Information as Power Volume 6 2012 Web Version

7/31/2019 Information as Power Volume 6 2012 Web Version

1/197

U'R' FS@_ TFS BNLLEDE

OGHNS@F]ONG FR YNTES

FG FG]JNLND_ NH RELEB]EM UGO]EM R]F]ER

FS@_ TFS BNLLEDE R]UMEG] YFYESR

X N L U @ E 8

Emo}em cAehhse L' Dsnj, Cegaf`og B' Leo}qel,

Meggor @' @usyj, fgm @fsk F' Xfg Mke


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U'R' FS@_ TFS BNLLEDE

OGHNS@F]ONG FR YNTES

XNLU@E 8

FG FG]JNLND_ NH RELEB]EM UGO]EM R]F]ER FS@_ TFS

BNLLEDE R]UMEG] YFYESR

Hfbul} Sexoet Cnfsm

Aehhse L' Bf}ng, Aehhse L' Dsnj, Cegafòg B' Leo}qel,

Lftsegbe E' R}sncel, fgm @fsk F' Xfg Mke

Oghns`f}ong fr Yntes or f seheseem fg}jnlnd nh Ugo}em R}f}er Fs` Tfs

Bnllede *URFTB/ r}umeg} yfyesr self}em }n oghns`f}ong fr fg eleèg} nh

gf}ongfl yntes' O} ysnxomer f èmou` hns }je fs}obulf}ong nh omefr ysnùl-

df}em c ogmeyegmeg} r}umeg} serefsbj og nsmes }n hfbolo}f}e ugmesr}fgmogd

nh }je oghns`f}ong eleèg} nh yntes fgm }n ce}}es fmmserr self}em gf}ongfl

rebuso} orruer' ]je fg}jnlnd resxer fr f xejoble hns sebndgoqogd }je fgfl-

rer nh Fs` Tfs Bnllede r}umeg}r fgm ysnxomer f sernusbe hns URFTB

dsfmuf}er, regons òlo}fs nhbesr, fgm og}esfdegb gf}ongfl rebuso} ysfb}o-

}ongesr bngbesgem to}j }je oghns`f}ong eleèg} nh gf}ongfl yntes'

Ryebofl }jfgkr }n Cegafòg B' Leo}qel tjn fu}jnsem }je reb}ong og}snmub-

}ongr fgm hns jor rodgobfg} emo}nsofl fgm fmògor}sf}oxe ruyyns}, }n So}bjoe

Mong fgm Eloqfce}j Jehhges hns }jeos è}obulnur lfnu} emo}ogd, fgm }n

Aeggohes Gexol hns }je bnxes merodg'


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Ogns`f}ong frYntes


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5/197

OGHNS@FONG FR YNTES

Fg Fg}jnlnd n Releb}em Ugo}em R}f}er Fs`

Tfs Bnllede R}umeg} Yfyesr

Xnlu`e Roz

Emo}nsr1

Aese L' Dsnj,

Cegaf`og B' Leo}qel, Meggor @' @usyj,fgm @fsk F' Xfg Mke


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Ogns`f}ong fr Yntes

Fg Fg}jnlnd n Releb}em Ugo}em R}f}er Fs` Tfs BnlledeR}umeg} Yfyesr

Xnluè Roz

Ezebu}oxe Fdeg} ns }je Fg}jnlnd1Ugo}em R}f}er Fs` Tfs Bnllede

]e xoetr bng}fogem og }jor yuclobf}ong fse }jnre ezyserremc }je fu}jnsr fgm mn gn} geberrfsol seeb} }je nboflynlob ns ynro}ong n }je Ugo}em R}f}er Fs` Tfs Bnllede,

}je Meyfs}èg} n Meegre, ns fg n}jes Meyfs}èg} nsFdegb to}jog }je Ugo}em R}f}er Dnxesgèg}' ]or yuclobf}ong orblefsem ns yuclob selefre; mor}socu}ong or ugloò}em'

Yuclorjem @f 3963'

]or yuclobf}ong or fxfolfcle ng loge f} }je nllntogd1

j}}y1..ttt'bfslorle'fs`'òl.moè ns,

j}}y1..ttt'brl'fs`'òl.OgnFrYntes'fryz

Bnxes yjn}ndsfyj c R}f Rd}' MeGnsor F' @obkle, URFH'Urem c yesòrrong'

U'R' FS@_ TFS BNLLEDEBFSLORLE CFSSFBKR, YEGGR_LXFGOF 64962
http://www.carlisle.army.mil/dime/http://www.csl.army.mil/InfoAsPower.aspxhttp://www.csl.army.mil/InfoAsPower.aspxhttp://www.carlisle.army.mil/dime/


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Bng}eg}r

YsefbeReb}ong 61 Ogns`f}ong Eeb}r og }je Bcesryfbe Mn`fog

Og}snmub}ong Bnlngel Cegafòg B' Leo}qel, URFH, Se}osem

Rebusogd Bcesryfbe1 Fyysnfbjer }n Mexelnyogd fg Eeb}oxeBcesrebuso} R}sf}ed Loeu}egfg} Bnlngel Mnudlfr R' Rò}j

F R}sf}edob Fyysnfbj }n Ge}tnsk Meegre1 Hsfògd }je Blnum Bnlngel o`n}j K' Cueggeèes

Bsoè ns Tfs1 Bcesryfbe Lft fgm o}r O`ylobf}ongr nsOg}ellodegbe Bnlngel Csfg M' MeBnr}es

Reb}ong 31 Ogns`f}ong Eeb}r og }je Bndgo}oxe Moègrong

Og}snmub}ong Bnlngel Cegafòg B' Leo}qel, URFH, Se}osem

Bfg} Bnug} o}, Bfg} Bjfgde o}1 Frrerrogd Oguegbe Nyesf}ongrEeb}oxegerr Loeu}egfg} Bnlngel Bjsor}nyjes S' Sf}e

R}sf}edob Bn`ùgobf}ong1 ]e @efgogd or og }je YenyleBnlngel Mfxom D' Anjgrng

Reb}ong 21 Ogns`f}ong RjfsogdOg}snmub}ong Bnlngel Cegafòg B' Leo}qel, URFH, Se}osem

MNM Ogns`f}ong Rjfsogd to}j Mnèr}ob EèsdegbYfs}gesr ns Meegre Ruyyns} n Boxol Fu}jnso}oer @orrongr Bnlngel Snces} F' Jemdeye}j

Bnflo}ong @orrong Bn``fgm1 Cflfgbogd Ogns`f}ong Rebuso}

fgm Rjfsogd Sevuoseèg}r Bnlngel Angfr Xndelju}

Egmgn}er

2

32

=5

84

8?

694

:?

5

69?

63?

6=?

xoo


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9/197

Ysehfbe

]e U'R' Fs` Tfs Bnllede *URFTB/ or ylefrem }n ysereg} }jorfg}jnlnd n releb}em r}umeg} tnsk sn` Fbfmeòb _efs 3966seysereg}ogd ezf`yler n telltso}}eg fgm ogmey}j fgflrer ng }jexo}fl rucaeb} n Ogns`f}ong fr Yntes' ]or or }je roz}j xnluè n fgens} }jf} cedfg og 3998' ]e fg}jnlnd or fg o`yns}fg} bn`yngeg}n fg ens} }n bnnsmogf}e fgm sebn`ègm }je merodg, mexelnyèg}fgm og}edsf}ong n bng}eg} fgm bnusrer self}em }n }je ogns`f}ongeleèg} n yntes og}n }je bussobulu` }n yseyfse nus r}umeg}r ns

regons lefmesrjoy ynro}ongr'

Og}eser}ogdl, nge geemr }n dn cfbk }n }je Sefdfg fmògor}sf}ong }n gm}je `nr} rubbogb} fgm ynog}em èg}ong n ogns`f}ong fr fg eleèg}n yntes og ns`fl dnxesgèg} mnbuèg}r'6 Rucrevueg} gf}ongflrebuso} mnbuèg}r, }n ogblume }je 3969 Gf}ongfl Hsfètnsk nsR}sf}edob Bn`ùgobf}ong fgm }je busseg} Gf}ongfl Rebuso} R}sf}ed,fllume }n moeseg} fryeb}r n ogns`f}ong cu} to}jnu} f jnlor}ob,nxesfsbjogd r}sf}ed ns mego}ong' R}oll, o} or degesfll fbbey}em og }jeUgo}em R}f}er dnxesgèg} }nmf }jf} ogns`f}ong or fg eleèg} ngf}ongfl yntes flngd to}j moyln`f}ob, olo}fs fgm ebngnòb yntesfgm }jf} ogns`f}ong or tnxeg }jsnudj }je n}jes eleèg}r rogbe }jeosfb}oxo}oer toll jfxe fg ogns`f}ongfl o`yfb}' Doxeg }jor mefs}j nnbofl mnbuèg}f}ong, Msr' Mfg Kuejl fgm Cnc Goelrng ysnesem }jenllntogd mego}ong n }je ogns`f}ong eleèg}1 Ure n ogns`f}ong

bng}eg} fgm }ebjgnlnd fr r}sf}edob ogr}suèg}r }n rjfye ugmfèg}flynlo}obfl, ebngnòb, òlo}fs fgm bul}usfl nsber ng f lngd}es` cfror}n feb} }je dlncfl cejfxons n dnxesgèg}r, ruysfdnxesgèg}flnsdfgoqf}ongr, fgm rnboe}oer }n ruyyns} gf}ongfl rebuso}'3 Ogns`f}ongfr yntes or toelmem og f bn`ylez egxosngèg} bngror}ogd n }je yjrobfl,ogns`f}ongfl, fgm bndgo}oxe moègrongr *fl}esgf}oxel seessem }n frbnggeb}oxo}, bng}eg} fgm bndgo}ong/'

]e busseg} ogns`f}ong egxosngèg} jfr lexelem }je ylfogd elm nsgn} ngl gf}ong r}f}er, cu} gngr}f}e fb}nsr, ul}ogf}ongfl bnsynsf}ongrfgm exeg ogmoxomuflr }n bndgo}oxel feb} r}sf}edob nu}bnèr to}jògo`fl ogns`f}ong ogsfr}sub}use fgm lo}}le bfyo}fl ezyegmo}use'


10/197

xooo Ogns`f}ong fr Yntes

Fgnge to}j f bfèsf bell yjnge ns yesrngfl modo}fl mexobe to}jOg}esge} bfyfcolo} ugmesr}fgmr }jor' Fmxesrfs ure n ogns`f}ong frfg fr`è}sob r}sf}edob èfgr jfr ceeg ez}seèl eeb}oxe og Osfv fgm

Fdjfgor}fg' Ng }je n}jes jfgm, }je U'R' dnxesgèg} fgm o}r òlo}fsezylno} }je bfyfcolo}oer n bcesryfbe }n bn`ùgobf}e eeb}oxel,bngmub} mfol curogerr fgm ylfg fgm ezebu}e òlo}fs nyesf}ongr']or bfyfcolo}, jntexes, cebnèr f xulgesfcolo} n meyegmegbe }jf}bfg ce }fsde}em c sndue ogmoxomuflr, bsoògflr fgm fmxesrfs gf}ongr}f}er' Blefsl, `fgfdogd }je èrrfde tjole ysn}eb}ogd }je geberrfs}ebjgnlndobfl èfgr seysereg} bso}obfl nyyns}ugo}oer fgm bjfllegdersevuosogd sork fgflror fgm ò}odf}ong'

U'R' r}sf}edob }jnudj} ng }jere orruer jfr fmxfgbem nxes }je yfr}roz efsr fr jfr }je serefsbj fgm fgflror n nus r}umeg}r fcnu} }jereogns`f}ongself}em }nyobr' Ogns`f}ong fr Yntes or seheb}oxe n }jf}og}elleb}ufl exnlu}ong' Texe `nxem sn` f morburrong n tjf} megerr}sf}edob bn`ùgobf}ong og Xnluè 6 }n }je o`yns}fg} cu} mobul}ysnberr n èfrusogd r}sf}edob bn`ùgobf}ong eeb}oxegerr og }jorlf}er} emo}ong' Texe rjo}em sn` f nbur ng ge}tnsk beg}sob nyesf}ongr

