Ing. Agr. M.Sc. Stella Altuve Roma – FAO September 2005 Crop Pasture Systems - Campos Region.
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Transcript of Ing. Agr. M.Sc. Stella Altuve Roma – FAO September 2005 Crop Pasture Systems - Campos Region.
Ing. Agr. M.Sc. Stella AltuveRoma – FAO
September 2005
Crop Pasture Systems - Campos Region
Crop Pasture Systems - Campos Region
•Situation of agriculture in campos region
•Main crop-pasture rotations
•Problems and needs of crop-pasture rotations
Agriculture- Southern Cone Argentina- Brazil- Paraguay and Uruguay
Last 40 years
• Cultivated area (annual crops) has grown from 25 to 60 million ha.
• About 1 million ha of native pasture land is being transferred into cropping agriculture every year
Díaz Rosello, R. 2005
Campos Region
•Located: 24-34° south latitude
•Area: 40 million ha
•Climate: temperate to subtropical
•Soils: molisols , vertisols, ultisols
•Rainfall: 1200-1600 mm/year
•Annual average temperature: 20° C
•Altitude: 0-500m asl
Before 70’s main agricultural activity was livestock production on savannah type natural pasture
During and after 70’s agriculture increasing due to:
•Favourable physical condition of soils, good rainfall and temperature
•New technologies
Embrapa-Passo FUNDO (PHOTO)
New technologies has been adopted to intensify food production:
• mechanization
• capital investment (pesticides, fertilizers, hybrids, GMO among others)
• reduction in area of animal production
• modification of farm structures (foreign companies)
• increases in monoculture
In this move towards intensive annual cropping, main changes are:
Approximately 32 % of animal farming areas under native pastures were replaced with annual crops in last 20 years
Embrapa photo
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
1980 1990 2000
Pro
du
ce
rs
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
700000
800000
900000
He
cta
res
Producers
Hectares
Fuente: DIEA/MGAP, Uruguay 2000
Drastic reduction in the number of small size producers was observed while medium and large producers increased with participation of foreign companies
Monoculture and abandoned
land cause deterioration
of the environment
Rice monoculture leads to very slow soil recover after land is abandoned
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
NP 1 4 6 (years)
%
Covered soil
Uncovered soil
Debris
INTA Mercedes-CTES
Structure stability and soil organic matter (OM) under natural pasture (NP) and abandoned rice fields (ARF)
Venialgo y Ligier, 1993
Ar
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0 2 4 7 11
years
stru
ctu
re s
tab
ilit
y (C
MW
D)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
% O
M
NP
ARF
OM
macrofauna in soil
NP ARF
density (%) 288 1428
diversity (Shanon index)
0,870 0,480
Density of macrofauna increases in abandoned rice field (ARF) but diversity decreases
Adapt. Folgarait, P. et al, 2003
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
NP ARF
Density of Camponotus punctulatus is low in natural pasture (NP) and high in abandoned
rice fields (ARF)
Adapt. Folgarait, P. et al (2003)
Indiv/m2
Adapt. Folgarait, P. et al (2003)
Camponotus punctulatus is the dominant macrofauna in abandoned rice fields (ARF)
THE CHALLENGE…
• Increase agricultural production and income
• Assure social welfare
• Improve and maintain environmental conditions
The use of forages/livestock integrated with grain production improves sustainability of the system:
• less dependence on international market prices of grains
• intensification of beef production
• wheat/ soybean/ temperate pasture/ maize
• soybean/ rice/ temperate pasture/ soybean/ rice
• rice/ temperate pasture/ tropical pasture/ rice
• soybean/ wheat/ tropical pasture/ soybean
The main crop-pasture systems are:
0
1000
2000
3000
net income (US$/ha)
crop + crop 1500
crop + pasture 2255
period 1995 to 1998
Income from different cropping systems
Moraes, A. et al. 2000
Cropping system LWG kg/ha/year
Rice /natural pasture Rice/ improved pasture
50-80 250-400
Beef production from rice/pasture systems
Effects of production system on grain yield of soybean and oats from 1996 to 2002Production system
Soybean grain yield (ton/ha)
Oats grain yield (ton/ha)
Soil density mg/m³
0 – 5cm 10 – 15cm
I 2.86a 2.73bc 1.35 1.50
II 2.80ab 2.51c 1.38 1.52
III 2.56c 3.11a 1.29 1.47
IV 3.00a 3.19a 1.30 1.49
V 3.00a 3.26a 1.22 1.38I) wheat/soybean/common bean/maize/white oats/soybean
II) wheat/soybean/black oat + common bean/maize/white oats/soybean
III) wheat/soybean/common bean/maize/white oats/soybean (after 3 years perennial temperate grasses and legumes)
IV) wheat/soybean/common bean/maize/white oats/soybean (after 3 years tropical and temperate grasses and legumes)
V) wheat/soybean/common bean/maize/white oats/soybean (after 3 years lucerne)
Adapted Fontanelli, 2003 (in press)
Annual erosion Soil density
(gr/cm3)
soil
(ton/ha) om
(kg/ha) 6 years 16 years
SIS 1
87
72
1.24 1.23
SIS 2
35
22
1.11 1.16
Data from R. Díaz, A. Morón y A. García, 1991
SIS 1: Agriculture With Fertilization SIS 2: Rotation Crop/Pasture 50%
Evolution of fertility parameters according to differents systems
(Trial “Rotaciones Viejas” La Estanzuela; Uruguay- 1964-1990)
Evolution of fertility parameters according to differents systems (Trial “Rotaciones Viejas” La Estanzuela, Uruguay
( 1964-1990)
Garcia,A and Moron,A., 1991
Microbial biomass mg/gr dry soil
C N P
SIS 1 175 20.5 13.2
SIS 2 351 41.3 24
SIS 1: Agriculture With Fertilization SIS 2: Rotation Crop/Pasture 50%
Problems and needs of crop-pasture systems
In the Campos Region the use of forages in the cropping systems varies according to:
•Variable agroecological conditions
•Traditional livestock production systems
•Labour and capital investments
•Farmer confidence in the profitability of investments
•Extension systems
•Availability of persistent species and varieties
Species and cultivar selection
• New species, especially legumes, need to be incorporated into the options available
• Selection programmes based around the screening of native flora (legumes / grasses) are necessary
Final Considerations
The abandonment of land after monoculture leads to serious social, economic and environmental problems
Final Considerations
The introduction of forages into crop production systems promotes social, economic and environmental sustainability
Thank you