Innovation in Cti Bank

7/29/2019 Innovation in Cti Bank

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Introduction

The commercial banking business has changed dramatically over the past 25years, due in large part to technological change. Advances intelecommunications, information technology, and financial theory and

practice have jointly transformed many of the relationship focusedintermediaries of yesteryear into data-intensive risk management operationsof today. Consistent with this, we now find may commercial banksembedded as part of global financial institutions that engage in a widevariety of financial activities.

To be more specific, technological changes relating to telecommunicationsand data processing have spurred financial innovations that have alteredbank products and services and production processes. For example, theability to use applied statistics cost-effectively (via software and computingpower) has markedly altered the process of financial intermediation. Retailloan applications are now routinely evaluated using credit scoring tools,rather than using human judgement. Such an approach makes underwritingmuch more transparent to third parties and hence facilities secondarymarkets for retail credits (e.g., mortgages and credit card receivables) viasecuritisation. Statistically based risk measurement tools are also used tomeasure and manage other types of credit risks- as well as interest raterisks-on an ongoing basis across entire portfolios. Indeed, tools like value-at-risk are even used to determine the appropriate allocation of risk-basedcapital for actively managed portfolios.

The various innovations in banking and financial sector are ECS, RTGS, EFT,NEFT, ATM, Retail Banking, Debit & Credit cards, free advisory services,

implementation of standing instructions of customers, payments of utility

bills, fund transfers, internet banking, telephone banking, mobile banking,

selling insurance products, issue of free cheque books, travel cheques and

many more value added services.

The Role of Finance and Financial Innovation

The primary function of a financial system is to facilitate the allocation anddeployment of economic resources, both spatially and across time, in anuncertain environment. This function encompasses a payments system witha medium of exchange; the transfer of resources from savers to borrowers;the gathering of savings for pure time transformation and the reduction ofrisk through insurance and diversification.


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The operation of a financial system involves real resource costs employed byfinancial intermediaries and by financial facilitators (e.g., mortgage brokers).Much of these resources are expended in the data collection and analyses inwhich financial market participants engage, so as to deal with problems ofasymmetric information. There are also uncertainties about future states of

the world that generate risks, which for risk-averse individuals representcosts. In this environment, new production process or new organisationalforms.

Hence, a Financial Innovation as something new that reduces costs, reducerisks or provides an improved product/service/instrument that bettersatisfies financial system participants demands. Financial innovations can begrouped as new products (e.g., subprime mortgage) or services (e.g.,Internet banking) or new organisational forms (e.g., Internet-only banks).

Given its importance, an understanding of the conditions that encourage

innovation would appear to be worthwhile. After all, observed streams of

innovations are clearly not uniform across all enterprises, across all

industries or across all time periods. The general innovation literature in

economics has sought to uncover the environmental conditions that affect

the stream of innovations-focusing on hypotheses concerning roughly five

structural conditions: the market power of enterprises, the size of

enterprises, technological opportunity, appropriability and product

market demand conditions. Of course, when environmental changes

occur, we expect to observe an initial wave of financial innovations followed

by a new equilibrium flow consistent with the new environmental conditions.

Over the past 25 years, each of these above environmental conditions was

markedly altered resulting in substantial changes to the commercial

banking industry.

Financial Innovation and Banking

The literature pertaining to several specific financial innovations appearingover the past 25 years or so that were specifically driven by technologicalchange. The major discussion is focusing on the lines of: new products &services, new production process and new organisational forms.

A1. Products:


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Mortgage loans are one suite of products that have experienced a great dealof change over the past 25 years in the United States. In 1980, long-termfully amortizing fixed-rate mortgages were the norm and this product wasoffered primarily by thrift institutions. Moreover, these loans requiredsubstantial down payments and a good credit history and the accumulated

equity was relatively illiquid.

These characteristics have markedly evolved. The first big change occurredin the early 1980s with the widespread introduction of various types ofadjustable-rate mortgages (ARMs), which had previously been banned byfederal regulators. The Tax Reform Act of 1986, which ended federal incometax deductions for non-mortgage consumer debt, spurred substantial growthin home equity lending. One mortgage innovation more directly tied totechnological change is subprime lending, which was originally predicated onthe use of statistics for better risk measurement and risk-based pricing tocompensate for these higher risks. However, the subprime mortgage crisishas uncovered significant shortcomings in the underlying statistical models.

