Instructor: Deb McLaughlin
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Instructor: Deb McLaughlin 1
Transcript of Instructor: Deb McLaughlin
Instructor: Deb McLaughlin
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Chapter 2 Questions about Chapter 2
Ions Receptor channels and Neurotransmitter Receptors Lipid Bilayer and Membrane Potentials Action Potential http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/ap.html Synapse- Post and Pre Chemical Transmitter release
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Chapter 5 Questions about Chapter 5 Research Methods--Brainstorm MRI and fMRI– Imaging Autism article
MRI You Tube -- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tD97Vhna-ic
Functional MRI – Introduction to fMRI by FilHarris http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BmQR57V5TVU&f
eature=related
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Instructor: Deb McLaughlin
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Chapter 4 Pharmacology – drugs Routes of administration Distribution in the body
Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators Peptides, lipids, nucleosides, soluble gases
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Chapter 4 Psychopharmacology
The study of the effects of drugs on the nervous system and on behavior.
Drug effects The changes a drug produces in an animal’s physiological
processes and behavior.
Sites of Action The locations at which molecules of drugs interact with molecules located on or in cells of the body, thus affecting some biochemical processes of these cells.
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Chapter 4 Routes of Administration and Drug Delivery Methods
Pharmacokinetics
The process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within the body, metabolized, and excreted.
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Chapter 4 Routes of Administration and Drug Delivery Methods
Intravenous (IV) injection Intraperitoneal (IP) injection Intramuscular (IM) injection Subcutaneous (SC) injection Oral administration Sublingual administration Intrarectal administration Inhalation Topical administration
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Chapter 4 Routes of Administration and Drug Delivery Methods
Pharmacokinetics
The process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within the body, metabolized, and excreted.
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/drugs/delivery.html
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Chapter 4 Routes of
Administration and Drug Delivery Methods
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/drugs/delivery.html
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Figure 4.1 Carlson, 9th ed. Cocaine in Blood Plasma. The graph shows the concentration of cocaine in blood plasma after intravenous injection, inhalation, sniffing, and oral administration. Adapted from Feldman, R. S., Meyer, J. S., and Quenzer, L. F. Principles of Neuropsychopharmacology. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, 1997; after Jones, R. T. NIDA Research Monographs, 1990, 99, 30–41.
Chapter 4
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Figure 4.2 Carlson, 9th ed A Dose-Response Curve. Increasingly stronger doses of the drug produce increasingly larger effects until the maximum effect is reached. After that point, increments in the dose do not produce any increments in the drug’s effect. However, the risk of adverse side effects increases.
Chapter 4 Drug Effectiveness
There are two reasons drugs vary in their effectiveness.
First, different drugs—even those with the same
behavioral effects—may have different sites of action.
The second reason that drugs vary in their effectiveness has to do with the affinity of the drug with its site of action. 12
Chapter 4 Drug Effectiveness Affinity
The readiness with which two molecules join together
Tolerance A decrease in the effectiveness of a drug that is administered
repeatedly. Sensitization
An increase in the effectiveness of a drug that is administered repeatedly.
Withdrawal symptom The appearance of symptoms opposite to those produced by a
drug when the drug is administered repeatedly and then suddenly no longer taken.
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Chapter 4 Drug Effectiveness
Withdrawal symptom The appearance of symptoms opposite to those
produced by a drug when the drug is administered repeatedly and then suddenly no longer taken.
Withdrawal symptoms are caused by the same mechanisms that are responsible for tolerance.
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Chapter 4 Placebo Effects
When experimenters want to investigate the behavioral effects of drugs in humans, they must use control groups whose members receive placebos, or they cannot be sure that the behavioral effects they observe were caused by specific effects of the drug.
Placebo
An inert substance given to an organism in lieu of a physiologically active drug; used experimentally to control for the effects of mere administration of a drug.
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Chapter 4– Sites of Action of Drugs Antagonist A drug that opposes or inhibits the effects of a
particular neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic cell.
Agonist A drug that facilitates the effects of a particular
neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic cell.
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Chapter 4– Sites of Action of Drugs Antagonist
Agonist
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Figure 4.5, Carlson, 9th Drug Actions as Binding Sites. This figure shows (a) competitive binding (direct agonists and antagonists act directly on the neurotransmitter binding site) and (b) noncompetitive binding (indirect agonists and antagonists act on an alternative binding site and modify the effects of the neurotransmitter on opening of the ion channel.
