield(Kg/ha)

Rajasthan 4.885 4.224 865 3.895 3.657 939

Uttar Pradesh 0.806 0.442 548 0.763 0.414 543

Gujarat 16.900 23.000 1361 38.700 57.400 1483

Haryana 0.108 0.181 1676 0.108 0.181 1676

Total 22.699 27.847 1227 43.466 61.652 1418

Source: Directorate of Arecanut and Spices Development, 2008

99

Meena et al., 2007

Influence of Sheep Manure, Vermi-Compost and Bio-Fertilizer on Growth and Yield of Fennel (Mill)

88

Treatment Plant height(cm)

No. of branches

/plant

Umbels/plant

Umbellets/umbel

No. of seeds/umbellet

Seed yieldq/ha

Stover yield q/ha

Biological yield q/ha

T1-biofertilizer

(Azatobactor)135.0 12.6 27.3 31.0 36.3 13.1 16.2 29.3

T2-sheep manure@5 t/ha 144.2 12.7 29.0 32.0 33.7 13.2 16.1 29.3T3- sheep manure@7.5 t/ha 146.2 13.3 30.7 36.0 43.0 14.2 17.6 31.9T4 -sheep manure@10 t/ha 156.3 14.0 35.0 44.3 45.0 16.7 20.5 37.2

T5 -sheep manure@10 t/ha+

biofertilizer134.0 12.3 31.7 35.0 43.7 13.9 17.1 31.1

T6 -sheep manure@7.5 t/ha+

biofertilizer162.7 15.0 36.7 38.0 46.7 16.9 20.9 37.8

T7 -sheep manure@10 t/ha+

biofertilizer159.3 16.4 45.0 47.0 50.3 19.4 23.7 43.1

T8-vemicompost@2t/ha 144.0 13.0 27.4 33.7 36.7 12.6 15.3 27.8T9-vemicompost@3t/ha 145.3 13.0 28.0 37.9 44.0 14.5 17.4 32.0T10-vemicompost@4t/ha 146.7 13.4 36.6 37.0 44.3 15.9 19.7 35.5

T11-vemicompost@2t/ha+

biofertilizer137.3 13.6 30.0 37.7 38.0 13.5 16.6 30.0

T12-vemicompost@3t/ha+

biofertilizer148.0 15.0 31.7 39.0 41.3 16.0 19.7 35.7

T13-vemicompost@4t/ha+

biofertilizer164.7 15.3 38.0 44.6 45.7 18.1 22.4 40.0

T14-recommended fertilizer dose 139.7 13.7 29.0 32.0 38.7 14.5 17.8 32.3T15-RFD+Bio-fertilizer 147.0 15.0 35.0 42.7 43.3 15.9 19.5 35.4

T16-Absolute control 131.7 10.7 26.0 27.0 32.3 11.0 13.4 24.3S.Em±

CD @5%

3.547.22

0.0070.014

0.0380.078

0.3540.723

0.240.48

0.0470.096

0.00430.0089

0.0200.041

Table 19: Influence of sheep manure, vermi-compost and Biofertilizer on Growth and Yield of Fennel (pooled data of two years) Table 19: Influence of sheep manure, vermi-compost and Biofertilizer on Growth and Yield of Fennel (pooled data of two years)

Meena et al.,2007

77

RDF- 90:40:30 kg/ha

Jain et al., 2007

Response of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) to inorganic nitrogen, farmyard manure and AzospirillumResponse of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) to inorganic nitrogen, farmyard manure and Azospirillum

66

Treatment Plant height(cm)

No. of branches

/plant

Umbels/plant

Umbellets/umbel

No. of seeds/

umbellet

Test weight

(g)

Seed yieldkg/ha

Biological yield kg/ha

Net returns(Rs/ha)