* Subprime Mortgages: Subprime mortgage lending, broadly defined,relates to borrowers with poor credit histories or high leverage as measuredby either debt/income or loan-to-value. This market grew rapidly in the U.Sduring the first decade of the twenty-first century averaging about 20% ofresidential mortgage orginations between 2004 and 2006. At the end of2007, subprime mortgages outstanding stood at $940 billion; down fromover $1.2 trillion outstanding the previous year (Inside Mortgage Finance2008).

Since the onset of the subprime mortgage crisis, research has attempted toidentify various sources of the problem. Mayer, Pence and Scherlund(forthcoming) provide an overview of the attributes of subprime mortgagesoutstanding during this time and investigate why delinquencies and defaultsincreases so substantially. These authors, as will as Gerarbi, Lehnert,Sherlund, and Willen (forthcoming), point to significant increase in borrowerleverage during the mid-2000s, as measured by combined loan-to-value(CLTV) ratios, which was soon followed by falling house prices.

A2. Services:

Recent service innovations primarily relate to enhanced account access andnew methods of payment-each of which better meets consumer demands forconvenience and ease. Automated Teller Machines (ATMs), which wereintroduced in the early 1970s and diffused rapidly through the 1980s,significantly enhanced retail bank account access and value by providingcustomers with around the clock access to funds. ATM cards were then


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largely replaced through the 1980s and 1990s by debit cards, which bundleATM access with the ability to make payment from a bank account at thepoint of sale. Over the past decade, remote access has migrated from thetelephone to the personal computer. Online banking, which allows customersto monitor accounts and originate payments using "electronic bill payment,"

is now widely used. Stored-value, or prepaid, cards have also becomeubiquitous.

* Debit Cards: Debit cards are essentially "pay-now" instruments linked toa checking account whereby transactions can happen either instantaneouslyusing online (PIN based) methods or in the near future with offline(signature based) methods. Consumers typically have the choice of usingonline or offline methods, and their selection often hinges on the respectivebenefits. Online debit allows the cardholder also to withdraw cash at thepoint-of-sale, and offline provides float. According to ATM & Debit News(2007), there were approximately 26.5 billion debit transactions in the U.S.during 2006. This is up from 6.5 billion transactions in 1999 a four-foldincrease.

* Online Banking: As households and firms rapidly adopted internet accessduring the late-1990s, commercial banks established an online presence.According to De Young (2005), the first bank websites were launched in1995: and by 2002 nearly one-half of all U.S. banks and thrifts operatedtransactional websites. As of 2007, bank call report data suggests that 77.0

percent of commercial banks offer transactional websites (and these bankscontrol 96.8 percent of commercial bank deposits).

The primary line of research relating to online banking has been aimed atunderstanding the determinants of bank adoption and how the technologyhas affected bank performance. In terms of online adoption. Furst, Lang,and Nolle (2002) find that U.S. national banks (by the end of the thirdquarter of 1999) were more likely to offer transactional websites if theywere: larger, younger, affiliated with a holding company, located in an urbanarea, and had higher fixed expenses and non-interested income. Turning toonline bank performance, De Young, Lang, and Nolle (2007) report thatinternet adoption improved U.S. community bank profitability primarilythrough deposit-related charges. In a related study, Hernando and Nieto(2007) find that, over time, online banking was associated with lower costsand higher profitability for a sample of Spanish banks. Both papers concludethat the internet channel is a complement to rather than a substitute for physical bank branches.

* Prepaid cards: As the name implies, prepaid cards are instrumentswhereby cardholders "pay early" and set aside funds in advance for future


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purchases of goods and services. (By contrast, debit cards are "pay-now",and credit cards are "pay later"). The monetary value of the prepaid cardresides either of the card or at a remote database. According to MercatorAdvisory Group, prepaid cards accounted for over $180 billion in transactionvolume in 2006.

Prepaid cards can be generally delineated as either "closes" systems (e.g., aretailer-specific gift card, like Macy's or Best Buy) or "open" systems (e.g., apayment-network branded card, like Visa or MasterCard). Closed-systemprepaid cards have been effective as a cash substitute on universitycampuses, as well as for mass transit systems and retailers.