}n u}usenburem r}sf}edob fgm nyesf}ongfl fgflrer n bcesryfbe'Fr rubj, }je fg}jnlnd resxer gn} ngl }n rjntbfre }je ens}r n }jeBnllede cu} }n ogns` }je csnfmes cnm n kgntlemde fr }je Gf}ongfmxfgber o}r ens}r }n fb} ysnfb}oxel to}jog }jor egxosngèg} fgm }nbnug}es busseg} fgm yn}eg}ofll u}use fmxesrfsoer tjn rn eeb}oxelezylno} o}'

Ysnerrns Meggor @' @usyjMoseb}ns, Ogns`f}ong og Tfsfse DsnuyUgo}em R}f}er Fs` Tfs BnlledeBfslorle, Yeggrlxfgof


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Reb}ong nge

Ogns`f}ong Eeb}r og }je BcesryfbeMn`fog


12/197


13/197

og}snmub}ong

Bcesryfbe ysnxomer ur to}j egns`nur nyyns}ugo}oer; jntexesfr nus selofgbe ng }jor og}esmeyegmeg} ogns`f}ong ge}tnskogbsefrer te ur} ce ftfse n o}r rodgobfg} xulgesfcolo}oer' ]e

Ugo}em R}f}er egesd, cfgkogd, }sfgryns}f}ong, fgm bn`ùgobf}ongrrr}e`r sel ng bcesryfbe' ]e Meyfs}èg} n Meegre or meyegmeg}ng bcesryfbe }n ugb}ong fr o} nyesf}er nxes 65,999 ge}tnskr fgmrexeg òllong bn`yu}ogd mexober fbsnrr jugmsemr n ogr}fllf}ongr ogmnqegr n bnug}soer fsnugm }je dlnce'6 Regons lefmesr ùr} egjfgbe

}jeos ugmesr}fgmogd n }je bcesryfbe mn`fog }n }fke fmxfg}fde n}je nyyns}ugo}oer, semube xulgesfcolo}oer fgm nyesf}e `nse eeb}oxel']or reb}ong jodjlodj}r }jsee ezbelleg} r}umeg} yfyesr }jf} ezfògebjfllegder fgm nyyns}ugo}oer og xfsonur fryeb}r n bcesryfbe }jensfgm ysfb}obe'

]e sr} yfyes or fg ftfsm toggogd errf, Rebusogd Bcesryfbe1Fyysnfbjer }n Mexelnyogd fg Eeb}oxe BcesRebuso} R}sf}ed,

c Loeu}egfg} Bnlngel Mnudlfr Rò}j' Og }jor yfyes, je frres}r }jf}ysn}eb}ong n bcesryfbe or f gf}ongfl rebuso} ysonso} ns tjobj }jeUgo}em R}f}er ùr} mexelny f bn`ysejegroxe bces r}sf}ed }n me}es,meegm fdfogr}, fgm seryngm }n bces f}}fbkr' F}es ezfògogd }jebjfsfb}esor}obr fgm o`ylobf}ongr n jnr}ole bces f}}fbkr, je sebn`ègmr}jsee bngbey}r }jf} rjnulm ce ogblumem og }je bces r}sf}ed'

Og jor ftfsm toggogd errf, F R}sf}edob Fyysnfbj }n Ge}tnsk Meegre1

Hsfògd }je Blnum, Bnlngel o`n}j Cueggeèes ezfòger busseg}bces f}}fbk }segmr og }je bn`yu}es ge}tnskogd egxosngèg} fgmysnynrer fg egjfgbem sfètnsk ns rr}e` meegre }jf} or fyylobfcle}n cn}j bnsynsf}e fgm dnxesgèg} ge}tnskr' Je rjntr }jf} bn`yu}esmeegroxe èfruser fse gn} ugons`l o`yleèg}em fgm fr }je U'R'dnxesgèg} òdsf}er o}r xfr} ge}tnsk n bn`yu}es rr}e`r }n fgeg}esysorenburem fsbjo}eb}use, o} ùr} o`yleèg} }jor egjfgbem

rebuso} sfètnsk' Bnlngel Cueggeèes sebn`ègmr cfrogd }jorsfètnsk ng fbbey}em ge}tnsk meegroxe ysogboyler, to}j }je dnfl }nsemube sorkr frrnbof}em to}j eèsdogd xos}ufloqf}ong bfyfcolo}oer fgmrbflfcolo} n blnum bn`yu}ogd'


14/197

= Ogns`f}ong fr Yntes

Bnlngel Csfg MeBnr}es tso}er f yesrufroxe errf ng }je ledflo`ylobf}ongr n bcesryfbe nyesf}ongr }o}lem, Bsoè ns Tfs1 BcesryfbeLft fgm o}r O`ylobf}ongr ns Og}ellodegbe' Je ynro}r }jf} og}esgf}ongfl

lft ùr} ce segem }n mor}ogduorj ce}teeg bsoèr fgm yn}eg}ofl fb}rn tfs ns fb}oxo}oer og bcesryfbe' Bnlngel MeBnr}es }jeg fgflqerbcesryfbe }jsef}r og }es`r n ezor}ogd lft }n me}esòge tjobj }jsef}rfgm }jeos selexfg} bcesryfbe fb}oxo}oer fse `f}}esr ns lft egnsbeèg}fr nyynrem }n yn}eg}ofl fb}r n tfs }n ce yusruem c }je Meyfs}èg}n Meegre' Hogfll, je ysnynrer rexesfl o`yesf}oxer ns }je og}ellodegbebn`ùgo} }jf} fmmserrer }je og}esgf}ongfl ledfl r}f}ur fgm bngr}sfog}rng ure n nsbe fgm fsèm f}}fbkr }jf} bfg ce fyyloem }n }je bcesryfbe

egxosngèg}'

]ere tell tso}}eg fgm ogrodj}ul yfyesr seheb} f mey}j n serefsbj fgm}jnudj} bngbesgogd }je bcesryfbe mn`fog' ]e lf }je dsnugmtnskns }je mexelnyèg} n get fgm oggnxf}oxe omefr }n èe} }jeogns`f}ong sevuoseèg}r eèsdogd og u}use òlo}fs, dnxesgèg},fgm bn`èsbofl xeg}user'


15/197

Rebusogd Bcesryfbe1 Fyysnfbjer }n Mexelnyogdfg Eeb}oxe Bcesrebuso} R}sf}ed

Loeu}egfg} Bnlngel Mnudlfr R' Rò}j

Ugo}em R}f}er Fs` Seresxe

Bcesryfbe jfr cebnè yfs} n }je fcsob n }je `nmesgtnslm' Og}esge} urfde or dsntogd ezyngeg}ofll, sn` ngeòllong og}esge} uresr og 6??3, }n 6'3 collong uresr og 3994,

}n nxes }tn collong og 3969'6

Rnboe} ogbsefrogdl seloer ng bcesryfbe}nnlr }n sedulf}e ogsfr}sub}use bso}obfl }n mfol loe, rubj fr eleb}sobyntes dsomr, dlncfl gfgbe, cfgkogd, }sfgryns}f}ong, jefl}jbfse fgm}elebn`ùgobf}ongr' ]e gf}ongr òlo}fs meyegmr ng ge}tnskrns bn``fgm fgm bng}snl, bn`ùgobf}ongr, og}ellodegbe, lndor}obrfgm tefyngr rr}e`r' Fl}jnudj et tnulm meg }je cege}r }jf}bcesryfbe jfr csnudj} }n gefsl exes fbe} n loe, selofgbe ng seefbberr }n bcesryfbe `fker rnboe} xulgesfcle }n morsuy}ongr bfurem c`flobonur f}}fbkesr, bcesbsoògflr ns exeg }eegfde jfbkesr'

Ysn}eb}ogd bcesryfbe or f gf}ongfl rebuso} ysonso}' Yseromeg} Ncf`frGf}ongfl Rebuso} R}sf}ed *GRR/ fbkgntlemder }jf} }jsef}r }nbcesrebuso} seysereg} nge n }je nr} resonur gf}ongfl rebuso}, yuclobrfe}, fgm ebngnòb bjfllegder te fbe fr f gf}ong'3 ]e VufmseggoflMeegre Sexoet *VMS/ Seyns} r}f}er }jf} og }je 36r} beg}us,

`nmesg fsèm nsber ro`yl bfggn} bngmub} jodj}e`yn, eeb}oxenyesf}ongr to}jnu} seroloeg}, selofcle ogns`f}ong fgm bn`ùgobf}ongge}tnskr fgm frrusem fbberr }n bcesryfbe'2 ]ere r}f}eèg}r ruyyns}}je frres}ong }jf} }je Ugo}em R}f}er jfr f xo}fl gf}ongfl og}eser} ogbcesryfbe, to}j see fgm ugegbu`cesem fbberr ns oggnxf}ong, dlncflbn`èsbe fgm bn`ùgobf}ongr, fgm to}j sncur} rebuso} }n ysn}eb}}je modo}fl ogsfr}sub}use }jf} yntesr bso}obfl gf}ongfl ugb}ongr' ]eGRR fs}obulf}er }je r}sf}edob ncaeb}oxe }jf} ruyyns}r }jor og}eser}1me}es, ysexeg}, me}eb}, meegm fdfogr}, fgm vuobkl sebnxes sn` bcesog}surongr fgm f}}fbkr'= ]e Ugo}em R}f}er geemr f bn`ysejegroxebces r}sf}ed }n fbjoexe }jor ncaeb}oxe *egmr/ }jf} ogblumer bngbey}uflfyysnfbjer *tfr/ og }jsee csnfm fsefr1 *6/ U'R' dnxesgèg} fgm


16/197

8 Ogns`f}ong fr Yntes

òlo}fs ynloboer ns bcesryfbe meegre, *3/ og}esgf}ongfl oghuegbe ogbcesryfbe, fgm *2/ me}essegbe n bces f}}fbkr'

]e Gf}use n Bngob} og BcesryfbeMexelnyèg} n f bn`ysejegroxe bcesrebuso} r}sf}ed sevuoser fgugmesr}fgmogd n bcesryfbe fgm }je gf}use n bnghob} to}jog o}' ]orreb}ong morburrer mego}ongr ns bcesryfbe, bces yntes, bces f}}fbkfgm bces ezylno}f}ong fgm sebeg} ezf`yler n jnt bcesbnghob} jfre`csnolem }je yjrobfl tnslm'

]e }es` bcesryfbe, bnogem og 6?:=,5 jfr ceeg merbsocem og guèsnurbng}ez}r to}jog rboegbe b}ong, fbfmeòf, dnxesgèg}, fgm }je olo}fs'@fg rnusber merbsoce bcesryfbe fr f dlncfl nyesf}ongfl mn`fog fgmbn`yfse o}r vuflo}oer }n }je yjrobfl mn`fogr1 lfgm, ref, fos fgm ryfbe'Ju`fg ure n efbj mn`fog nllntem sn` }ebjgnlndobfl oggnxf}ong']e ryfbe mn`fog, ns ezf`yle, tfr ugo`yns}fg} }n rnboe} censemexelnyèg} n snbke}r fgm rf}ello}er' nmfr bn`ùgobf}ongr tnulmce o`ynrrocle to}jnu} nyesf}ongfl bfyfcolo}oer og ryfbe' Fmxfgber og

eleb}sngobr fgm bn`yu}esr bsef}em bcesryfbe, }je sr} `fg`fmemn`fog, fgm nyegem o} }n ju`fg ezylnsf}ong fgm ezylno}f}ong'

