Institution (1)

8/12/2019 Institution (1)

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An institutionis any structure or mechanismof social order and cooperation governing the

behavior of a set of individuals within a givenhuman community.

The term "institution" is commonly applied tocustoms and behavior patterns important to asociety, as well as to particular formalorganizations of government and publicservice.

Institutions are also a central concern for law,the formal mechanism for political rule-making and enforcement.


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Marriage and the family Religion and religious institutions

Educational institutions - schools (preschool,primary/elementary, secondary, and post-

secondary/higher Research community - Academia and

universities; research institutes

Law and legal system - courts; judges; thelegal profession (bar) jurisprudence, Criminal justice or penal systems - prisons


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Military or paramilitary forces Police forces Mass media - including the news media

(television, newspapers) and the popular

media - Industry - businesses, including

corporations- financial institution, factory,capitalism, division of labor

Civil society or NGOs - Charitableorganizations; advocacy groups; politicalparties; think tanks; virtual communities


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People marry for many reasons, including oneor more of the following: legal, social,emotional, economic, spiritual, and religious.

These might include arranged marriages,family obligations, the legal establishment of anuclear family unit, the legal protection ofchildren and public declaration of

commitment. The act of marriage usuallycreates normative or legal obligations betweenthe individuals involved. In some societiesthese obligations also extend to certain family

members of the married persons. Somecultures allow the dissolution of marriagethrough divorce or annulment.


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Marriage is usually recognized by the state,a religious authority, or both. It is oftenviewed as a contract. Civil marriage is thelegal concept of marriage as a governmentalinstitution irrespective of religious affiliation,in accordance with marriage laws of the

jurisdiction.

Although the institution of marriage pre-dates reliable recorded history, many cultureshave legends concerning the origins of

marriage. The way in which a marriage isconducted and its rules has changed overtime, as has the institution itself, dependingon the culture or demographic of the time


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A marriage is usually formalized at a weddingor marriage ceremony. The ceremony may beofficiated either by a religious official, by agovernment official or by a state approved

celebrant.

Within the parameters set by the law in whicha marriage or wedding takes place, eachreligious authority has rules for the manner inwhich weddings are to be conducted by theirofficials and members.


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Hinduism sees marriage as a sacred duty thatentails both religious and social obligations.

Old Hindu literature gives many different types ofmarriages and their categorization ranging from"Gandharva Vivaha" (instant marriage by mutual

consent of participants only, without any need foreven a single third person as witness) to normal(present day) marriages, to "Rakshasa Vivaha"("demoniac" marriage, performed by abduction of oneparticipant by the other participant, usually, but notalways, with the help of other persons).

The Hindu Widow's Remarriage Act 1856 empowersa Hindu widow to remarry. Though traditionallywidow remarriages were frowned upon and are stillconsidered taboo in many parts.


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Kinshipis a relationship between any entitiesthat share a genealogical origin, througheither biological, cultural, or historicaldescent. And descent groups, lineages, etc.are treated in their own subsections.

In anthropology the kinship system includespeople related both by descent and marriage.Human kinship relations through marriageare commonly called "descent" .


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Kinship is one of the most basic principles fororganizing individuals into social groups,roles, categories, and genealogy.

Family relations can be representedconcretely (mother, brother, grandfather) orabstractly after degrees of relationship.

Draw a Kinship chart


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Religionis a collection of cultural systems,belief systems, and worldviews thatestablishes symbols that relate humanity tospirituality and, sometimes, to moral values.

Many religions have narratives, symbols,traditions and sacred histories that areintended to give meaning to life or to explainthe origin of life or the universe. They tend toderive morality, ethics, religious laws or apreferred lifestyle from their ideas about thecosmos and human nature.


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The word religionis sometimes usedinterchangeably with faithor belief system,but religion differs from private belief in thatit has a public aspect.Most religions have organized behaviors,

including a definition of what constitutesadherence or membership, regular meetings

or services for the purposes of veneration of adeity or for prayer, holy places (either naturalor architectural), and/or scriptures.The practice of a religion may also include

sermons, commemoration of the activities ofa god or gods, sacrifices, festivals, feasts,matrimonial services, meditation, music, art,dance.


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Christianity - 2.1 billion 2.2 billion Islam - 1.5 billion 1.6 billion

Buddhism - 500 million 1.9 billion

Hinduism - 1.0 billion1.1 billion


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Indian religionsare practiced or were founded inthe Indian subcontinent. Concepts most of themshare in common include dharma, karma,reincarnation, mantras, yantras, and darana.