A3. Production Processes

The past 25 years have witnessed important changes in banks productionprocesses. The use of electronic transmission of bank-to-bank retailpayments, which had modest beginnings in the 1970s, has exploded owingto greater retail acceptance, online banking and check conversion. In termsof intermediation, there has been a steady movement toward a reliance onstatistical models. For example, credit scoring has been increasingly used tosubstitute for manual underwriting and has been extended even intorelationship-oriented products like small business loans. Similar credit riskmeasurement models are also used when creating structured financialproducts through "securitization". Statistical modelling has also becomecentral in the overall risk management processes at banks through portfoliostress testing and value-at-risk models each of which is geared primarily

to evaluating portfolio value in the face of significant changes in financialasset returns.

*Asset Securitization: Asset securitization refers to the process by whichnon traded assets are transformed into the U.S., securitization is widely usedby large originators of retail credit specifically mortgages, credit cards andautomobile loans. As of year-end 2007, federally sponsored mortgage poolsand privately arranged ABS issues (including private-label mortgage-backedsecurities) totalled almost $9.0 trillion in U.S. credit market debtoutstanding.

By contrast, as of year-end 1990, these figures were $1.3 trillion,respectively. One recent innovation in the structured finance/securitizationarea is the introduction of collateralized debt obligations (CDOs). Accordingto Longstaff and Rajan (2006) these instruments, which were firstintroduced in the mid-1990s, are now in excess of $1.5 trillion. Like ABS,CDOs are also liabilities issued by financial-institution-sponsored trusts,which essentially pool and restructure the priority of cash flows associated


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with other types of risky financial assets, including senior and mezzanineABS, high-yield corporate bonds and bank loans.

* Risk Management: Advances in information technology (both hardwareand software) and financial theory spurred a revolution in bank risk

management over the past two decades. Two popular approaches tomeasuring and managing financial risks are stress-testing and value-at-risk(VaR). In either case, the idea is to identify the level of capital required forthe bank to remain solvent in the face of unlikely adverse environments.

* Organisational Forms: new bank organizational forms have emerged inthe United States over the past few decades. Securities affiliates (so-called"section 20" subsidiaries or the creation of "financial holding companies") forvery large banks and Subchapter S status for very small banks, were the byproduct of regulatory/legal evolution. Indeed, only one new organizationalform, the internet-only bank, arose from technological change. Theseinstitutions, which quickly emerged and disappeared, may represent aninteresting laboratory for the study of "failed" financial innovations. Webelieve that understanding such experimental failures may hold importantinsights for understanding the keys to successful innovations.

Conclusion

Over the last three decades the role of banking in the process of financialintermediation has been undergoing a profound transformation, owing tochanges in the global financial system. It is now clear that a thriving and

vibrant banking system requires a well developed financial structure withmultiple intermediaries operating in markets with different risk profiles.Taking the banking industry to the heights of international excellence willrequire a combination of new technologies, better processes of credit andrisk appraisal, treasury management, product diversification, internal controland external regulations and not the least, human resources. Fortunately,we have a comparative advantage in almost all these areas. Ourprofessionals are at the forefront of technological change and financialdevelopments all over the world. It is time to harness these resources fordevelopment of Indian banking in the new century.

INTRODUCTIONT h e t e r m I n n o v a t i on m e a n s t o m a k e s o m e t h i n g n e


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w B a n k s n o l o n g e r r e s t r i c t e d t h e m s e l v e s t o tr a d i t i o n a l b a n k i n g a c t i v i t i e s , b u te x p l o r e d n e w e r a v e n u e s t o i n c r ea s e b u s i n e s s a n d c a p t u r e n e w m a r k e t .

INDIAN BANKING SECTOR

F r o m t h e t i m e b a n

k o f b e n g a l ( 1 8 0 6 )

, q u a l i t a t i v e a n d q u a n t i t a t i

v e c h a n g e s t a k e n place

W i t h 1 9 3 5 r e g u l a t i o n , t h e R B I w a s p r o c l a im e d t h e c e n t r a l b a n k o f I n d i a

I n t h e 1 9 9 0 s , g r e a t e r e m p h a s i s b e in g p l a c e d o n t e c h n o l o g y a n d i n n o v a t i o n

N e w c o n c e p t l i k e p e r s o n a l b an k i n g , r e t a i l b a n k i n g , t o t a l br a n c h a u t o m a t i o n , e t c w e r e introduced.