]e Anog} Bjoer n R}f mege bcesryfbe fr f dlncfl mn`fog to}jog}je ogns`f}ong egxosngèg}, egbn`yfrrogd }je og}esmeyegmeg}ge}tnsk n ogns`f}ong }ebjgnlnd ogsfr}sub}user, ogblumogd }jeOg}esge}, }elebn`ùgobf}ongr ge}tnskr, bn`yu}es rr}e`r fgme`cemmem ysnberrnsr fgm bng}snllesr'8 ]e Anog} Bjoer n R}f

merbsoce bcesryfbe fr }je ure n eleb}sngobr fgm }je eleb}sn`fdge}obryeb}su` }n bsef}e, r}nse, `nmo, ezbjfgde fgm ezylno} ogns`f}ong'4]e o`ylobf}ong n }jor mego}ong or }jf} bcesryfbe seysereg}r gn} aur}}je }ebjgobfl fryeb}r n }je èmou`, rubj fr ge}tnskr fgm bn`yu}esr,cu} flrn }je ogns`f}ong o}rel fgm }je ju`fg eleèg} }jf} rjfyer fgmog}esyse}r }je ogns`f}ong'

Ysn}eb}ogd r}sf}edob og}eser}r og bcesryfbe sevuoser eeb}oxe fyylobf}ongn bces yntes' Mfgoel Kuejl, Moseb}ns n }je Ogns`f}ong R}sf}edoerBngbeg}sf}ong Ysndsf` f} }je Gf}ongfl Tfs Bnllede, meger bcesyntes fr }je fcolo} }n ure bcesryfbe }n bsef}e fmxfg}fder fgm oghuegbeexeg}r og fll }je nyesf}ongfl egxosngèg}r fgm fbsnrr }je ogr}suèg}r


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4Ogns`f}ong Eeb}r og }je Bcesryfbe Mn`fog

n yntes': ]or mego}ong or seògorbeg} n @fjfgr bngbey} n refyntes1 f gf}ongr fcolo} }n egnsbe o}r toll uyng }je ref'? ]e gf}ongtoelmogd refyntes jfr bfyfcolo}oer }n dufsfg}ee see fbberr fbsnrr }je

nbefgr ns o}r ntg yusynrer fgm og}eser}r fgm }n ysexeg} fmxesrfsoersn` o`yemogd }je rfè' Roòlfsl, }je gf}ong toelmogd bces yntesjfr bfyfcolo}oer }n yf}snl bcesryfbe fgm }fke fb}ongr }n rebuse o}r ntgog}eser}r to}jog bcesryfbe fgm ysexeg} fmxesrfsoer sn` o`yemogd}je rfè' Ugloke }je yjrobfl mn`fogr, jntexes, bcesryfbe bsef}ereeb}r og fll xe mn`fogr' Bngrevueg}l, bces yntes or fyylobfcle }nfll nyesf}ongfl mn`fogr fgm fll eleèg}r n gf}ongfl yntes'

Bnghob} og bcesryfbe bfg nbbus og nge n }tn ns`r1 bces f}}fbk nsbces ezylno}f}ong' Fl}jnudj }jese or gn bngregrur n tjf} bngr}o}u}erf bces f}}fbk, fll fse bn`ysorem n f melocesf}e fb}ong }fkeg }nfl}es, morsuy}, mebeoxe, medsfme, ns mer}sn rr}e`r ns ge}tnskr ogbcesryfbe'69 ]e rbfle n f}}fbkr bfg xfs tomel, sfgdogd sn` }jeogbngxegoegbe n f ures lnbkem nu} n f ge}tnsk }n bn`yle}e rju}mntgn bso}obfl bng}snl rr}e`r'

Bces f}}fbkr rjfse nus o`yns}fg} bjfsfb}esor}obr'66

Hosr}, }je ogmoseb}eeb}r n }je f}}fbk fse n}eg nse bngrevueg}ofl }jfg }je moseb} eeb}r'Fg f}}fbk fdfogr} }je bng}snlr n f yntes dsom, ns ezf`yle, bnulm bfureclfbknu}r, roòlfs }n tjf} òdj} nbbus musogd gf}usfl morfr}esr' ]eogmoseb} eeb}r òdj} nu}teodj }je moseb} eeb}r, rubj fr og}essuy}ongr}n bn`èsbe, bsef}ong n nyyns}ugo}oer ns bsoè, yuclob nu}bs fgmsemubem ogxer}èg}' Hns ezf`yle, bces f}}fbkr }n }je yntes dsom bfuremrexesfl tomerysefm clfbknu}r og Csfqol fgm Yfsfduf og 3995, 3994fgm 399?' Fl}jnudj }je `nr} sebeg} nu}fde ngl lfr}em ns }tn jnusr,}je ogbomeg} bsef}em }je yesbey}ong }jf} }je ogsfr}sub}use og Rnu}jFèsobf or xulgesfcle' Og}esgf}ongfl yesbey}ongr morysnyns}ongf}elcsuorem Csfqolr seyu}f}ong, ugmesògogd bngmegbe og }jeos fcolo} }njnr} }je 3968 Nl`yob Dfèr fgm rnbbesr 396= Tnslm Buy'63

Rebngm, }je }ebjgnlnd }n lfugbj f bces f}}fbk or self}oxel ogezyegroxe

fgm sefmol fxfolfcle' Fr f serul}, gngr}f}e fb}nsr jfxe fmny}em bcesf}}fbkr fr f tefyng n bjnobe' R`fll dsnuyr bfg mexelny rnyjor}obf}embfyfcolo}oer }n bngmub} bces f}}fbkr fdfogr} lfsde, tell sernusbemeg}o}oer ns ebngnòb ns ynlo}obfl yusynrer' Hns ezf`yle, f }jseeteekbcesf}}fbk sfdem og Er}ngof og 3994' ]e moryu}e esuy}em tjeg


18/197

: Ogns`f}ong fr Yntes

Surrofgr ysn}er}em }je Dnxesgèg} n Er}ngofr fggnugbeèg} }jf} o}tnulm se`nxe f Rnxoe} tfs e`nsofl, }je Csngqe Rnlmoes n fllogg'62Surrofg jfbkesr f}}fbkem guèsnur dnxesgèg} fdegboer, cfgkr fgm

getr nsdfgoqf}ongr, og}esò}}eg}l rju}}ogd mntg ge}tnskr fgmmorsuy}ogd loe og Er}ngof'6= Surrofg ogmoxomuflr fyyefsem }n yesye}sf}e}je f}}fbkr ogrome fgm nu}rome n Surrof, to}jnu} ysnxeg ruyyns} sn`}je Surrofg Hemesf}ong' ]e bnghob} ollur}sf}er tjf} bcestfs `flnnk loke og }je u}use1 r`fll, }ebjgobfll fmxfgbem dsnuyr f}}fbk }jemodo}fl ogsfr}sub}use n gf}ongr og yusruo} n f ynlo}obfl ncaeb}oxe'

]osm, bces f}}fbkr `f ce jodjl fr`è}sob' F bn``ng tefyng og

bcesryfbe or }je cn}ge}, f lfsde gu`ces n ogeb}em bn`yu}esr se`n}elbng}snllem c f `fr}es bn`yu}es' F cn}ge} dsntr tjeg f xosur ogeb}rnsmogfs bn`yu}esr fbsnrr }je Og}esge}, bsef}ogd xos}ufl logkr ce}teeg}je` to}jnu} uresr kgntlemde' ]e yesye}sf}ns bfg se`n}el fb}oxf}efg fs` n bn`yu}esr fdfogr} ryebob }fsde}r, }n nxestjel` ge}tnskr,clnbk ns morsuy} fbberr }n rr}e`r ns ogeb} n}jes bn`yu}esr fgmge}tnskr'65 Nge ezf`yle or }je @fsoynrf cn}ge}, fme uy n 62 ollongogeb}em bn`yu}esr, bsef}em fgm bng}snllem c aur} f et ogmoxomuflr'68

F}es ogeb}ogd fg ugruryeb}ogd bn`yu}es, }je ysndsf` `ngo}nsemfb}oxo} ns yfrrtnsmr fgm cfgkogd fgm bsemo} bfsm ogns`f}ong' ]eOg}esge}r nyeggerr fllntr f rogdle ures }n f`ylo oghuegbe'

Hnus}j, yesye}sf}nsr bfg bngbefl }jeos omeg}o}oer to}j self}oxe efre o }jereek fgngò}' Hns ezf`yle, }je Bngbkes Tns` or f ysnyfdf}ogd fgmù}f}ogd xosur }jf} jfr ogeb}em fg er}o`f}em 69 òllong bn`yu}esr,bsef}ogd }je sfètnsk ns f yntesul cn}ge} sefm }n lfugbj fg f}}fbkf} o}r bsef}nsr rodgfl' Meryo}e ugysebemeg}em og}esgf}ongfl bnllfcnsf}ongfgm exeg f cnug} nes r}fgmogd rogbe 399?, }je omeg}o} fgm `n}oxern }je tns`r bsef}nsr se`fog f `r}es' F cn}ge} }jor lfsde bnulm}jense}obfll yfsflqe }je ogsfr}sub}use n f `fans Ter}esg gf}ong'64

Bces ezylno}f}ong ogxnlxer }je ure n negroxe fb}ongr to}jogbcesryfbe cu} ugloke bces f}}fbkr gns`fll mner gn} reek }n morsuy} }je

gns`fl ugb}ongogd n }je }fsde}em ge}tnsk ns rr}e`r' ]e ncaeb}oxen bces ezylno}f}ong or urufll }n nc}fog ogns`f}ong ns olledo}o`f}eyusynrer, ogblumogd eryongfde, }je} n bngmeg}ofl ogns`f}ong rubjfr bsemo} bfsm ns yesrngfl ogns`f}ong ns n}jes bsoògfl sefrngr'6: Hnsezf`yle, Bjogf jfr moseb}em bceseryongfde ens}r fdfogr} }je U'R'


19/197

?Ogns`f}ong Eeb}r og }je Bcesryfbe Mn`fog

Meyfs}èg} n Meegre rogbe 3993, to}j rubberrul }je} n 69 }n 39}esfc}er n mf}f sn` òlo}fs ge}tnskr'6?

