Integrated approach for nutrient management in guava … · after mango, citrus, ... with the help...

INTRODUCTION

Guava (Psidium guajava L.), is one of most exquisite,valuable and popular fruits grown in tropical, sub-tropicaland some parts of arid regions of India, which belongs to thefamily Myrtaceae. It is the fifth most important fruit in areaafter mango, citrus, banana and apple with covering an areaof 0.22 million hectare. Fifth most important fruit in productionafter banana, mango, citrus and papaya with total productionof 2.572 million tonnes (NHB, 2010).

Conventional (chemical based) farming is non-sustainable because of many problems such as loss of soilhealth and productivity from excessive erosion and low farmincome from high production costs etc. In view of these, thereis an increasing awareness about alternate agriculture systemknown as integrated plant nutrient management. The basicconcept of integrated nutrient management (INM) is the

adjustment of plant nutrient supply with proper combinationof chemical fertilizers, organic manure and biofertilizers suitableto the system of land use and ecological, social and economicconditions. Vermicompost is an ecofriendly natural fertilizerprepared from biodegradable organic wastes, rich in microand macronutrients, vital plant promoting substances, humusfarming substances, N-fixers and humus formingmicroorganism. Azospirillium is alternate source for nitrogenenrichment in non-leguminous crops, which fixed theatmospheric nitrogen and PSB has highly efficient phosphatesolubilizing microorganism (PSM) that grow and secreteorganic acids, which dissolve this unavailable phosphate intosoluble form and make it available to the plants. Malwa is animportant region in Madhya Pradesh, where guava is widelygrown. However, these guava orchards are declining in theirproductivity. There is an urgent need for an alternativenutritional package to attain long term sustainability for fruit

Abstract : An experiment was conducted during 2011-2012 at the Department of Fruit Science, K.N.K. College of Horticulture, Mandsaur (M.P.)on seven year old guava tree cv. L-49 with two levels of nitrogen i.e., 600 g N (100% N) and 450 g N (75% N), two levels of phosphorus i.e., 400g P

2O

5 (100% P

2O

5) and 300 g P

2O

5(75% P

2O

5) and a common dose of potassium i.e., 300 g K

2O and 30 g each of Azospirillium and PSB

inoculation and 10 kg Vermicompost. The results revealed that the application of 100% N + 100% P2O

5+ Azospirillium + PSB + 10 kg vermicompost

(T9) significantly influence the morpho-physical, reproductive and quality parameters of guava. Maximum increase in plant height (0.65 m), canopy

spread N-S direction (0.92 m) and E-W direction (1.00 m), maximum fruit length (7.52 cm) and fruit diameter (7.91 cm) at harvest, fruit volume(217.41 ml), maximum fruit setting (79.56%), minimum fruit drop (20.41%), maximum fruit retention (79.59%), average fruit weight (220.37 g),number of fruits per tree (384), TSS (11.67 0Brix), total sugar (8.06%), reducing sugar (4.17%), non-reducing sugar (3.89%), pectin (0.81%),ascorbic acid (207.90 mg/100 g pulp) and lowest acidity (0.20%) were obtained with treatment T

9. The combined application of recommended dose

of NPK with vermicompost (10 kg) and biofertilizers (30 g /plant) gave significantly higher fruit yield per tree (84.66 kg) with higher B: C ratio(1:5.27).

Key Words : Guava, L-49, Integrated nutrient management, Yield, Quality

View Point Article : Binepal, Mandeep Kaur, Tiwari, Rajesh and Kumawat, B.R. (2013). Integrated approach for nutrient management in guava cv.L-49 under Malwa Plateau conditions of Madhya Pradesh. Internat. J. agric. Sci., 9(2): 467-471.

Article History : Received : 27.09.2012; Revised : 03.02.2013; Accepted : 04.03.2013

Integrated approach for nutrient management in guava cv. L-49 under Malwa Plateau conditions of Madhya Pradesh

MANDEEP KAUR BINEPAL, RAJESH TIWARI* AND B.R. KUMAWATDepartment of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture (R.V.S.K.V.V.) MANDSAUR (M.P.) INDIA

(Email : [email protected])

International Journal of Agricultural SciencesVolume 9 | Issue 2| June, 2013 | 467-471 RESEARCH PAPER

* Author for correspondence

Hind Agricultural Research and Training InstituteInternat. J. agric. Sci. | June, 2013| Vol. 9 | Issue 2 | 468

production as well as for maintaining soil health andproductivity under INM system. Keeping the above facts inview, an experiment was conducted to find out the INM dosesfor sustainable production.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The experiment was conducted at the Department ofFruit Science, College of Horticulture, Mandsaur (M.P.) onseven years old guava tree cv. L-49 during 2011-2012. Therewere two levels of nitrogen i.e., 600 g N (100% N) and 450 g N(75% N), two levels of phosphorus i.e., 400 g P