INNOVATIONS ININDIAN BANKINGSECTOR

Category I: Types of Innovative BankingCategory II: Types Of Product & ServicesCategory III: Electronic Systems

Types of Innovative Banking 1.E-BANKINGE n a b l e s p e o p l e t o c a r r y o u t mo s t o f t h e i r b a n k i n g t r a n s a c t i on u s i n g a s a f e w e b s i t e w h i c h i s o p e r a t e db y t h e i r r e s p e c t e d b a n k

AdvantageFa s t e r & m o r e c o n v e n i e n t transactionN o l o n g e r r e q u i r e d t o w a i t i n l o n g

q u e u e s O p e n i n g o f a c c o u n t s i m p l e & e a s y


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A p p l y f o r b a n k l o a n C o s t e f f e c t i v e f o r b a n k e r s i d e

Fu n d t r a n s f e r b e c o m e f a s t e r & c o n v e n i e n t S t o c k T r a d i n g , e x c h a n g i n g b o n d s & o t h e r

i n v e s t m e n t

2. CORE BANKING

Depositing and lending of money

Core banking solution

Knowing customers needs

3. CORPORATE BANKING

Financial services to large corporate & MNCsServices:

Overdraft facility

Domestic and international payments

Funding

Channel financing

Letters of guarantee

Working capital facility for domestic & international trade..

4. INVESTMENT BANKING

Creating funds and wealth of clients

Fund creating in two ways :C o r p o r a t e Finance & A s

Professional sales person providing advice on stock trading

5. RURAL BANKINGIt provides & regulates credit services for the promotion &development of rural sectormainly agriculture, SSI, cottageand village industries, handicrafts and many more.

Examples Of Regional Rural Banks


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areNABARD, HARYANASTATE COPERATIVE APEX BANK LIMITED, SYNDICATE BANK,

UNITEDBANK OFINDIA

6.NRI BANKINGThis facility is designed for diverse banking requirements of the vast nri populationspread across the globe.

NRE (Non Resident External Account)

NRO (Non Resident Ordinary Account)

FCNR (Foreign Currency Non Resident Account)

7. RETAIL BANKINGIt refers to banking in which banks execute transactiondirectly with individual, ratherthan corporate banks.It is also known as One stop shop.Services:

Saving and checking accounts

Mortgage

HousingFinance

AutoFinance

ConsumerDurable Loans

Personal Loans

Educational Loans

Credit Cards

TYPES OF PRODUCTS & SERVI


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CES1.TOTAL BRANCHAUTOMATION

Speed up bank transactions and less error

More customer friendly and flexible

Towards paperless transactions2. ANY BRANCHBANKINGI t i s a f a c i l i t y f o r c u s t o m e r s t o op e r a t e t h e i r a c c o u n t f r o m a n y o f t h e sa m e b a n k s n e t w o r k b r a n c h

Facilities available:

Cash withdrawal & Cash deposits

Account statement

Facility to issue multi-city cheques

Fund transfer

Balance enquiry

Purchase of demand drafts pay order

Repayment of loan account

3. DEMAT SERVICESI t o f f e r s s e c u r e a n d c o n v e n i e n t w a y t o k e e p

t r a c k y o u r s e c u r i t i e s a n d i n v e s t m e n t o v e ra p e r i o d o f t i m e w i t h o u t t h e h a s s l e o f h a n d l i n g ph y s i c a l d o c u m e n t s

I t p r o v i d e f a c i l i t y o f o n l i n e t r a d i n g 4. MICROFINANCEI t r e f e r s t o a m o v e m e n t t h a t e n v i s i on s a w o r l d i n w h i c h l o w i n c o m e h o u s e h o l d sh a v e p e r m a n e n t a c c e s s t o a r a n g e o f h i g h q u a li t y f i n a n c i a l s e r v i c e t o f i n a n c e t h e i r i n c om e p r o d u c i n g a c t i v i t i e s , b u i l d a s s e t s , s t a b i l i z e c o ns u m p t i o n a n d p r o t e c t a g a i n s t r i s k s .


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5. PLASTICMONEY

Plastic money are the alternative to the cash or standardmoney

Convenient to carry

Generic term for all types of bank cards, debit cads,credit cards, smart cards6. MOBILE BANKING

The account that can travel with you.

