Chapter 13 Learning and Memory. SIMPLE LEARNING a. habituation b. Pavlovian learning c. instrumental...

Chapter 13

Learning and Memory

SIMPLE LEARNINGa. habituationb. Pavlovian learningc. instrumental learningd. biological mechanisms

HIGHER ORDER COGNITIONa. declarative vs. non-declarative memoryb. spatial learningc. clinical cases

• Learning• Process by which experiences change our nervous

system and behavior.

• Habituation• Decrement in reflexive response due to repeated

stimulus presentation.

• Classical conditioning

• Unconditioned stimulus (US)• Unconditioned response (UR)• Conditioned stimulus (CS)• Conditioned response (CR)

• Instrumental conditioning• A learning procedure whereby the effects of a

particular behavior in a particular situation increase (reinforce) or decrease (punish) the probability of the behavior; also called operant conditioning.

• Reinforcing stimulus• Appetitive stimulus that follows a particular behavior

and thus makes the behavior become more frequent.

• Punishing stimulus• Aversive stimulus that follows a particular behavior

and thus makes the behavior become less frequent.

• Long-term potentiation (LTP)• Long-term increase in the excitability of a neuron

caused by repeated high-frequency activity of input.

• Associative long-term potentiation• LTP in which concurrent stimulation of weak and

strong synapses to a given neuron strengthens the weak ones.

• NMDA receptor• Specialized ionotropic glutamate receptor that

controls a calcium channel that is normally blockedby Mg2+ ions.

• AMPA receptor• Ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a sodium

channel; when its open, it produces EPSPs.

• CaM-KII• Type II calcium-calmodulin kinase; enzyme activated

by calcium and plays role in establishment of LTP.

• Nitric oxide synthase• An enzyme responsible for the production of nitric

oxide.

• Medial forebrain bundle (MFB)• Fiber bundle that runs through lateral hypothalamus; electrical

stimulation of MFB is reinforcing.

• Ventral tegmental area (VTA)• Dopaminergic neurons in midbrain whose axons form the

mesolimbic and mesocortical system; plays role in reinforcement.

• Nucleus accumbens• Nucleus of the forebrain that receives dopamine-secreting

terminal buttons from neurons of VTA; involved in reinforcement.

• Declarative memory• Memory that can be verbally expressed, such as

memory for events in a person’s past.

• Nondeclarative memory• Memory whose formation does not depend on the

hippocampal formation; a collective term for perceptual, stimulus-response, and motor memory.

• Episodic memories• Memory of a collection of perceptions of events

organized in time and identified by a particular context.

• Semantic memories• A memory of facts and general information.

• Spatial memories• Functional imaging studies have shown that the right

hippocampal formation becomes active when a person is remembering or performing a navigational task.

• Place cell• A neuron that becomes active when the animal is in a

particular location in the environment; most typically found in the hippocampal formation.

• Consolidation• Process by which short-term memories are converted

into long-term memories.

• Short-term memory• Immediate memory for events, which may or may not

be consolidated into long-term memory.

• Long-term memory• Relatively stable memory of events that occurred in the

more distant past.

• Anterograde amnesia• Amnesia for events that occur after trauma.

• Retrograde amnesia• Amnesia for events that occur just prior to the brain

trauma.

• Korsakoff’s syndrome• Permanent anterograde amnesia caused by brain

damage resulting from chronic alcoholism.

• Confabulation• The reporting of memories of events that did not take

place without the intention to deceive, seen in people with Korsakoff’s syndrome.

Chapter 13 Learning and Memory. SIMPLE LEARNING a. habituation b. Pavlovian learning c. instrumental...

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