Fr }je tnslm cebnèr `nse og}esbnggeb}em, bces yntes ogbsefrogdl

or ezes}ogd o}rel fr f ke lexes og }je mexelnyèg} fgm ezebu}ong ngf}ongfl ynlob'39 Fg eeb}oxe bces r}sf}ed toll cege} guèsnurgf}ongfl ens}r, ogblumogd bnug}es}essnsor`, ebngnòb mexelnyèg},dj}ogd bsoè, moyln`f}ob egdfdeèg} fgm og}ellodegbe df}jesogd'

U'R' Dnxesgèg} fgm @olo}fs Ynloboer ns Bcesryfbe Meegre

Dnxesgfgbe n bcesryfbe or fg eluroxe bngbey}' ]e }es`dnxesgfgbeor òrlefmogd cebfure dnxesgèg}r busseg}l ezesbore lo}}le bng}snlnxes og}esge} ynlob ns ysn}nbnlr' Ogr}efm, fg exnlxogd bnlleb}ong nysoxf}e fgm bn`èsbofl nsdfgoqf}ongr me}esòge ynloboer fgm ysn}nbnlrc bngregrur }n keey }je Og}esge} ugb}ongogd r`nn}jl' Nge rubjnsdfgoqf}ong or }je Og}esge} Bnsynsf}ong ns Frrodgem Gfèr fgmGu`cesr *OBFGG/, f ysoxf}e, gngysn} bnsynsf}ong seryngrocle nsfrrodgogd mn`fog gfèr, }je ugovue omeg}oes }jf} doxer ogns`f}ong f

ylfbe }n ezor} ng }je Og}esge} *ttt'òbsnrn}'bn`, ns ezf`yle, or }jefrrodgem mn`fog gfè ns }je @obsnrn} Bnsynsf}ong/' OBFGG jfr fdnxesgèg} fmxorns bn`ò}}ee nyeg }n fg gf}ongfl dnxesgèg}, cu}è`cesr `f ngl fmxore OBFGGr Cnfsm n Moseb}nsr fgm mn gn}jfxe xn}ogd sodj}r ng cnfsm ynloboer'36 N}jes nsu`r fse seryngroclens n}jes bcesryfbe ugb}ongr, rubj fr bn`ùgobf}ongr r}fgmfsmrfgm bnse og}esge} ugb}ongr'33 ]ere nsdfgoqf}ongr jfxe exnlxem og fg

fm jnb `fgges msoxeg `fogl c }je geem }n sernlxe }ebjgobfl orruer'Cu} tjese ngbe }ebjgobfl ysncle`rnlxogd tfr fg fbfmeòb gn}onggeberrfs ns er}fclorjogd bces ogsfr}sub}use, }nmf }je geem }ndj} bces ezylno}f}ong fgm bces f}}fbk legmr f jeodj}egem usdegbns ysnyes bngmub} to}jog bcesryfbe' Doxeg }je ysereg} r}f}e ndnxesgfgbe, yuclob ynlob`fkesr rjnulm reek }n mexelny dsef}esoghuegbe ng bes}fog fryeb}r n bcesryfbe, sf}jes }jfg fmny} }suednxesgfgbe'32 Dnxesgèg} ogo}of}oxer rjnulm ogblume }jsee fyysnfbjer}n bcesrebuso}1 *6/ f moeseg}of}em fyysnfbj }n rebuso} ynlob, *3/ fbeg}sfloqem fyysnfbj }n ysn}eb} òlo}fs bcesfrre}r ugmes U'R' BcesBn``fgm fgm *2/ f jnlor}ob og}esfdegb fyysnfbj, fr cedug to}j }jeBn`ysejegroxe Gf}ongfl Bcesrebuso} Ogo}of}oxe'


20/197


Hosr}, }je U'R' dnxesgèg} rjnulm mexelny f moeseg}of}em fyysnfbj}n bcesrebuso}, to}j }je og}eg} n ysonso}oqogd }je tome xfsoe} nbces f}}fbkr fgm bces ezylno}f}ongr fgm fyysnysof}el nburogd

bnug}esèfruser' ]e sr} r}ey or }n ysonso}oqe bces f}}fbkr fgm bcesezylno}f}ongr to}j sedfsm }n }jeos ynrrocle bngrevuegber' Ng ngeegm n }je ryeb}su` fse }je guorfgbe jfbkesr tjn ysnce ge}tnskr}jnurfgmr n }oèr efbj mf' Ng }je n}jes egm or }je rnyjor}obf}embces f}}fbk }jf} bfurer mf`fder bn`ègrusf}e to}j fg fb} n tfs']or fyysnfbj rjnulm blfrro bces bfyfcolo}oer fr ogmoryegrfcle, kensn}jes' Ogmoryegrfclebces tnulm ogblume bso}obfl òlo}fs bfyfcolo}oerns boxol rebuso} bfyfcolo}oer }jf} }je bnug}s bnulm gn} ce to}jnu}

exeg ns f rjns} }oè'3=Kebces flrn ogblume bso}obfl ogsfr}sub}usetjese }e`ynsfs tnskfsnugmr fse ynrrocle' ]or `f ogblume eleb}sobdsomr, gfgbofl ge}tnskr, }sfgryns}f}ong rr}e`r fgm bes}fog òlo}fsns og}ellodegbe bfyfcolo}oer tjnre ezylno}f}ong tnulm mf`fde gf}ongflrebuso}' ]e xfr} culk n bces bfyfcolo}oer se`fogogd tnulm fllog}n }je n}jes bf}edns' Gez}, }je emesfl dnxesgèg} rjnulm }folnsrebuso} èfruser ns efbj bf}edns' Hns ogmoryegrfcle bces, }je

emesfl dnxesgèg} rjnulm ysnxome rebuso} moseb}l' Fb}oxo}oer rjnulmogblume fb}oxel `ngo}nsogd ns f}}fbkr, ysnxomogd bces meegrer fgmsemugmfg} rr}e`r' Hns kebces, }je U'R' dnxesgèg} rjnulm mexelnyynloboer fgm sedulf}ongr }jf} sevuose ògoù` lexelr n ysn}eb}ong nsbces bfyfcolo}oer }jf} serome to}j ysoxf}e ns r}f}e bng}snl fgm ysnxomefmevuf}e sernusber ns lft egnsbeèg} fgm rebuso} bnnyesf}ongto}j eg}o}oer }jf} jfxe seryngrocolo} ns ke bces bfyfcolo}oer' Hnsn}jesbces, }je dnxesgèg} bnulm egbnusfde o`ysnxem bcesrebuso}}jsnudj emubf}ong, ogbeg}oxer ns xnlug}fs yfs}oboyf}ong og dnxesgèg}rebuso} ysndsf`r'

Rebngm, U'R' Bces Bn``fgm *B_CESBN@/ jfr frruèmseryngrocolo} ns ysn}eb}ong n bso}obfl dnxesgèg} fgm òlo}fs bcesfrre}r' O} fbjoexem ull nyesf}ongfl bfyfcolo} ng Gnxe`ces 2, 3969, frf nusr}fs, rucugoem bn``fgm ugmes U'R' R}sf}edob Bn``fgm'35B_CESBN@r }jseeysngd orrong or }n1 *6/ nyesf}e fgm meegm MNMge}tnskr, *3/ yseyfse }n bngmub} ullryeb}su` òlo}fs bcesryfbenyesf}ongr, fgm *2/ meegm U'R' seemn` n fb}ong og bcesryfbe'38B_CESBN@ ezebu}er o}r sr} òrrong to}j f lfesem meegre n }jeDlncfl Ogns`f}ong Dsom *DOD/' ]e nu}es `nr} lfes n ysn}eb}ong


21/197


22/197


f`ngd emesfl fgm r}f}e dnxesgèg}r fgm }je ysoxf}e reb}ns }jf} egrusefg nsdfgoqem fgm ugoem seryngre }n bces f}}fbkr'26 Hns ezf`yle, }jesur}em Og}esge} Bnggeb}ongr ysndsf`, fg ogo}of}oxe lem c }je Nbe

n @fgfdeèg} fgm Cumde} *N@C/ fgm }je Meyfs}èg} n JnèlfgmRebuso} *MJR/, bngrnlomf}er fbberr yns}r }n Hemesfl Dnxesgèg}rr}e`r, ùbj fr B_CESBN@ jfr mnge ns òlo}fs rr}e`r'23Fdegboer bfg `nse efrol `ngo}ns fgm meegm etes fbberr yns}r'Fgn}jes ogo}of}oxe ogxnlxer meylnèg} n fg og}surong me}eb}ong fgmysexeg}ong rr}e` ns boxolofg dnxesgèg} ge}tnskr MJR mexelnyemfgm meylnem }je EOGREOG 3 ysndsf` }n fu}n`f}obfll me}eb}ugfu}jnsoqem ns `flobonur ge}tnsk }sfb fbsnrr U'R' Dnxesgèg}

ge}tnskr fgm regm sefl}oè fles}r }n }je U'R' Bn`yu}es EèsdegbSefmogerr ef` *URBES/, }je nyesf}ongfl fs` n }je Gf}ongflBces Rebuso} Moxorong to}jog MJR bjfsdem to}j bnnsmogf}ogd}je emesfl seryngre }n bces f}}fbkr'22 MJR or flrn tnskogd }n yoln}}ebjgnlnd mexelnyem c }je GRF fr EOGREOG 2, }n bngmub} sefl}oè ull yfbke} ogryeb}ong fgm }jsef}cfrem meborong`fkogd to}j}je fcolo} }n fu}n`f}obfll seryngm }n bces }jsef}r cense jfsògd

}je ge}tnsk'2=

Fgn}jes ogo}of}oxe bfllr ns bnggeb}ogd r}sf}edob bcesnyesf}ongr beg}esr }n egjfgbe ro}uf}ongfl ftfsegerr fbsnrr fdegbge}tnskr fgm rr}e`r fgm nr}es og}esfdegb bnllfcnsf}ong fgmbnnsmogf}ong' ]e og}eg} or ns }je Gf}ongfl Bcesrebuso} Beg}es*GBRB/ to}jog }je MJR }n bnggeb} roz ezor}ogd bces beg}esr to}jogMJR, MNM, HCO, GRF fgm Nbe n Moseb}ns n Gf}ongfl Og}ellodegbe*NMGO/ }n rjfse ogns`f}ong to}j efbj n}jes }jsnudj self}ongrjoyrfgm loforng nbesr'25 nde}jes, }je beg}esr bsef}e bn``ng ro}uf}ongflftfsegerr f`ngd ke bces ugb}ongr, ogblumogd bcesog}ellodegbe,bnug}esog}ellodegbe, bcesbsoè ogxer}odf}ong fgm lft egnsbeèg},boxol fgm meegre bnllfcnsf}ong fgm og}surong me}eb}ong fgm seryngre'

]ere ogo}of}oxer rjnt se`fskfcle ysndserr ng bsef}ogd f jnlor}ob,og}esfdegb fyysnfbj }n ysn}eb}ogd dnxesgèg} rr}e`r fdfogr} bcesf}}fbk' Loke n}jes og}esfdegb ens}r bn`ye}ogd fdegb og}eser}r tollbjfllegde }je BGBOr bng}snl n rodgobfg} sernusber }fsde}em nsbcesrebuso}, fgm c yuclob mecf}e fcnu} }je ysnyes snle ns emesflsedulf}ongr' Og 399?, ns ezf`yle, }je Moseb}ns n }je GBRB serodgemog ysn}er} n }je ogbsefrogdl ysnògeg} snle ylfem c }je GRF ogbces ens}r' ]e Moseb}ns fsduem og fxns n bjebkr fgm cflfgber c


23/197


reyfsf}ogd rebuso} yntesr f`ngd dnxesgèg} fdegboer, fgm bo}em}jsef}r }n me`nbsf}ob ysnberrero fll }nylexel dnxesgèg} ge}tnskrebuso} fgm `ngo}nsogd fse jfgmlem c fg nge nsdfgoqf}ong'28 ]or

ogo}of}oxe bng}oguer fòm yuclob mecf}e ng }je fyysnysof}e snle }jf}dnxesgèg} nxesrodj} fgm bng}snl rjnulm ylf og cflfgbogd ysn}eb}ongfdfogr} bces f}}fbk to}j see fgm nyeg fbberr }n bcesryfbe'24

Og}esgf}ongfl Oguegbe og Bcesryfbe

Ysoxf}e reb}ns eg}o}oer fgm ogmoxomuflr jfxe et eeb}oxe fgm ledflfl}esgf}oxer }n seryngm }n f bces f}}fbk ns bces ezylno}f}ong' ]e

sr} loge n meegre or }n r}segd}jeg }jeos yfrroxe meegroxe èfruser,ogblumogd msnyyogd resxober }jf} fse }fsde}em ns blnrogd setfll yns}r }nmeg fbberr }n ke rr}e`r' ]ere èfruser bfggn} bn`yle}el ysn}eb}rr}e`r fdfogr} ogbsefrogdl rnyjor}obf}em f}}fbkesr fgm meg }jexob}o` }je cege}r n ke resxober ns bnggeb}ongr'2: ]e rebngm ny}ongor }n seyns} }je bces f}}fbk ns bces ezylno}f}ong }n }je fu}jnso}oerns ysnrebu}ong' Vuer}ongr n dlncfl ausormob}ong bn`ylobf}e ysn`y}

ogxer}odf}ong fgm ysnrebu}ong' O f U'R' bn`yfg or f }fsde} n f bcesf}}fbk og o}r Afyfgere nber c }je Surrofg nc }jsnudj f resxes lnbf}emog Csfqol, tjese mner }je ausormob}ongfl fu}jnso} loe ns ysnrebu}ogd}je f}}fbk>2? n o`ysnxe eeb}oxegerr n bces ens}r og f dlncfllbnggeb}em tnslm, }je Ugo}em R}f}er rjnulm ezesbore moyln`f}ob èfgr}n reek bn``ng dsnugm f`ngd bnug}soer fgm og}esdnxesgèg}flnsdfgoqf}ongr ns dj}ogd fdfogr} bces f}}fbkr fgm bces ezylno}f}ongfgm }n oghuegbe og}esgf}ongfl yfs}gesr }n bnllfcnsf}e ng bnse fsefr n

bcesrebuso}'

