Instrumental Learning A general class of behaviors inferring that learning has taken place.
-
Upload
timothy-lee -
Category
Documents
-
view
215 -
download
1
Transcript of Instrumental Learning A general class of behaviors inferring that learning has taken place.
![Page 1: Instrumental Learning A general class of behaviors inferring that learning has taken place.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649d215503460f949f69c8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Instrumental Learning
• A general class of behaviors inferring that learning has taken place
![Page 2: Instrumental Learning A general class of behaviors inferring that learning has taken place.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649d215503460f949f69c8/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Two general classes of behaviors
• Free operants
• Fixed trials
![Page 3: Instrumental Learning A general class of behaviors inferring that learning has taken place.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649d215503460f949f69c8/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The consequences of behavior
• The delivery of a reinforcement
![Page 4: Instrumental Learning A general class of behaviors inferring that learning has taken place.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649d215503460f949f69c8/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
1. Thorndike and the law of effect
• That behavior that immediately preceded the appearance of a satisfying state of affairs (internal to the animal) is a reinforcer
![Page 5: Instrumental Learning A general class of behaviors inferring that learning has taken place.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649d215503460f949f69c8/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
2. Skinner and Operant Behavior
![Page 6: Instrumental Learning A general class of behaviors inferring that learning has taken place.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649d215503460f949f69c8/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
V. Major phenomena of instrumental learning
• Called operant because the animal operates on the environment to acquire a reinforcer
![Page 7: Instrumental Learning A general class of behaviors inferring that learning has taken place.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649d215503460f949f69c8/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Conditioned reinforcement
• The animal only gets rewarded when an explicit behavior is emitted.
• Acquiring money!!
![Page 8: Instrumental Learning A general class of behaviors inferring that learning has taken place.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649d215503460f949f69c8/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Note the terms
• One rewards the animal.
![Page 9: Instrumental Learning A general class of behaviors inferring that learning has taken place.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649d215503460f949f69c8/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
• One reinforces a response.
![Page 10: Instrumental Learning A general class of behaviors inferring that learning has taken place.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649d215503460f949f69c8/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
What is a reinforced?
• The explicit narrow behavior that occurs immediately preceding the delivery of the reinforcement.
![Page 11: Instrumental Learning A general class of behaviors inferring that learning has taken place.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649d215503460f949f69c8/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Reinforcement & Punishment
• Concept – Positive Reinforcement
![Page 12: Instrumental Learning A general class of behaviors inferring that learning has taken place.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649d215503460f949f69c8/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Description
• Increasing the frequency of a behavior by following it with the presentation of a positive reinforcer – a pleasant, positive stimulus or experience
![Page 13: Instrumental Learning A general class of behaviors inferring that learning has taken place.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649d215503460f949f69c8/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Example
• Saying “Good job” after someone works hard to perform a task.
![Page 14: Instrumental Learning A general class of behaviors inferring that learning has taken place.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649d215503460f949f69c8/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Types of reinforces
• Appetitive – usually food
• Negative --- shock, air puff; those stimuli that deliver pain or discomfort.
![Page 15: Instrumental Learning A general class of behaviors inferring that learning has taken place.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649d215503460f949f69c8/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Positive Reinforcement
![Page 16: Instrumental Learning A general class of behaviors inferring that learning has taken place.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649d215503460f949f69c8/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Concept:
• Negative reinforcer
![Page 17: Instrumental Learning A general class of behaviors inferring that learning has taken place.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649d215503460f949f69c8/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Negative Reinforcement
![Page 18: Instrumental Learning A general class of behaviors inferring that learning has taken place.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649d215503460f949f69c8/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Note the following
• The removal of a negative stimulus is positively reinforcing – the animal will tend to do that behavior that removes itself from the cues associated with the aversive state of affairs.
![Page 19: Instrumental Learning A general class of behaviors inferring that learning has taken place.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649d215503460f949f69c8/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
The Skinner Box
• Any box or device in which a reinforcer can be automatically delivered contingent on the behavior of the animal.
![Page 20: Instrumental Learning A general class of behaviors inferring that learning has taken place.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649d215503460f949f69c8/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Shaping
• The initial learning – teaching the animal to hit a bar or push a key.
![Page 21: Instrumental Learning A general class of behaviors inferring that learning has taken place.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649d215503460f949f69c8/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Accumulative record
• A “strip chart’s” ink record of the animals behavior.
![Page 22: Instrumental Learning A general class of behaviors inferring that learning has taken place.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649d215503460f949f69c8/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Schedules of reinforcement
• Reinforcement based on responses
• Reinforcement based on the passage of time
![Page 23: Instrumental Learning A general class of behaviors inferring that learning has taken place.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649d215503460f949f69c8/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Fixed Ratio Behavior (FR)
• Reinforcement based on the number of response accomplished. For humans, piece work – payment for the number of things accomplished
![Page 24: Instrumental Learning A general class of behaviors inferring that learning has taken place.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649d215503460f949f69c8/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Variable Ratio (VR)
• Payment (reinforcement) for the average number of responses accomplished
![Page 25: Instrumental Learning A general class of behaviors inferring that learning has taken place.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649d215503460f949f69c8/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Instrumental Learning A general class of behaviors inferring that learning has taken place.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649d215503460f949f69c8/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Fixed Interval (FI)
• Reinforcement for the first response after a fixed period of time has occurred.