Hinduismis a religion describing the similarphilosophies of Vaishnavism, Shaivism, andrelated groups practiced or founded in the Indiansubcontinent. Concepts most of them share incommon include karma, caste, reincarnation,mantras & darana.[Hinduism is not a

monolithic religion in the Romanic sense but areligious category containing dozens of separatephilosophies amalgamated as SantanaDharma.


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Jainism, taught primarily by Parsva (9th centuryBCE) and Mahavira (6th century BCE), is an ancientIndian religion that prescribes a path of non-violence for all forms of living beings in this

world. Jains are found mostly in India. Buddhismwas founded by Siddhattha Gotama in

the 6th century BCE. Buddhists generally agreethat Gotama aimed to help sentient beings endtheir suffering (dukkha) by understanding the

true nature of phenomena, thereby escaping thecycle of suffering and rebirth (sasra), that is,achieving Nirvana.

Sikhism is a monotheistic religion founded on theteachings of Guru Nanak and ten successive Sikh

Gurus in 15th century Punjab. Sikhs are foundmostly in India. There are dozens of new religiousmovements within Indian religions and Hindureform movements.


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family(from Latin: familia) is a group of peopleaffiliated by affinity, or co-residence. In mostsocieties it is the principal institution for thesocialization of children.

Extended from the human "family unit" by

biological-cultural affinity, marriage, economy,culture, tradition, honour, and friendship areconcepts of family

It grows increasingly inclusive extending tocommunity, village, city, region, nationhood,

global village and humanism. A family groupconsisting of a father, mother and their childrenis called a nuclear family. This term can becontrasted with an extended family.


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Mother: a female parent Father: a male parent Son: a male child of the parent(s) Daughter: a female child of the parent(s) Brother: a male child of the same parent(s) Sister: a female child of the same parent(s) Grandfather: father of a father or mother Grandmother: mother of a mother or father Cousins: two people that share the same

grandparent(s)


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Nuclear Family Extended Family

Uncle: father's brother, mother's brother, father'ssister's husband, mother's sister's husband

Aunt: father's sister, mother's sister, father'sbrother's wife, mother's brother's wife Nephew: sister's son, brother's son, wife's

brother's son, wife's sister's son, husband'sbrother's son, husband's sister's son

Niece: sister's daughter, brother's daughter,wife's brother's daughter, wife's sister's daughter,husband's brother's daughter


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5. Divorce and unmarried childbearing increasepoverty for both children and mother.6. Married couples seem to build more wealth onaverage than singles or cohabiting couples.7. Married men earn more money than do single

men with similar education and job histories.


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8. Parental divorceappears to increasechildrens risk of

school failure.

9. Parental divorcereduces thelikelihood thatchildren will

graduate fromcollege and achievehigh-status jobs.


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10. Children who livewith their owntwo married

parents enjoybetter physicalhealth, onaverage, than do

children in otherfamily forms.


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11. Parental marriage is associated with asharply lower risk of infant mortality.

12. Marriage is associated with reduced ratesof substance abuse for both adults andteens.

13. Married people, especially married men,have longer life expectancies than dootherwise similar singles.

14. Marriage is associated with better healthandlower rates of injury, illness anddisability for both men & women.


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Educationin its broadest, general sense is themeans through which the aims and habits of agroup of people lives on from one generation tothe next.

Generally, it occurs through any experience thathas a formative effect on the way one thinks,feels, or acts.

In its narrow, technical sense, education is theformal process by which society deliberately

transmits its accumulated knowledge, skills,customs and values from one generation toanother, e.g., instruction in schools


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Systems of schooling involve institutionalizedteaching and learning in relation to acurriculum, which itself is establishedaccording to a predetermined purpose of the

schools in the system. the purpose of schools include:develop

reasoning about perennial questions, masterthe methods of scientific inquiry, cultivate theintellect, create change agents, developspirituality, and model a democratic society


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In formal education, a curriculum is the set ofcourses, and their content, offered at a school oruniversity. A curriculum is prescriptive, and is basedon a more general syllabus which merely specifieswhat topics must be understood and to what level toachieve a particular grade or standard.

An academic discipline is a branch of knowledgewhich is formally taught, either at the university, orvia some other such method. Each discipline usuallyhas several sub-disciplines or branches, anddistinguishing lines are often both arbitrary and

ambiguous. Examples of broad areas of academicdisciplines include the natural sciences, mathematics,computer science, social sciences, humanities andapplied sciences.


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Preschools Primary schools education consists of the first

57 years of formal, structured education. Ingeneral, primary education consists of six or

eight years of schooling starting at the age offive or six, although this varies between, andsometimes within, countries. Globally, around89% of primary-age children are enrolled in

primary education. Secondary schools Post secondary, or "higher" education


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