Eeb}oxe ynlob`fkogd }n egbnusfde og}esgf}ongfl bnnyesf}ongsevuoser fg ugmesr}fgmogd n jnt moeseg} bul}user doxe sore }nmoeseg} f}}o}umer fgm gns`r fcnu} dj}ogd bces f}}fbkr' ]e Ugo}emR}f}er, ns ezf`yle, yseesr }n egdfde og}esgf}ongfl lft egnsbeèg} }nogxer}odf}e fgm bf}bj bces bsoògflr'=9 Og}esgf}ongfl bnnyesf}ong bnulmsernlxe ausormob}ongfl orruer tjeg yesye}sf}nsr bngmub} bces f}}fbkrfbsnrr r}f}e loger' OGESYNL bngmub}r f roòlfs ugb}ong ns dj}ogdog}esgf}ongfl bsoè c ysnxomogd loforng ce}teeg lft egnsbeèg}fu}jnso}oer f`ngd o}r 6:: è`ces bnug}soer'=6 O} ysnxomer f `nmel nsog}esgf}ongfl bnnyesf}ong }jf} bnulm fyyl }n bcesbsoè'


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6= Ogns`f}ong fr Yntes

Og bng}sfr}, Surrof fsduer }jf} }je U'R' fyysnfbj tnulm lefm }nog}esesegbe og o}r og}esgfl ffosr' Surrof aeflnurl ysn}eb}r gngog}esesegbe, fg o`ù}fcle ysogboyle n og}esgf}ongfl lft, fr f yollfs n

jes rnxeseodg}'=3

Surrof }egmr }n ce tfs n Fèsobfg n}oxer, tjobj o}blfo`r jfxe ynlo}obfl fgm omenlndobfl dnflr foèm f} ugmesògogd Surrofgogmeyegmegbe fgm o}r ryjese n oghuegbe og Efr}esg Eusnye' Surrofrfb}ongr fgm ynloboer flrn bngxegoeg}l ysn}eb} o}r ntg ynyulf}ong nyf}son}ob jfbkesr, fg emubf}em fgm e`yntesem xnlug}ees olo}of to}jogbcesryfbe' ]ere tese }je nn}rnlmoesr musogd }je bcesbnghob} }jf}nbbussem musogd }je DensdofSurrof bnghob} n 399:'=2 Nge mf f}esSurrof ogxfmem Densdof, }je R}nyDensdof'su nsu` cedfg bngmub}ogd f

resoer n megoflnresxobe f}}fbkr fdfogr} Densdofg dnxesgèg} tecro}er}jf} morfclem rexesfl ke tecro}er musogd }je ogxfrong' Rnyjor}obf}emjfbkesr sfg }je R}nyDensdof'su nsu` tjn yuclorjem lor}r n xe}}em}fsde}r }jf} yf}son}ob Surrofg jfbkesr f}}fbkem' Fl}jnudj }je SurrofgDnxesgèg} mor}fgbem o}rel sn` }je jfbkes fb}oxo}, o} blefsl eganem}je cege}r fgm }fbo}l ruyyns}em }je bn`ùgo}' Og}esgf}ongfl lftegnsbeèg} bnnyesf}ong, fr erynurem c }je Ugo}em R}f}er, bnulm

}fsde} }jere gngr}f}e jfbkesr'

Bjogf jfr f }josm xoet' Bjogere fu}jnso}oer blnrel `ngo}ns Bjogerege}tnskr fgm }fke fddserroxe r}eyr }n l}es ns clnbk tjf} }jednxesgèg} bngromesr ynlo}obfll }snuclernè bng}eg}, rubj frseesegber }n me`nbsfb, boxol loces}oer, Bjogere ynlo}obfl morromeg}r fgmn}jes bngbey}r bng}sfs }n Sem omenlnd'== ]e flledem og}eg} n Bjogfrog}esge} bsfbkmntg or }n ysn}eb} boxol nsmes' Ruyyns}esr n see ryeebj

mebs }jere ysfb}ober fr begrnsrjoy fgm f yse}ez} ns }je dnxesgèg}}n }odj}eg o}r bng}snl nxes mfol loe fgm rnlomo o}r yntes' ]e }jseefyysnfbjer ollur}sf}e }je moxesdeg} f}}o}umer }ntfsm bcesryfbe fgmugmesrbnse }je bn`ylezo} og f}}e`y}ogd }n oghuegbe og}esgf}ongflgns`r fgm cejfxons'

To}j fg ugmesr}fgmogd n bul}usfl moesegber fcnu} bcesryfbe,Fèsobfg moyln`f}ob ens}r rjnulm reek bn``ng dsnugm f`ngdbnug}soer }n bnnyesf}e og ysn`n}ogd bcesrebuso} fgm bn`cf}ogdbces f}}fbkr' ]e Ugo}em R}f}er rjnulm fmxnbf}e }jf} bcesryfbe or fdlncfl bn``ngr tjnre ureulgerr or bng}ogdeg} uyng o}r rebuso}' ]eUgo}em R}f}er geemr }n fyyl moyln`f}ob yserruse }n oghuegbe bnug}soer


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26/197


27/197


`nr} og geem n me}essegbe fse lokel }n ce bngmub}em to}jog }je bng}ez}n f ynlo}obfl ns omenlndobfl fdegmf' essnsor} dsnuyr, sndue r}f}er, fgmgefsyees r}f}er rubj fr Bjogf fgm Surrof toll bng}ogue }n mexelny

bces yntes og }je u}use' ]e toll lokel ure bces ezylno}f}ong fgmbces f}}fbkr fr yfs} n fg nxesfll r}sf}ed moseb}em }ntfsm fbjoexogdynlo}obfl ncaeb}oxer'59 Kgntlemde n yn}eg}ofl fmxesrfsoer fgm }jeos`n}oxer fgm è}jnmr mner gn} sevuose sefl}oè f}}socu}ong musogd fbsoror' folnsem me}essegbe r}sf}edoer rjnulm ce mexelnyem og yefbe}oèns fb}nsr to}j kgntg dsoexfgber fdfogr} }je Ugo}em R}f}er' Tjf}Fèsobf ùr} fxnom or fbogd f kgntg bces f}}fbkes to}jnu} jfxogdfg eeb}oxe fgm ysnyns}ongf}e seryngre ylfggem fgm sexoetem' F bces

f}}fbkes tnulm jnye }n bf}bj }je Ugo}em R}f}er ugyseyfsem' F r}sngd,meblfsem ynlob, }folnsem }n efbj o`yns}fg} fmxesrfs, tnulm cedog }jeysnberr n mexelnyogd xofcle me}essegbe'

Rjnulm f gngr}f}e fb}ns torj }n se`fog fgng`nur, }je mobul} nfbbusf}e f}}socu}ong n }je f}}fbk or f loò}f}ong }n me}essegbe fb}ongrmusogd f bsoror' F gngr}f}e fb}ns bnulm lfugbj f bces f}}fbk sn`

to}jog f bnxesogd r}f}e to}jnu} o}r kgntlemde, bn`ylobf}ogd ens}r}n omeg}o }je f}}fbkes' F bsoògfl dsnuy òdj} ure f cn}ge}, nsezf`yle, }n lfugbj bnnsmogf}em f}}fbkr sn` jugmsemr ns }jnurfgmrn bn`yu}esr lnbf}em og ùl}oyle gngjnr}ole bnug}soer'56 F se}flof}nsseryngre og bcesryfbe òdj} mf`fde ge}tnskr og gngjnr}olebnug}soer ns ugself}em rr}e`r' O }je yesye}sf}ns lfugbjem }je f}}fbksn` to}jog f rfgb}ufs r}f}e, }je xob}o` tnulm lokel jfxe mobul}morbsoògf}ogd }je medsee n }je r}f}er ogxnlxeèg}' Nge rbegfson or

fg f}}fbk lfugbjem to}j ull fyysnxfl n }je rfgb}ufs r}f}e fu}jnso}oerfgm bfssoem nu} to}j r}f}e frre}r' Fgn}jes ynrrocolo} or fg f}}fbk }fbo}legbnusfdem c }je r}f}e cu} bfssoem nu} to}j gngr}f}e frre}r' Seryngrertnulm xfs fbbnsmogd }n }je medsee n r}f}e ogxnlxeèg}' ]e Ugo}emR}f}er ùr} csogd og}ellodegbe fgm moyln`f}ob sernusber }n cefs }nbn`yleèg} }ebjgobfl f}}socu}ong' Og ugmesmexelnyem r}f}er to}jlo}}le bcesryfbe og}edsf}em og}n rnboe}, fg fyysnysof}e bcesseryngre

`f gn} ce fxfolfcle, semubogd }je sfgde n ny}ongr ns ynlob`fkesr}n ebngnòb, moyln`f}ob ns òlo}fs seryngrer'

]e }jsef} n se}flof}ong *o`ynrogd bnr}r/ or }je bnsgesr}nge n blfrrobflme}essegbe }jens' Cense bngromesogd ny}ongr ns se}flof}ong, ynlob


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29/197

6?Ogns`f}ong Eeb}r og }je Bcesryfbe Mn`fog

Fr to}j blfrrobfl me}essegbe, bcesme}essegbe ylfggogd rjnulm ryeboè}jnmr }n `fgfde erbflf}ong musogd f bsoror, ogblumogd }sfgryfsegbfgm rodgflogd n og}eg}ongr' F gf}ong bnulm og ysogboyle seryngm

}n f bces f}}fbk to}j f koge}ob bnug}es f}}fbk, fr f tf }n oghob}ugfbbey}fcle bnr}r ng f jnr}ole nyyngeg}' Blfrrobfl me}essegbe reekr }nbflocsf}e f seryngre ysnyns}ongf}e }n }je mf`fde oghob}em c fg f}}fbk'Hns bcesme}essegbe, }je mobul} og morbsoògf}ogd ogmoseb} eeb}rsn` moseb} eeb}r fgm og logkogd yjrobfl mf`fder to}j f modo}fl f}}fbkblnumr }je fcolo} }n me}esòge f èfrusem fgm ysnyns}ongf}e seryngre'Nge òdj} xoet f koge}ob seryngre fr nxesl ysnxnbf}oxe fgm bnulmserul} og ugmerosem erbflf}ong n jnr}olo}oer'5= Og bngxeg}ongfl ro}uf}ongr,

fmjesegbe }n og}esgf}ongfl gns`r n cejfxons cege}r r}fcolo}, rubj frysefggnugbogd lfsde }snny `nxeèg}r, `fso}oè suler n }je snfm,55moyln`f}ob egdfdeèg}, fgm }sef}oer fgm fdseeèg}r }jf} yserbsocefbbey}em cejfxons f`ngd gf}ongr' Og bng}sfr}, ledo}o`f}e bcesfb}oxo}oer fse bn`yle}el og}esògdlem to}j olledo}o`f}e bces fb}oxo}oer'F bces f}}fbk f ce mobul} }n mor}ogduorj sn` f bces ezylno}f}ongns jfbkes' @olo}fs ure n bcesryfbe `f ce ogmor}ogduorjfcle sn`

boxolofg ure' F bul}use n rebseb yesxfmer U'R' bces ynloboer fgmbn`ysnòrer }je fcolo} }n rodgfl gf}ongfl og}eg}ongr' ]e Ugo}em R}f}errjnulm yusrue ynloboer }n `fke o}r bces og}eg}ongr fgm bfyfcolo}oer`nse }sfgryfseg}, tjole ysn}eb}ogd o}r }ebjgobfl ezyes}ore' ]e Ugo}emR}f}er ùr} meblfse f r}sngd ynlob n me}essegbe fdfogr} bces f}}fbkrog }je Gf}ongfl Rebuso} R}sf}ed'