• Work by the hour, irrespective of the amount of work accomplished
![Page 27: Instrumental Learning A general class of behaviors inferring that learning has taken place.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649d215503460f949f69c8/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Variable Interval (VI)
• Reinforcement based on the first response after an average amount of time has passed.
![Page 28: Instrumental Learning A general class of behaviors inferring that learning has taken place.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649d215503460f949f69c8/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Interval schedules
![Page 29: Instrumental Learning A general class of behaviors inferring that learning has taken place.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649d215503460f949f69c8/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Combinations of schedules of reinforcement
• Unlimited combinations of schedules
![Page 30: Instrumental Learning A general class of behaviors inferring that learning has taken place.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649d215503460f949f69c8/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Partial Reinforcement
• Variable ratio and variable interval schedules are harder to extinguish than continues reinforcement
![Page 31: Instrumental Learning A general class of behaviors inferring that learning has taken place.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649d215503460f949f69c8/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Negative Control of Behavior
• Behavior emitted that removes an aversive state of affairs.
![Page 32: Instrumental Learning A general class of behaviors inferring that learning has taken place.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649d215503460f949f69c8/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Negative reinforcer
Description: Increasing the frequency of a behavior by following it with the removal of an unpleasant stimulus or experience
![Page 33: Instrumental Learning A general class of behaviors inferring that learning has taken place.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649d215503460f949f69c8/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Concept
• Avoidance conditioning
![Page 34: Instrumental Learning A general class of behaviors inferring that learning has taken place.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649d215503460f949f69c8/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Avoidance conditioning
• Description: Learning to make a response that avoids an unpleasant stimulus.
![Page 35: Instrumental Learning A general class of behaviors inferring that learning has taken place.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649d215503460f949f69c8/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Example
• You slow your car to the speed limit when you spot a police car, thus avoiding being stopped and reducing the fear of a fine; very resistant to extinction
![Page 36: Instrumental Learning A general class of behaviors inferring that learning has taken place.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649d215503460f949f69c8/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
1. Escape and Avoidance
![Page 37: Instrumental Learning A general class of behaviors inferring that learning has taken place.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649d215503460f949f69c8/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
The control of Intrinsic behavior
• Avoidance tasks the removal of one-self from an environment which has previously been associated with a negative reinforcement.
![Page 38: Instrumental Learning A general class of behaviors inferring that learning has taken place.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649d215503460f949f69c8/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Sidman Avoidance
• Shock-Shock interval (shock every 5 sec)
![Page 39: Instrumental Learning A general class of behaviors inferring that learning has taken place.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649d215503460f949f69c8/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
S. A. (cont.)
• Response shock interval (time delay of shock/bar push)
![Page 40: Instrumental Learning A general class of behaviors inferring that learning has taken place.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649d215503460f949f69c8/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
S. A. (cont.)
• Very, very hard to extinguish.
• VAN - chimp
![Page 41: Instrumental Learning A general class of behaviors inferring that learning has taken place.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649d215503460f949f69c8/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
VIII. Punishment – different types
•
![Page 42: Instrumental Learning A general class of behaviors inferring that learning has taken place.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649d215503460f949f69c8/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Punishment 2 (Penalty)
![Page 43: Instrumental Learning A general class of behaviors inferring that learning has taken place.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649d215503460f949f69c8/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Example
• You learn to use the mute button on the TV remote control to remove the sound of an obnoxious commercial
![Page 44: Instrumental Learning A general class of behaviors inferring that learning has taken place.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649d215503460f949f69c8/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Concept
• Escape Conditioning
![Page 45: Instrumental Learning A general class of behaviors inferring that learning has taken place.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649d215503460f949f69c8/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Escape Conditioning
• Description: Learning to make a response that removes an unpleasant stimulus
![Page 46: Instrumental Learning A general class of behaviors inferring that learning has taken place.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649d215503460f949f69c8/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Example
• A little boy learns the crying will cut short the time that he must stay in his room
![Page 47: Instrumental Learning A general class of behaviors inferring that learning has taken place.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649d215503460f949f69c8/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Concept
• Punishment
![Page 48: Instrumental Learning A general class of behaviors inferring that learning has taken place.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649d215503460f949f69c8/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Punishment
• Description: Decreasing the frequency of a behavior by either presenting an unpleasant stimulus (punishment 1) or removing a pleasant one (punishment 2 (penalty).
![Page 49: Instrumental Learning A general class of behaviors inferring that learning has taken place.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649d215503460f949f69c8/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Example
• You swat the dog after it steals food from the table, or you take a favorite toy away from a child who misbehaves. A number of cautions should be kept in mind when using punishment (see below for an example).
![Page 50: Instrumental Learning A general class of behaviors inferring that learning has taken place.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649d215503460f949f69c8/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Learned helplessness
• Continued punishment until the animal refuses to respond even when there is no aversive state of affairs.
![Page 51: Instrumental Learning A general class of behaviors inferring that learning has taken place.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56649d215503460f949f69c8/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Combined Operant and C. C.