2O

5 (100%

P2O

5) and 300 g P

2O

5(75% P

2O

5) and a common dose of

potassium i.e., 300 g K2O and 30 g each of Azospirillium and

PSB inoculation and 10 kg Vermicompost was applied to theplants. The nitrogen was applied through urea, containing 46per cent nitrogen. The phosphorus was given by single superphosphate, containing 16 per cent P

2O

5. The potassium was

given by muriate of potash, containing 60 per cent K2O. The

whole of the organic manure was applied as a basal dose onthe onset of monsoon. Then required doses of fertilizers wereapplied in two split doses in the month of July and Augustand then bio-fertilizers were applied one week after eachapplication of inorganic fertilizers.

The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design(RBD) with three replications. The treatments consisted oftwo levels of nitrogen, two levels of phosphorus and a commondose of potassium and Azospirillium and PSB inoculationand 10 kg vermicompost. Thus, there were 11 treatmentscombinations, keeping each treatment on two plants,providing total sixty-six plants. For recording various growthparameters viz., plant height, canopy spread, canopy height.The height of the plant and canopy spread was measuredwith the help of measuring device at the time of fertilizerapplication and at harvest and calculation of increase in plantheight and canopy spread during the experimental wascalculated. Fruit length and diameter were noted using thevernier caliper, volume of fruit was recorded by waterdisplacement method and weight of fruit was recorded usingelectronic weigh balance. While reproductive parameters werecalculated by following formulas:

100xflowersofNumber

fruitssetofNumber(%)settingFruit

100xsetfruitofnumberTotal

timeharvestatfruitsofnumbertotal–setfruitofnumberTotal%dropFruit

100xsetfruitofnumberInitial

harvestatfruitsofNumber(%)retentionFruit

For determination of chemical parameters of fruit viz.,acidity, total soluble solids (TSS), sugars (total, reducing andnon-reducing sugars), ascorbic acid and pectin content, fourhealthy fruits were selected randomly from each tree at fullmaturity stage. Hand refractometer was used for determinationof T.S.S. in 0Brix. Acidity was estimated by simple acid–alkali

titration method as described in A.O.A.C. (1970). Sugars infruit juice were estimated by the method as suggested byNelson (1944). Assay method of ascorbic acid was followedgiven by Ranganna (1977). The estimation of pectin wasaccording to the methods of Kertesz (1951).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results of the present study have been presentedand discussed under the following headings:

Morpho-physical parameters:The morph physical parameters of plant were

significantly influenced by the integrated nutrient treatments(Table 1). Maximum increase in plant height, canopy spreadN-S and E-W direction, maximum fruit length and diameter atharvest, fruit volume were obtained with the application of T

9

(100% N + 100% P2O

5+ Azospirillium + PSB + 10 kg

Vermicompost) which was superior than control. The physicalcharacteristics of fruit are an expression of a plant’s vegetativeactivity. The increase in vegetative growth and physicalparameters of the plant may be explained by that the nutrientcombinations of NPK accelerate the metabolic activities ofthe plant. Nitrogen positively influenced the vegetative growthof the plant, phosphorus plays an important role inphotosynthesis and accumulation of food material andpotassium plays an important role in carbohydrate and proteinsynthesis and in the regulation of water relations. It may alsoact as a catalyst in the formation of more complex substancesand in the acceleration of enzyme activity. Vermicompostimproves microbial distribution and moisture retentioncapacity in soil that results in greater enzymatic (phosphataseand urease) activities which improves the growth parametersultimately might have reflected in increased fruit weight andother physical characters. Most of the soils are deficient innitrogen and soluble forms of phosphorus, major essentialmacronutrient required for plant growth. Azospirillium,nitrogen fixer, associative symbiotic, lives inside the corticalcells and xylem vessels of plant roots and secrete growthpromoting substances. PSB convert unavailable form ofphosphorus by the secretion of organic acids and enzymesfrom applied PSB biofertilizer which ultimately lead to increasein morpho-physical characters of the guava. And undercontrol treatment, lack of availability of nutrients for uptakeresults in poor growth and physical characters. These resultsare in accordance with the findings of Ram et al. (2007), Duttaet al. (2009), Pilania et al. (2010) in guava.

Reproductive and yield parameters:Application of organic manure and chemical fertilizers

along with biofertilizers significantly influenced thereproductive and yield parameters. Maximum fruit setting%,fruit retention%, average fruit weight, number of fruits pertree and highest yield per tree and minimum fruit drop% (Table

MANDEEP KAUR BINEPAL, RAJESH TIWARI AND B.R. KUMAWAT

467-471


2), were recorded with the application of T9(100% N + 100%

P2O

5+ Azospirillium + PSB + 10 kg vermicompost).