F tnskfcle sfètnsk ns bces efsl tfsgogd bnulm frror} og fgfdogd

bnghob} erbflf}ong' Gem @nsfg, Ysnerrns f} Densde}ntg Ugoxesro},ysnynrem f ureul xer}fde `nmel ns jelyogd }n fg}oboyf}e bcesf}}fbkr'58 R}fde 6 or sebndgo}ong fgm frrerrèg} n lf}eg} }egrongr'Cn}j r}f}e fgm gngr}f}e fb}nsr `fgoer} cfbkdsnugm }egrongr lngdcense fb}ufl f}}fbkr' R}f}er rjnulm frrerr }egrongr to}jog f dlncfldenynlo}obfl bng}ez} fgm to}j sedfsm }n bfyfcolo} }n bngmub} bcesfr tell fr yjrobfl nyesf}ongr' R}fde 3 or bces sebnggforrfgbe' Ysons }nogo}of}ogd jnr}olo}oer og bcesryfbe, fmxesrfsoer fse lokel }n ysnce ngefgn}jes, }n morbnxes xulgesfcolo}oer fgm r}segd}jr, aur} fr fmxesrfsoertnulm mn ng f bngxeg}ongfl cf}}leelm'54 R}fde 2 or }je ogo}of}ogd exeg}'Og }je 3994 Er}ngofg bcestfs, }je ogo}of}ogd exeg} tfr }je se`nxfln }je Rnxoe} è`nsofl og fllogg' O} bfurem }egrongr }n cnol nxes og


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31/197


bcesryfbe fgm }je geem ns }je Ugo}em R}f}er }n nbur ng `fans bces}jsef}r sn` fmxesrfsoer'

]e Tf FjefmYsn}eb}ogd fbberr }n bcesryfbe resxer U'R' xo}fl og}eser}r' Fbn`ysejegroxe bcesrebuso} r}sf}ed, mexelnyem gnt tjole }je Ugo}emR}f}er or og f yseeògeg} ynro}ong og }jor getl exnlxogd mn`fog, tollcer} ure sernusber }n rnlomo Fèsobfg bcesyntes'

]e U'R' dnxesgèg} fgm òlo}fs geem ynloboer }n o`ysnxebcesrebuso} n bso}obfl ge}tnskr fgm rr}e`r' Ke bngblurongr fgm

sebn`ègmf}ongr ogblume1

]e Ugo}em R}f}er rjnulm fmny} f ynlob n moeseg}of}ongf`ngd bces f}}fbkr }n ysonso}oqe seryngre ylfggogd }ntfsmrf}}fbkr }jf} }fsde} `nse bso}obfl gf}ongfl frre}r'

B_CESBN@ fgm GRFr meegreogmey}j n òlo}fs fgmdnxesgèg} rr}e`r ollur}sf}e fg eeb}oxe }e`ylf}e ns r}f}obfgm fb}oxe bces meegrer'

Ogmur}s rjnulm `nse csnfml fyyl cer} ysfb}ober nsbcesrebuso} lefsgem sn` B_CESBN@ }n bso}obfl boxolofgreb}nsr'

Ogo}of}oxer ugmes }je BGBO rjnt rodgobfg} ysndserr ng bsef}ogdf jnlor}ob, og}esfdegb fyysnfbj }n ysn}eb}ogd dnxesgèg}rr}e`r'

Fr bcesryfbe dsntr ezyngeg}ofll, }je tnslm cebnèr `nseog}esbnggeb}em fgm ysnge }n rjfsem xulgesfcolo}oer to}jog bcesryfbe']e Ugo}em R}f}er geemr }n ezes} og}esgf}ongfl oghuegbe }n egbnusfdebnnyesf}ong fgm bnllfcnsf}ong }n o`ysnxe bcesrebuso}'

Bul}usfl moesegber fcnu} bcesryfbe ysereg} cfssoesr }nog}esgf}ongfl bnnyesf}ong, gns`r fgm seryngrocle cejfxonsto}jog bcesryfbe'

]e Ugo}em R}f}er rjnulm ure moyln`f}ob èfgr }n egbnusfdetomes fbbey}fgbe n }je ysogboyler ysnùldf}em og }jeBngxeg}ong ng Bcesbsoè'


32/197


]e og}esgf}ongfl bn`ùgo} rjnulm mexelny }je bngbey} n}je bces rfgb}ufs r}f}e fgm yserruse r}f}er tjn fol }n ysexeg}bces f}}fbkr }jf} e`fgf}e sn` to}jog }jeos cnsmesr'

Ynlob`fkesr rjnulm mexelny ylfgr gn} aur} ns o`ysnxogd bcesmeegrer cu} ysexeg}ogd bces f}}fbkr c o`yleèg}ogd ogo}of}oxer}jf} ogblume }folnsem me}essegbe fdfogr} kgntg fmxesrfsoer to}j bcesbfyfcolo}oer fgm }nnlr }n `fgfde erbflf}ong musogd f bces bsoror'

Me}essegbe ylfggogd geem gn} tfo} ns fbbusf}e f}}socu}ong sefl}oè musogd f bsoror, cu} sf}jes rjnulm ce mexelnyem to}jog fcsnfmes denynlo}obfl bng}ez} to}j sedfsm }n fmxesrfsoer to}j

kgntg dsoexfgber fdfogr} }je Ugo}em R}f}er' F}}socu}ong n gngr}f}e fb}nsr tjn torj }n se`fog fgng`nur

toll ce mobul}' ]e r}f}e sn` tjobj }je gngr}f}e fb}nslfugbjer f}}fbkr `f ce bn`ylobo} to}j }je yesye}sf}ns, }fbo}lfllnt }je f}}fbk ns ce bn`yle}el ugftfse n }je f}}fbk'

]e yseregbe n yf}son}ob jfbkesr bn`ylobf}er me}essegbeylfggogd fgm bsoror erbflf}ong `fgfdeèg}'

@nse bn`yle}e mexelnyèg} n }jere fyysnfbjer }n f bces r}sf}edsevuose r}um n }je sernusber *èfgr/ }n ruyyns} }je bngbey}r *tfr/morburrem og }jor yfyes fgm }n frrerr }je medsee n sork fsorogd snòmeg}oem dfyr'

]e o`yns}fgbe n bcesryfbe }n gf}ongfl rebuso} or dsntogd to}jogbsefrogd cfgmtom}j, fr}es bn`yu}ogd yntes fgm dsef}es selofgbe

ng modo}fl ge}tnskr }n yntes bso}obfl yfs}r n `nmesg rnboe}' ]e U'R'bces r}sf}ed ùr} exnlxe }n keey yfbe to}j oggnxf}oxe bn`ye}o}nsr }n`fog}fog seemn` n bcesryfbe'


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F R}sf}edob Fyysnfbj }n Ge}tnsk Meegre1Hsfògd }je Blnum!

Bnlngel o`n}j K' CueggeèesUgo}em R}f}er Fs`

Fdegboer ùr} nbur ng bngrnlomf}ogd ezor}ogd mf}f beg}esr,semubogd }je geem ns ogsfr}sub}use dsnt}jfgm ogbsefrogd}jeos ure n fxfolfcle blnum fgm rjfsem *xos}ufl/ resxober'6

Xoxek Kugmsf, U'R' Bjoe Ogns`f}ong Nbes

je U'R' Dnxesgèg} jfr sncur} mf}f ge}tnskr }jf} ysnxomesfyom }sfgryns} n o`fdes, }ez}ufl ogns`f}ong, bn``fgmfgm bng}snl mf}f, fgm snu}oge bn`ùgobf}ongr }n ruyyns}

òlo}fs nyesf}ongr fgm bnse curogerr geemr' ]or ogns`f}ong or xo}flog }je bngmub} n o}r ngdnogd tfs fgm yefbe}oè òrrongr' Jor}nsobfll,Fèsobfr fmxesrfsoer f}}e`y} }n lexesfde ge}tnsk xulgesfcolo}oer }ndfog r}sf}edob fmxfg}fde c ezylno}ogd ogns`f}ong fcnu} U'R' òlo}fsfgm bn`èsbofl fb}oxo}oer, }sfme rebse}r, gfgbofl ogns`f}ong, rr}e`fsbjo}eb}user, fgm `sofm n}jes mf}f' ]e Ugo}em R}f}er or fsdufcl }je`nr} og}esbnggeb}em gf}ong ng efs}j fgm o} ylfr f jede`ngob snleto}j sedfsmr }n er}fclorjogd fgm `fog}fogogd }je suler }jf} dnxesg }jeOg}esge}' Fèsobfgr e`csfbe modo}fl }ebjgnlndoer fgm merose dsef}esog}esbnggeb}ong ns dnxesgèg}fl, bnsynsf}e, fgm yesrngfl u}olo}'

]or yfyes ezfòger busseg} Og}esge} f}}fbk }segmr og }je bn`yu}esge}tnskogd egxosngèg} fgm ysnynrer fg egjfgbem sfètnsk nsr}sf}edob rr}e` meegre }jf} or fyylobfcle }n cn}j bnsynsf}e fgm Hemesflge}tnskr' ]e egjfgbem sfètnsk fmmserrer }jere orruer fgm frror}rog semubogd }je sorkr frrnbof}em to}j frrerrogd fgm fmny}ogd blnumbn`yu}ogd' Bn`yu}ogd blnumr fse lfsde mf}f beg}esr llem to}j degesobysnberrogd fgm r}nsfde fbolo}oer, nyesf}em fr f rogdle xos}ufl bn`yu}es

ns ùl}oyle sebngdusfcle resxesr'3 Ysexonurl, blnum bn`yu}ogd tfrcfrobfll }je nu}rnusbogd n fg nsdfgoqf}ongr bn`yu}ogd ogsfr}sub}use'

! ]or yfyes tfr nsodogfll yuclorjem c Yfsfè}esr *Fu}u`g 3966, Xnl' =6,Gn' 2/, fgm or seyuclorjem jese to}j }jeos yesòrrong'


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Eèsdogd blnum bn`yu}ogd }ebjgnlndoer toll rucruè ezor}ogdeg}esysore ge}tnskr fgm egbn`yfrr rr}e` meegrer }jf} fse }yobfllmerodgem, o`yleèg}em, fgm `fgfdem f} bnsynsf}e ogns`f}ong

}ebjgnlnd *O/ fgm sedongfl ysnberrogd beg}esr' Ngbe fyylobf}ongrfse lndobfll ez}egmem }jsnudj xos}ufloqf}ong og f blnum bn`yu}ogdegxosngèg}, }je fse gn lngdes }oem }n f yjrobfl lnbf}ong' ]e blnumresxobe ysnxomes bfg mexelny moryesrem ruyyns} fgm jnr}ogd fbolo}oer}jf} fllnt fyylobf}ongr }n yesns` fr geemem' ]e rr}e` ures geemèsel fbberr }je }yobfll teccfrem fyylobf}ong }n sug fg merosemysndsf`'