Facility one can bank from anywhere, at any time, & in any condition or any how Facilities are:

l a n c e e n q u i r y Fund transfer

Chequebook request ,e tc

Type of Elec t ron i c Syst ems 1. ATM

I t s t a n d s f o r A u t o m a t i c t e l l e r m a c h i n e

I n s i m p l e w o r d s , i t i s s i m p l e t o u s e s e l f s e r v i c es o l u t i o n

V a l u e a d d e d s e r v i c e s l i k e r e c h a r g e t h e i rm o b i l e , p a yt h e u t i l t y b i l l s , m u t u a l f u n d t r a n s a c t i o n s , e t c 2. RTGS

It stands for Real time gross settlement system

It is a fund transfer mechanism where transfer of money takes placefrom one bank toanother on a real time and on gross basis.

This is the fastest possible money transfer system through the bankingchannel.

It is different from EFT and NEFT

It is primarily for large volume transaction


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The time taken for effecting funds transfer from one account to another is normally 2hours

2. FINACLET h i s s y s t e m p r o v i d e s t

h e h o l i s t i c a n d i n t e g r at e d t r a n s f o r m a t i o n a p p r o a c h , c o mp l e t e w i t h s o l u t i o n s a n d services

F i n a c l e s o l u t i o n s a d d r e s s e s t h e r e q u i r e m e nt s o f r e t a i l , c o r p o r a t e a n d u n i v e r s a l b a n k i n g w o r l d wi d e l i k e

C o r e b a n k i n g s o l u t i o n

E - b a n k i n g s o l u t i o n

M o b i l e b a n k i n g s o l u t i o n

Weal thmanagement

C R M r e q u i r e m e n t s , e t c

Citibank India

About Citibank India

Citibank was founded in India in the year 1902 with its head office located at Mumbai,the commercial hub of the nation. Citibank India has carved a niche for itself in the areaof providing topnotch consumer finance lending services. The products offered by thebank are also thoughtfully designed and plenty in number.

Background of Citibank

Citibank belongs to Citigroup, which is a well recognized financial services company. Itwas started in 1812 and is reckoned amongst the largest banks in the United States.The New York based bank was firstly christened as City Bank of New York, which laterbecame to be known as the First National City Bank of New York.

Citibank is spread across more than 100 nations around the globe. Its areas ofexpertise include:


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Banking services Insurance Investment Credit card

According to reports, Citibank boasts of a base of 15 million users, who are served byits online services division alone. Hit by one of the worst financial recession effects in2008, the Citibank received a stimulus package of US$ 50 billion from the USgovernment in two parts.

Products and Services of Citibank India

The various products and services of the Citibank in India encompass following range:

Deposit Accounts

Current Accounts Savings Accounts Term deposits

Investments

Mutual Funds Demat Deposits

Banking Services

CitiGold Wealth Management Suvidha Savings Account Debit Cards Citibanking

Insurance

Life Insurance Solutions Credit Insurance Travel Insurance Health Insurance

NRI Services

Rupee Checking Account Dollar Checking Account


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FCNR India Deposits Home Loans

Loans

Loan against Shares Personal Loans Home Loans Ready Credit

Online/Mobile Services

Internet Banking Bill Payment E-Statement E-Commerce

CitiAlert

Credit Cards

Jet Airways Citibank Platinum Credit Card Citi Titanium Cash Rewards Credit Card IndianOil Citibusiness Gold Credit Card Jet Airways CitiBusiness Credit Card First Citizen Citibank Credit Card Citi Platinum Select Credit Card Vodafone Citibank Credit Card Citibank Platinum Credit Card Citibank World Money Card Citibank Ultima Credit Card

CitiBusiness

Personal Wealth Management CitiBusiness Card

Current Account Loans

Citibank India Branches

The wide reach of the Citibank India can be gauged in terms of its presence in around28 locations. The branches are operational at Delhi, Noida, Gurgaon, Chandigarh,


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Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Nashik, Surat, Bhopal, Indore, Vadodara, Ahmedabad,Aurangabad, Mumbai, Vapi, Pune, Kolkata, Faridabad, Lucknow, Bhubaneshwar,Jaipur, Akola, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Coimbatore, Cochin (Kochi), andPondicherry.