Presence of B group vitamins, plant hormones and chemicalexudates released during biological activity promoted by thevermicompost in the soil and retention of nutrients for longerperiod of time in combination with recommended dose of NPKaccelerates the process of synthesis and accumulation of foodmaterials and application of biofertilizers increased nutrientstatus as well as their uptake by the plants, they promotehormonal activity and induce their synthesis, reduce the flowerand fruit drop caused by hormonal imbalance, hencemaximizing fruit setting and fruit retention percentage whichultimately leads to increase in yield and other yield parameters.The present findings are in accordance with the results

reported by Mitra et al. (2010), Cardoso et al. (2011), Rubee etal. (2011), Dhomane et al. (2011) in guava and Yadav et al.(2011) in mango crop.

Chemical parameters:Integrated nutrient treatments also improved the fruit

quality. Their application significantly influenced the chemicalconstituent’s of the fruit. The minimum acidity % and maximumTSS/acid ratio, ascorbic acid content, pectin %, total solublesolids, total sugars %, reducing sugar % and non-reducingsugar % (Table 3) were recorded in application of T

9(100% N

+ 100% P2O

5+ Azospirillium + PSB + 10 kg vermicompost)

which were superior to control. The improvement in variouschemical characteristics by application of optimum dose of

Table 1 : Effect of integrated nutrient treatments on morpho-physical parameters of guavaCanopy spread

(m)Fruit length

(cm)Fruit diameter

(cm)TreatmentsPlantheight

(m) N-S E-W At harvest

Volumeof fruit

(ml)

Control (T0) 0.45 0.51 0.33 5.85 5.89 149.68

100% N + 100% P2O5 (T1) 0.47 0.53 0.37 5.95 6.06 154.47

75% N + 75% P2O5 + 10 kg vermicompost (T2) 0.53 0.70 0.67 6.22 6.22 179.81

100% N + 100% P2O5 + Azospirillium (T3) 0.50 0.58 0.54 6.15 6.14 157.43


100% N + 100% P2O5 + PSB (T5) 0.52 0.59 0.62 6.20 6.16 161.33

100% N + 75% P2O5 + PSB (T6) 0.52 0.66 0.65 6.20 6.27 163.40

100% N + 100% P2O5 +Azospirillium + PSB (T7) 0.62 0.75 0.77 7.01 7.13 187.70

75% N + 75% P2O5 + Azospirillium + PSB (T8) 0.56 0.70 0.71 6.77 6.22 182.34

100 % N+ 100% P2O5 + Azospirillium + PSB + 10kg vermicompost (T9) 0.65 0.92 1.00 7.52 7.91 217.41

75% N + 75% P2O5 + Azospirillium + PSB + 10kg vermicompost (T10) 0.63 0.77 0.87 7.32 7.30 207.40

S.E.± 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.18 0.07 3.65

C.D. (P=0.05) 0.07 0.14 0.17 0.53 0.20 10.76Data given for plant height, canopy spread are the increment during the investigation period

Table 2 : Effect of integrated nutrient treatments on reproductive and yield parameters of guava

TreatmentsFruit

setting(%)

Fruitdrop(%)

Fruitretention

(%)

Averagefruit

weight (g)

No. offruits

per tree

Yieldper tree

(kg)

Control (T0) 56.72 50.16 49.84 145.72 174.33 25.39

100% N + 100% P2O5 (T1) 60.14 42.72 57.28 150.95 232.17 35.24

75% N + 75% P2O5 + 10 kg vermicompost (T2) 72.16 30.21 69.79 176.74 304.00 53.52



100% N + 100% P2O5 + PSB (T5) 63.19 37.97 62.03 157.51 301.33 47.12

100% N + 75% P2O5 + PSB (T6) 66.68 36.94 63.06 160.70 303.00 48.75

100% N + 100% P2O5 +Azospirillium + PSB (T7) 79.05 24.93 75.07 190.39 333.50 63.46

75% N + 75% P2O5 + Azospirillium + PSB (T8) 77.92 26.99 73.01 181.89 333.00 60.60

100 % N+ 100% P2O5 + Azospirillium + PSB + 10 kg vermicompost (T9) 79.56 20.41 79.59 220.37 384.00 84.66

75% N + 75% P2O5 + Azospirillium + PSB + 10 kg vermicompost (T10) 79.07 23.78 76.22 210.88 352.50 74.34