]e }segm ns ge}tnskogd ogsfr}sub}user fgm bn`yu}ogd beg}esr orrjo}ogd }ntfsm bngrnlomf}ong ns bnr} rfxogdr' Blnum bn`yu}ogdysnxomer ns }je nu}rnusbogd n eg}ose ge}tnskogd fgm mf}f beg}esr,rfxogd yjrobfl ryfbe, ogsfr}sub}use, fgm lfcns bnr}r' ]e ysoècege} or }je semubem bnr} n uymf}ogd bnsynsf}e ogns`f}ong rr}e`rfgm ogsfr}sub}user, tjobj or }sfgressem }n }je blnum bn`yu}ogdysnxomes'2 Blnum bn`yu}ogd or f `fans exnlu}ongfs lefy nstfsm og

}ebjgnlnd }jf} xos}ufloqer resxesr, ogsfr}sub}user, fgm rn}tfse fr yfnsure resxober' Lefmesr og }je Hemesfl dnxesgèg}, fgm og yfs}obulfs}je Meyfs}èg} n Meegre *MNM/, jfxe omeg}oem }je rodgobfg}cege}r dfogem c fmny}ogd blnum bn`yu}ogd, cu} }je jfxe gn}fmevuf}el bngromesem }je sorkr ogjeseg} to}j nu}rnusbogd ogns`f}ong}ebjgnlndoer'

Tj Blnum Bn`yu}ogd

Xoxek Kugmsf, U'R' Bjoe Ogns`f}ong Nbes *BON/, ysnynrer }jeHemesfl Dnxesgèg} odsf}e o}r ezyfgroxe bn`yu}es ge}tnskr ftf sn`f mor}socu}em fsbjo}eb}use }n f bngrnlomf}em eg}esysore blnum bn`yu}ogdfsbjo}eb}use' Og 3969, }je Tjo}e Jnure ogo}of}em }je Hemesfl Mf}fBeg}es Bngrnlomf}ong Ogo}of}oxe *HMBBO/ fgm orruem duomfgbe ns }jeHemesfl BON Bnugbol }n jfxe meyfs}èg}r ogxeg}ns }jeos mf}f beg}esfrre}r, mexelny bngrnlomf}ong ylfgr, fgm og}edsf}e }jnre ylfgr og}n rbflefs 3963 cumde} rucòrrongr'= ]e HMBBOr dnflr fse }n1 ysn`n}e Ornlu}ongr }jf} semube egesd fgm yjrobfl ryfbe urfde; semube }je bnr}n mf}f beg}es jfsmtfse, rn}tfse, fgm nyesf}ongr; ogbsefre O rebuso}ynr}use; fgm rjo} ogxer}èg} }n eboeg} bn`yu}ogd ylf}ns`r }jf} toll


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lefm }n blnrogd :99 mf}f beg}esr c 3965'5 Cfrem uyng }jor ysnynremòdsf}ong, fg ezyfgmem meegroxe sfètnsk }jf} ogblumer }je exnlxogdblnum bn`yu}ogd egxosngèg}, cuol} ng fbbey}em ge}tnsk rebuso}

ysogboyler, or bso}obfll geemem' ]or ezyfgmem meegroxe sfètnsktnulm frror} eg}esysore ge}tnskogd fgm blnum bn`yu}ogd fsbjo}eb}r }nce}}es merodg `nse rebuse bn`ùgobf}ong rr}e`r'

Og }es`r n rr}e`r, }je ogo}ofl bfyfcolo}oer }jf} fse òdsf}ogd }n blnumbn`yu}ogd egxosngèg}r fse eleb}sngob `fol, bng}eg} fsbjoxogd,fgm Rn}tfsefrfResxobe *RffR/ fyylobf}ongr' Fll cege} sn`bngrnlomf}ong og}n f xos}ufloqem blnum bn`yu}ogd egxosngèg} cebfure

}jere bfyfcolo}oer }egm }n sevuose self}oxel lnt ysnberrogd bbler ngresxesr' Jntexes, }jese or f odsf}ong yfsfmnz to}j rnè O bfyfcolo}oer'Bn`yu}f}ongfll jodj bble sf}e fyylobf}ongr, }sfgrfb}ongfl mf}fcfrer,fgm gfgbofl rr}e`r fse ollruo}em ns blnum bn`yu}ogd mue }nsedulf}ns sevuoseèg}r' Og}eser}ogdl, }je blnum egxosngèg} ysnxomestoll uymf}e fgm `fgfde }jeos yjrobfl resxesr; jntexes, nsdfgoqf}ongr}jf} e`yln }jeos ntg xos}ufl resxesr og f Ylf}ns`frfResxobe *YffR/bngdusf}ong toll r}oll ce sevuosem }n `fog}fog fgm rebuse }jeos ntg

xos}ufl rr}e`r' ]e o`ylobf}ong or }jf} o fg nsdfgoqf}ong or flsefmlfbkogd og }jeos rebuso} sedoè, }jeg odsf}ogd }n f blnum egxosngèg}toll gn} geberrfsol o`ysnxe }jeos rebuso} ynr}use' Lfr}l, dnxesgèg}cumde}r fse rjsogkogd, rn O fgm mf}f rebuso} ogxer}èg}r ùr}fbbn`ylorj `nse f} lerr bnr}' Fmny}ogd blnum bn`yu}ogd or gn yfgfbefcu} `f frror} og fbbn`ylorjogd }jere ens}r'

Bcesryfbe, Ogns`f}ong Frrusfgbe *OF/, fgm Ge}tnsk Meegre

Bcesryfbe or megem og Anog} Yuclobf}ong 693 fr f dlncflmn`fog to}jog }je ogns`f}ong egxosngèg} bngror}ogd n }jeog}esmeyegmeg} ge}tnsk n O ogsfr}sub}user, ogblumogd }je Og}esge},}elebn`ùgobf}ongr ge}tnskr, bn`yu}es rr}e`r, fgm e`cemmemysnberrnsr fgm bng}snllesr'8 Bcesryfbe or f bng}er}em mn`fog, fgm}je gf}ong or xulgesfcle }n }jsef}r ynrem og bcesryfbe, tjole f} }je

rfè }oè, meyegmeg} uyng uge}}esem fbberr'4

Og}esge} ysnloesf}ong or ezyngeg}ofll ezyfgmogd fbsnrr }je dlncecsogdogd moxesre yenyle og}n fg exes `nse og}esbnggeb}em bces tnslm'Cfrem ng @nnser Lft, bcesryfbe rjnulm bng}ogue }n ezyfgm, mnuclogd


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exes }tn efsr to}j gn uyyes loò} og rodj}' ]e bn`cogf}ong n efrolfnsmfcle O fgm sfyoml ezyfgmogd og}esbnggeb}oxo} fse bjfgdogd }jetf }jf} dnxesgèg}, curogerr, fgm ogmoxomuflr }jogk, og}esfb}, fgm

tnsk':

]e ge}tnskr ysnxome }je èfgr }n sfyoml rjfse ogns`f}ong`fkogd bcesryfbe, og f csnfmes regre, f dlncfl bn``ngr ns eleb}sngobogns`f}ong og }je rfè frjong }jf} }je jodj refr fse f dlncfl bn``ngrns fso}oè }sfme'? ]ur, bcesryfbe or }sul og}esgf}ongfl fgm fxfolfclens fll }n ure' O} or f rjfsem sernusbe }jf} or lnnrel dnxesgem, snu}ogelgfxodf}em xof `sofm ugbjfs}em snu}er, fgm, n ogbsefrogd bngbesg,n}eg gn} tellrebusem'

To}j bcesryfbe vuobkl cebnògd f get dlncfl bn``ngr fgm sfyomldsntogd ugmes xnlf}ole, ugbes}fog, bn`ylez fgm f`codunur bngmo}ongr,dnxesgèg}r, curogerrer, fgm ogmoxomuflr geem }n cflfgbe }jeogns`f}ong }sofm n bngmeg}oflo}, fxfolfcolo}, fgm og}edso} fr yfs}n f r}fcle ogns`f}ong rebuso} `nmel' Bngmeg}oflo}or }je }es` urem}n merbsoce ysexeg}ogd }je morblnruse n ogns`f}ong }n ugfu}jnsoqemogmoxomuflr ns rr}e`r' Og ogns`f}ong rebuso}, og}edso}èfgr }jf}mf}f bfggn} ce `nmoem ugme}eb}fcl'69 Hns fg ogns`f}ong rr}e`

}n resxe o}r yusynre, mf}f ùr} ce fxfolfcletjeg o} or geemem' ]or`nmel or kgntg fr }je BOF sofmn OF, fr rjntg og Hoduse 6'

Hoduse 6' BOF sofm66


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Rebuso} `nmelr fse n bso}obfl o`yns}fgbe og }nmfr og}esbnggeb}em

tnslm, cebfure ogns`f}ong or snu}ogel r}nsem og lfsde mf}f beg}esr

}jf} ysnxome bng}ogunur fbberr f} }je ryeem n eleb}sngob }sfgres' F}

}je cfrob fsbjo}eb}usfl lexel, }jese fse rr}e`r jfsmtfse, rn}tfse,fgm bn`ùgobf}ongr }jf} ùr} ce ysn}eb}em' Og }jor rebuso} `nmel,

bngmeg}oflo}, og}edso}, fgm fxfolfcolo} fse n}eg f} }je ez}seèr n

}je }sofm fgm }sfmenr bfg yn}eg}ofll sur}sf}e efbj n}jes, rn rr}e`

merodgesr ur} egmefxns }n gm evuolocsou` f`ngd }je`' Hfxnsogd fg

nge merodg moseb}ong nxes }je n}jes*r/ f bn`ysnòre }je og}edso} n

}je n}jes }sofm yollfsr' ]or èfgr ns bn`yu}ogd rr}e`r urem }n r}nse

fgm ysnberr }je ogns`f}ong, }je rebuso} bng}snlr urem }n ysn}eb} o},fgm }je bn`ùgobf}ong bjfggelr urem }n fbberr o} ùr} ugb}ong tell

fgm ce og cflfgbe to}jog }jor rebuso} `nmel'63

MNM Moseb}oxe :599'96E er}fclorjer snler fgm seryngrocolo}oer,

ysnbemuser, fgm ysnberrer tjole megogd }je bn`yngeg}r n }je BOF

sofm'62 OF or }je èfgr c tjobj O `fgfdesr f}}e`y} }n ysn}eb},

`fog}fog, fgm ysnxome O rebuso} }n }jeos nsdfgoqf}ong }jsnudj }je

}sfogogd, }er}ogd, fgm bngr}fg} `ngo}nsogd n bng}snlr o`yleèg}em}n rebuse fg ogns`f}ong sernusbe'6= OF nesr èfruser }jf} meegm

ogns`f}ong c egrusogd fxfolfcolo}, og}edso}, fu}jeg}obf}ong,

bngmeg}oflo}, fgm gngseyumof}ong, tjole ysnxomogd ns ser}nsf}ong

n ogns`f}ong rr}e`r c ogbnsynsf}ogd ysn}eb}ong, me}eb}ong, fgm

sefb}ong bfyfcolo}oer'65 To}j }nmfr ge}tnskr, }jere OF meegroxe

èfruser fse o`yleèg}em }jsnudj f Meegre-og-Mey}j sfètnsk n

lfesem rebuso} }jf} ez}egmr sn` }je ge}tnsk }n }je egmynog} bn`yu}es']ere geem }n ce ezyfgmem us}jes }n semube sork `nse eeb}oxel og

eèsdogd blnum bn`yu}ogd egxosngèg}r, tjole fmmserrogd Og}esge}

f}}fbk xeb}nsr fgm xulgesfcolo}oer }jf} }jsef}eg }je dlncfl ogns`f}ong

bn``ngr'