Benefit:costratio

Inorganic N(100%)+Azospirillum+

5t FYM/ha

111.3 7.23 27.0 19.4 244.9 5.99 1158 4797 22728 2.28

Inorganic N(75%)+Azospirillum+

5t FYM/ha

106.3 6.79 26.6 19.4 233.8 5.70 1090 4797 20573 2.17

Inorganic N(50%)+Azospirillum+

5t FYM/ha

106.7 6.51 23.2 18.8 229.0 5.45 1023 4441 18453 2.06

Azospirillum+5t FYM/ha

105.2 6.79 23.6 18.5 209.3 5.45 933 3999 15753 1.93

5t FYM/ha 103.3 6.48 22.2 18.3 203.0 5.39 907 3718 14868 1.88

Azospirillum+10t FYM/ha

107.0 7.01 23.4 18.9 223.9 5.69 1006 4182 17058 1.94

10t FYM/ha 106.4 6.65 22.2 18.8 219.3 5.54 955 4099 15298 1.84

Inorganic N(100%) 107.5 7.28 26.5 20.0 238.0 5.85 1046 4805 20083 2.21

Azospirillum @1.5 kg/ha 103.8 6.30 19.8 18.0 205.0 5.39 871 3863 15193 1.97

Control 103.6 5.90 17.9 16.6 195.5 5.21 778 3329 11603 1.74

CD(P=0.05) 4.07 0.42 2.0 1.3 16.6 0.26 73 379

N-Nitrogen, FYM- Farmyard manure

Jain et al., 2007

55Table 20: Effect of inorganic nitrogen,farmyard manure and Azospirillum on growth, yield attributes and yield as well as net returns of fennel (pooled over 4 years)Table 20: Effect of inorganic nitrogen,farmyard manure and Azospirillum on growth, yield attributes and yield as well as net returns of fennel (pooled over 4 years)

RDF N-90kg/ha, Azospirillum 1.5kg/ha

Patel et al., 2003

Influence of organic manures alone or in combination with inorganic fertilizer on productivity of winter drilled fennel(Foeniculum vulgare)

44

Treatment Plant height(cm)

branches/plant

Umbels/plant

Umbellets/umbel

Seeds/umbellet

Test weight

(g)

Seed yieldkg/ha

Volatile oil (%)

R.D. of N in form of castor cake 124.35 5.75 14.78 23.08 24.37 6.49 1,996 1.64

R.D. of N in form of mustard cake

120.30 5.95 14.98 23.92 23.68 6.42 1,915 1.62

R.D. of N in form of FYM 117.38 5.83 15.58 23.07 23.73 6.54 2,057 1.58

R.D. of N in form of CC+inorganic fertilizer at the

ratio of 1:1

120.55 6.23 17.85 25.52 25.05 6,58 2,264 1.61

R.D. of N in form of MC+inorganic fertilizer at the

ratio of 1:1

120.03 6.07 17.17 24.15 24.62 6.53 2,133 1.61

R.D. of N in form of FYM+inorganic fertilizer at the

ratio of 1:1

121.98 5.98 17.73 26.09 25.53 6.56 2,236 1.56

R.D. of N as inorganic fertilizer (N and P)

124.18 7.11 20.98 27.93 28.12 7.37 2,456 1.54

R.D. of N as inorganic fertilizer (N only)

119.77 6.27 18.70 25.77 26.20 6.92 2,191 1.49

CD(P=0.05)CV (%)

NS5.17

0.5711.58

1.5110.31

1.718.91

1.819.22

0.325.56

3048.58

0.0711.85

Patel et al., 2003

33

RDF -N+P- 90+45 kg/ha

Table 21: Yield attributing characters, yield and oil content of winter fennel as influenced by organic and inorganic fertilizer (pooled data of 3 years)Table 21: Yield attributing characters, yield and oil content of winter fennel as influenced by organic and inorganic fertilizer (pooled data of 3 years)

CONCLUSION :CONCLUSION :

Use of mineral fertilizer is the quickest and surest way of increasing crop production. The continuous use of high levels of chemical fertilizer is adversely affecting the sustainability of agricultural production and causing environmental pollution. So organic manures are better option but we cannot meet the total nutrient needs of modern agriculture . Integral use of nutrients from fertilizer and organic sources seems to be a need of the time. The basic concept underlying the INM nevertheless is the maintainance and possible improvement of soil fertility and also sustain the crop productvity for long term basis, to reduce fertilizer input cost.

INM posses great diversity in terms of chemical, physical properties and nutrient release patterns

22

11