Head Office of Citibank India Citibank Center,7th Floor, Bandra Kurla Complex,Bandra (E),Mumbai - 400 051

Citibank is one of the largest banks in the U.S., and is a part of the financial services

company Citigroup. Citibank had been founded in the year 1812. Initially its name was

City Bank of New York, which was later changed to First National City Bank of New

York.

In over 100 countries worldwide, Citibank has been carrying out its operations, which

comprise of regular banking services along with credit card, insurance and investment

services. The bank claims to have a customer base of 15 million users catered by its

online services division alone.

As Citibank was badly affected by the financial crisis of 2008, the U.S. government

provided the bank with an aid of US$ 50 billion in two installments of US$ 25 billion

each.

Presence in India

In India, Citibank is present at 28 locations as of April 13, 2009. These locations include

Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Chandigarh, Noida, Delhi, Gurgaon, Faridabad, Lucknow, Jaipur,

Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Indore, Bhopal, Surat, Nashik, Aurangabad, Akola,

Bhubaneshwar, Kolkata, Vapi, Mumbai, Pune, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Chennai,

Pondicherry, Cochin and Coimbatore.

Products and Services

The bank offers a variety of services and products under the Personal Banking, NRIBanking and Corporate Banking categories.

The services offered by the bank under Personal Banking are Loans and Credit Cards,

Regular Banking services such as savings account, business banking solutions

including Personal Wealth Management and investment options such as Mutual Funds

and Demat Services. The bank also offers various insurance solutions and hi-tech


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banking services such as Online Bill Pay, Pre-paid Mobile Recharge, Internet Banking

and CitiAlert account statements on the mobile phone.

NRI Oriented Services

For its Non-Resident Indian (NRI) customers, Citibank provides a wide range of

services including Rupee Checking Account, Money Remittance, Investment solutions

and Home Loans for the NRIs.

Citibank also pays specialized attention to its corporate customers in India through its

Corporate Banking services, which comprises of an array of customized banking

solutions tailor-made according to the needs of its corporate customers in India. These

services include Cash Management, Trade Services, Loans, Securities and Fund

Services, and Investment Banking services.

Global Commercial Bank ServicesApart from it, Citibank also offers Global Commercial Bank services through its

Commercial Relationship Banking wing and Global Subsidiaries Group. The

Commercial Relationship Banking services are aimed at helping the Small and Medium

Enterprises (SMEs) and Mid Market Enterprises, while the Global Subsidiaries Group

provides comprehensive banking services for the top multinational corporates and their

subsidiaries in India.

Analysis:-Analyze the case by using SWOT:-Strengths:-Citi bank is one of the leading bank in global market as per the case the strengthare as follow:-1.Global Investment Network.2.Financial Industries Largest Proprietary Network.3.Innovative Products like Target Balancing and Notional Pooling.4.Emphasis/Compete on Customer Service rather than Price.

5.Large Customer Base.6.State-of-the-Art Technology/Infrastructure.7.Use of Artificial Intelligence.8.Strong Brand.


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9.Global Reach and Local Intelligence.10.Build Customer Trust and Confidence For Lock in Outsourcing.11.

Economies of Scale.12.Web Enabled Financial Processes.13.Paperless Transactions.14.Operational Efficiency and Cost Saving15.Invest and Expand In China and India-Mobile Services will be the key.Weaknesses:-1.Discretionary price Discrimination based on Client Volume & Value.2.

Operating Expenses Growth>Revenue Growth.3.Leadership Crisis is one of the most important weakness of the case.4.E-Business Expertise are necessary for the organization.5.Web Strategies Porn to Imitation.6.Varied Customer Practices Across Globe.7.Current Saturated Markets.8.More Instance Fraud.9.Online Reputation Management.

Opportunities:-The certain opportunities in the case:-1.Customer as Partner: BackOffice Operations.2.E-Enabled Corporate and Middle Market.

3.Multi-currency payment management and payment aggregation.4.Information flowing with the payment.5.B2B e-payment.6.Parallel convergence.


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7.Sarbanes-Oxley Corporate compliance.8.Emerging Markets.Threats:-

1.Changing global environment is one the important risk.2 .De cl i n i ng in te r es tmargins3.Brokerage and life insurance Unacceptability 4.Credit crunch due to subprime mortgage crisis5.Price war during slow down is also one of the major threat.6.Risk of increase in competition in market

Innovation in Cti Bank

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