S.E.± 2.05 8.18 5.83 6.18 12.24 2.18

C.D. (P=0.05) 6.04 NS 17.19 18.22 36.11 6.42

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NPK may be explained by the fact that phosphorus entersinto the composition of phospholipids and nucleic acids, thelatter combines with proteins and result in the formation ofnucleo-proteins which are important constituents of the nucleiof the cells. Potassium acts as a catalyst in the formation ofmore complex substances and in the acceleration of enzymeactivity. These carbohydrates and coenzymes are beneficialin the improvement of fruit quality and nitrogen enhances theuptake of phosphorus and potassium. The chain reactions inthese components and beneficial effect of worms which isbrought about by mucoses deposit of epidermal cells andcoelomic fluids of earthworms, rich in plant growth substancesand through rapid mineralization and transformation of plantnutrients in soil and also through the exertion of plantpromoting substances, vitamins and amino acid contentproduced by microorganism of biofertilizers might havepossibly been reason of the improvement in quality of thefruit. Similar findings were also reported by Kumar et al. (2009),Shukla et al. (2009), Sharma et al. (2009) and Rubee et al.(2011) in guava and Yadav et al. (2011) in mango.

Acknowledgement:The authors are thankful to the Department of Fruit

Science, Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya,Gwalior (M.P.) for providing assistance during the courseof investigation.

REFERENCES

A.O.A.C. (1970). Methods of analysis, association of officialagricultural chemists. Washington, DC., U.S.A.

Cardoso, E. de A. Costa, Soares, J.T.A., Silva, I.S., Da, R.M.and Maracaja, P.B. (2011). Productivity of guava ’Paluma’ for eachof mineral fertilization. Revista Verde de Agroecologia eDesenvolvimento Sustentavel, 6 (2): 149-153.

Dhomane, P.A., Kadam, A.S., Lakade, S.K. and Gharage, V.R.(2011). Effect of different sources of nitrogen on growth and yieldof guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. SARDAR. Asian J. Hort., 6 (1):92-95.

Dutta, P., Maji, S.B. and Das, B.C. (2009). Studies on the responseof bio-fertilizer on growth and productivity of guava. Indian J.Hort., 66 (1): 39-42.

Kertesz, Z.I. (1951). The Pectic Substances. Interscience Publishers,New York.

Kumar, Dinesh, Pandey, V., Anjaneyulu, K. and Nath, Vishal(2009). Optimization of major nutrients for guava yield and qualityunder east coastal conditions. Indian J. Hort., 66 (1): 18-21.

Mitra, S.K., Gurung, M.R. and Pathak, P.K. (2010). Integratednutrient management in high density guava orchards. Acta Hort.,849: 349-356.

Nelson, N. (1944). A photometric adoption of the somogui methodfor the determination of glucose. J. Biol. Chem., 153 : 375-380.

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Ranganna, S. (1977). Manual of analysis of fruits and vegetableproducts, Tata Mc Graw Hill publication Company Ltd., NewDelhi, India.

Ram, R.A., Bhriguvanshi, S.R. and Pathak, R.K. (2007). Integratedplant nutrient management in guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv.SARDAR. Acta Hort., 73 (5) : 345 -350.

Pilania, Shalini, Shukla, A.K., Mahawer, L.N., Sharma, Rajvirand Bairwa, H.L. (2010). Standardization of pruning intensity andintegrated nutrient management in Meadow orcharding of guava(Psidium guajava). Indian J. Agric. Sci., 80: 8.

Rubee Lata, Dwivedi, Deepa H., Ram, R.B. and Meena, M.L.(2011). Response of organic substrates on growth, yield andphysiochemical characteristics of guava cv. RED FLESHED. IndianJ. Ecol. , 38 (1): 81-84.

Sharma, Akash, Kher, R., Wall, VX. and Baksm, Parshant (2009).Effect of biofertilizers and organic manures on physico-chemicalcharacteristics and soil nutrient composition of guava (Psidiumguajava L.) cv. SARDAR. J. Res. SKUASTJ, 8 (2): 150-156.

Shukla, A.K., Sarolia, D.K., Kumari, Bhavana, Kaushik, R.A.,Mahawer, L.N. and Bairwa, H.L. (2009). Evaluation of substratedynamics for integrated nutrient management under high densityplanting of guava cv. SARDAR. Indian J. Hort., 66 (4): 461-464.

Yadav, A.K., Singh, J.K. and Singh, H.K. (2011). Studieson integrated nutrient management in flowering, fruiting,yield and quality of mango cv.AMRAPALI under high densityorcharding. Indian J. Hort., 68 (4): 453-460.

WEBLIOGRAPHY

NHB (2010). All India area, production and productivity of guava.www.nhb.gov.in.

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