Chapter 4– Sites of Action of Drugs
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Figure 4.4 Carlson, 9th ed Drug Effects on Synaptic Transmission. The figure summarizes the ways in which drugs can affect the synaptic transmission (AGO =agonist; ANT = antagonist; NT = neurotransmitter). Drugs that act as agonists are marked in blue; drugs that act as antagonists are marked in red.
Chapter 4– Sites of Action of Drugs Effects on Reuptake or Destruction of
Neurotransmitters
Drugs can interfere with either of these processes. In the first case molecules of the drug attach to the transporter molecules that are responsible for reuptake and inactivate them, thus blocking reuptake.
In the second case molecules of the drug bind with the enzyme that normally destroys the neurotransmitter and prevents the enzymes from working.
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Chapter 4– Sites of Action of Drugs
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Figure 4.4 Carlson, 9th ed Drug Effects on Synaptic Transmission. The figure summarizes the ways in which drugs can affect the synaptic transmission (AGO =agonist; ANT = antagonist; NT = neurotransmitter). Drugs that act as agonists are marked in blue; drugs that act as antagonists are marked in red.
Chapter 4 http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/dru
gs/mouse.html
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Chapter 4– Sites of Action of Drugs
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Figure 4.4 Carlson, 8th ed Drug Effects on Synaptic Transmission. The figure summarizes the ways in which drugs can affect the synaptic transmission (AGO =agonist; ANT = antagonist; NT = neurotransmitter). Drugs that act as agonists are marked in blue; drugs that act as antagonists are marked in red.
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Chapter 4 Reward Pathway Carlson, Table 4.2, p. 89
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/rew
ard/
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Chapter 4 Questions Comments
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Chapter 10 -- Emotions
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Chapter 10 -- Emotions Emotions consist of patterns of physiological
responses and species-typical behaviors.
In humans these responses are accompanied by feelings. In fact, most of us use the word emotion to refer to the feelings, not to the behaviors.
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Chapter 10 -- Emotions But it is behavior, and not private experience, that has
consequences for survival and reproduction.
Thus, the useful functions served by emotional behaviors are what guided the evolution of our brain.
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Chapter 10 -- Emotions An emotional response consists of three types of
components: behavioral, autonomic, and hormonal.
The behavioral component consists of muscular movements that are appropriate to the situation that elicits them.
Autonomic responses facilitate the behaviors and provide quick mobilization of energy for vigorous movement.
Hormonal responses reinforce the autonomic responses. 30
Chapter 10 -- Emotions Topics in Textbook Role of autonomic nervous system Role of amygdala Prefrontal cortex in anger, aggression, and impulse
control Emotional expression James-Lange Theory
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Chapter 10 -- Emotions The James-Lange Theory
William James (1842–1910), an American psychologist,
and Carl Lange (1834–1900), a Danish physiologist, independently suggested similar explanations for emotion, which most people refer to collectively as the James-Lange theory (James, 1884; Lange, 1887).
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Chapter 10 -- Emotions James-Lange theory A theory of emotion that suggests that behaviors
and physiological responses are directly elicited by situations and that feelings of emotions are produced by feedback from these behaviors and responses.
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Chapter 10 -- Emotions James-Lange theory A theory of emotion that suggests that behaviors
and physiological responses are directly elicited by situations and that feelings of emotions are produced by feedback from these behaviors and responses.
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Chapter 10 -- Emotions The James-Lange Theory
The brain receives sensory feedback from the muscles
and from the organs that produce these responses, and it is this feedback that constitutes our feeling of emotion.
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Chapter 10 -- Emotions James says that our own emotional feelings are based
on what we find ourselves doing and on the sensory feedback we receive from the activity of our muscles and internal organs.
Thus, when we find ourselves trembling and feel queasy, we experience fear.
Where feelings of emotions are concerned, we are self-observers.
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Chapter 10 -- Emotions The James-Lange Theory
Thus, the two aspects of emotions reported in the first
two sections of this chapter (patterns of emotional responses and expressions of emotions) give rise to the third: feelings.
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Chapter 10 -- Emotions The James-Lange Theory
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Figure 10.16, Carlson, 9th The James-Lange Theory of Emotion. This schematic diagram indicates that an event in the environment triggers behavioral, autonomic, and endocrine responses. Feedback from these responses produces feelings of emotions.
Chapter 10 -- Emotions Antonio Damasio on Emotions “How Our Brains Feel Emotion” http://bigthink.com/ideas/23022
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Chapter 10 -- Emotions Highlights from Damasio
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End Week 3
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