Hsfògd }je R}sf}edob Egxosngèg} n Bcesryfbe

F}}fbkr og bcesryfbe fse fr} fgm bfg roùl}fgenurl }fsde} f ysebore ns

f csnfm ryeb}su` n rr}e`r' F}}fbkesr fse n}eg fgng`nur to}j et

bngbesgr fcnu} f}}socu}ong' ]e ogr}fg}fgenur gf}use fgm }je fcolo} }n

f}}fbk }je eg}ose mn`fog roùl}fgenurl fse bjfsfb}esor}obr }jf} `fke


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3: Ogns`f}ong fr Yntes

bcesryfbe yn}eg}ofll f `nse mfgdesnur fgm xulgesfcle egxosngèg}ns }je ugyseyfsem }jfg }sfmo}ongfl tfsdj}ogd mn`fogr'68

]e U'R' Dnxesgèg} omeg}oem }je O reb}ns fr fg fsef n }je gf}ongr

bso}obfl ogsfr}sub}use fgm flodgem o}r ysn}eb}ong }jsnudj }je Meyfs}èg}n Jnèlfgm Rebuso} *MJR/ og 399?'64 Fbbnsmogd }n }je Gf}ongflFbfme` n Egdogeesogd og Tfrjogd}ng MB, bces rr}e`r fse }jetefker} logk og nus gf}ongfl rebuso}'6: Fg ezf`yle or Rr}e` Bng}snlfgm Mf}f Fbvuoro}ong *RBFMF/ rr}e`r }jf} `fgfde bso}obfl u}olo}oer,rubj fr eleb}sobfl dsomr, tf}es, retes, fgm dfr rr}e`r ns sedongr, r}f}er,fgm lnbfl bn`ùgo}oer' Nlmes RBFMF rr}e`r ogbnsynsf}em loò}em

rebuso} cebfure }je nyesf}em ng blnrem bn`ùgobf}ong rr}e`r,cu} `nr} `nmesg RBFMF rr}e`r ure }je Og}esge} }n yfrr bng}snlogns`f}ong'6? RBFMF rr}e`r fse yn}eg}ofll ezynrem }n fr`è}sobflf}}fbk sn` nus fmxesrfsoer, tjobj bnulm ugmesòge U'R' bfyfcolo}oerfgm o}r ge}tnskr'39 Ng fxesfde, o} or er}o`f}em }jf} 3= jnusr n RBFMFmntg }oè sn` f `fans f}}fbk tnulm bnr} -8'2 òllong to}j bnr}rceogd }je jodjer} og }je nol fgm dfr reb}nsr'36 RBFMF f}}fbkr fse resonur

cebfure moseb} bng}snl n nyesf}ongfl rr}e`r bnulm bsef}e }je yn}eg}oflns lfsde rbfle yntes nu}fder ns `fg`fme egxosngèg}fl morfr}esr'33

RBFMF rr}e`r fse xulgesfcle, rn dsef}es ens}r fse sevuosem }n merodgfgm ylfbe RBFMF rr}e`r og `nse rebuse fsbjo}eb}user'

Nxes }je efsr, xfsonur bn`òrrongr jfxe ezfògem bces rebuso}fgm nburem }jeos ens}r ng RBFMF rr}e`r, bn`ùgobf}ongr,gfgbofl ge}tnskr, fgm n}jes ogsfr}sub}user' Seyns}r bngblume U'R'

bso}obfl ogsfr}sub}user fse ogbsefrogdl meyegmeg} ng ogns`f}ongfgm bn`ùgobf}ong rr}e`r, fgm }jf} meyegmegbe or f rnusbe nsorogd xulgesfcolo}oer'32 Og 3992, Yseromeg}ofl Ezebu}oxe Nsmes 623:8sevuosem }je Ugo}em R}f}er ysn}eb} fdfogr} morsuy}ong n }je nyesf}ongn ogns`f}ong rr}e`r ns bso}obfl ogsfr}sub}use fgm jely }n ysn}eb}}je yenyle, ebngn`, erreg}ofl ju`fg fgm dnxesgèg} resxober,fgm gf}ongfl rebuso} n }je Ugo}em R}f}er, fgm }n egruse }jf} fgmorsuy}ongr }jf} nbbus fse ogsevueg}, n ògo`fl musf}ong, fgm`fgfdefcle, fgm bfure }je lefr} mf`fde ynrrocle'3= O or bsubofl }nexes fryeb} n `nmesg loe, fgm f resonur f}}fbk bnulm bsoyyle rr}e`rns eèsdegb resxober, òlo}fs ure, jefl}j bfse meloxes, fgm eleb}sobflyntes degesf}ong'35 ]ur, f bces bf`yfodg tnulm fl`nr} bes}fogl ce


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moseb}em fdfogr} }je bnug}sr bso}obfl gf}ongfl ogsfr}sub}use }jf} tnulmbsnrr cnugmfsoer ce}teeg dnxesgèg} fgm }je ysoxf}e reb}ns, fgm, ornyjor}obf}em fgm bnnsmogf}em, tnulm jfxe cn}j o`èmof}e o`yfb}

fgm melfem bngrevuegber'38

Fbbnsmogd }n }je U'R' Bn`yu}es Eèsdegb Sefmogerr ef` *URBES/, bces }jsef}r fdfogr} }je Ugo}em R}f}er fse csnfml bf}ednsoqemog}n xe yn}eg}ofll nxeslfyyogd dsnuyr, bngror}ogd n gf}ongfldnxesgèg}r, }essnsor}r, ogmur}sofl ryoer fgm nsdfgoqem bsoè dsnuyr,jfbk}oxor}r fgm jfbkesr'34 Fg n }jere }jsef} dsnuyr bfg jfxe rodgobfg}o`yfb}r fdfogr} U'R' bn`ùgobf}ong fgm RBFMF rr}e`r, fgm

bngrevueg}l nus ogsfr}sub}use' N dsef}er} bngbesg fse gf}ongfllexelbces tfsfse ysndsf`r }jf} ynre }jsef}r flngd }je eg}ose ryeb}su` nncaeb}oxer }jf} òdj} jfs` U'R' og}eser}r'3: F`ngd }je fssf n bces}jsef}r, ngl nseodg dnxesgèg}ryngrnsem ysndsf`r fse mexelnyogdbfyfcolo}oer to}j }je u}use ysnryeb} n bfurogd tomerysefm, lngdmusf}ong mf`fde }n U'R' bso}obfl ogsfr}sub}user'3?

sfmo}ongfl }essnsor} fmxesrfsoer n }je Ugo}em R}f}er, meryo}e }jeos

og}eg}ongr }n mf`fde U'R' og}eser}r, fse lerr mexelnyem og }jeos bn`yu}esge}tnsk bfyfcolo}oer fgm ysnyegro} }n yusrue bces èfgr }jfg fsen}jes }yer n fmxesrfsoer'29 ]e fse lokel, }jesense, }n ynre ngl floò}em bces }jsef}' ]e Ugo}em R}f}er rjnulm fg}oboyf}e }jf} `nserucr}fg}ofl bces }jsef}r fse ynrrocle og }je u}use fr f nse }ebjgobfllbn`ye}eg} degesf}ong eg}esr }je sfgkr'26 Og}esgf}ongfl bnsynsf}eryoer fgm nsdfgoqem bsoè nsdfgoqf}ongr to}j ysn}cfrem dnflr ynre

f èmou`lexel }jsef} }n }je Ugo}em R}f}er }jsnudj }jeos fcolo} }nbngmub} ogmur}sofl eryongfde fgm lfsderbfle `nge}fs }je}, fr tell fr}jeos fcolo} }n jose ns mexelny jfbkes }fleg}'23 Fbbnsmogd }n }je URBES, jfbk}oxor}r ns` f r`fll, nseodg ynyulf}ong n ynlo}obfll fb}oxejfbkesr }jf} ogblumer ogmoxomuflr fgm dsnuyr to}j fg}oU'R' `n}oxer'@n}oxf}em c ysnyfdfgmf fgm `nge sf}jes }jfg mf`fde }n bso}obflogsfr}sub}user, jfbk}oxor}r reek }n fbjoexe gn}nsoe} ns }jeos ynlo}obflbfure'22 Fl}jnudj }je `nr} guèsnur fgm jodjl yucloboqem bcesog}surongr fse frbsocem }n ogmoxomufl jfbkogd jnccor}r, }je ynre fgedlodocle }jsef} n tomerysefm, lngdmusf}ong mf`fde }n gf}ongfllexelogsfr}sub}user'2= ]e lfsde `fanso} n jfbkesr mn gn} jfxe }je `n}oxens sevuoro}e }sfmebsf} }n }jsef}eg mobul} }fsde}r rubj fr bso}obfl U'R'


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ge}tnskr' Gexes}jelerr, }je lfsde tnslmtome ynyulf}ong n jfbkesrynrer f self}oxel jodj }jsef} n fg ornlf}em ns csoe morsuy}ong bfurogdresonur mf`fde, ogblumogd ez}egroxe ysnyes} mf`fde fgm lnrr n loe'

Fr }je jfbkes ynyulf}ong dsntr, rn mner }je lokelojnnm n f jodjlrkollem fgm `flobonur jfbkes f}}e`y}ogd fgm rubbeemogd og rubj fgf}}fbk'25

Fbbnsmogd }n R`fg}eb, }je Ugo}em R}f}er tfr }je }nysfgkem bnug}sns `flobonur fb}oxo}, fbbnug}ogd ns 32 yesbeg} n fll f}}fbkr, fr rjntgog fcle 6'28 O} or fyyfseg} sn` }jor seyns} }jf} `flobonur fb}oxo}or ysexfleg} og }je mexelnyem fgm sfyoml mexelnyogd gf}ongr n }je

tnslm, fgm }jf} f}}fbkr bfg bsnrr fll }sfmo}ongfl cnugmfsoer sedfsmlerrn dnxesgèg}fl, bn`èsbofl, ebngnòb fgm ogmoxomufl flof}ong']e Og}esge} or f yesòrroxe bn``ngr fgm fr f bngrevuegbe, rn or o}rfrrnbof}em `flobonur fb}nsr, fb}oxo}oer, fgm }jsef}r'

SfgkBnug}s.

SedongYesbeg}fde

@flobonurBnme

Sfgk

Ryf`Qn`coer

Sfgk

YjorjogdTecro}e

Jnr}rSfgk

Cn}r

Sfgk

F}}fbkNsodog

Sfgk

6Ugo}emR}f}er

32% 6 2 6 3 6

3 Csfqol 8% 8 3 69 2 2

2 Ogmof 8% 3 6 29 39 :

= Des`fg 5% 66 5 2 = 4

5 Bjogf =% 2 3: 4 8 3

8Ugo}em

Kogdmn`=% = 4 = ? =

4 ]fotfg =% 32 63 65 6 ?

: O}fl =% 36 66 66 5 8

? Surrof 2% 65 ? : 68 5

69 Bfgfmf 2% : =6 3 64 63

fcle 6' @flobonur Fb}oxo} c Bnug}s fgm Sedong24

Tjole gngr}f}e ryngrnsem bn`yu}es ge}tnsk ezylno}f}ong ynrer fresonur sork }n U'R' gf}ongfl rebuso}, }jnre ezylno}r fse lerr }snuclogdtjeg bn`yfsem }n f gf}ongr}f}e }jsef}, rubj fr }jf} n Bjogf, tjobjreekr }n dn cengm bces eryongfde og nsmes }n fbjoexe olo}fs eeb}r ogu}use bcesryfbe'2: yobfll, ryebob ogns`f}ong fcnu} f}}fbkr fdfogr}


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U'R' Dnxesgèg} ge}tnskr, f}}socu}ong, fgm rubberrul yege}sf}ong orblfrroem, rn ngl seysereg}f}oxe nyegrnusbe ogns`f}ong or ezfògem,rubj fr }jf} og fcle 6' Jntexes, sn` }je morburrong fcnu} RBFMF

f}}fbkr, nge bfg rusòre }jf} òlo}fs eeb}r, sn` f rju}mntg nsedongfl yntes degesf}ong rr}e`r fgm mor}socu}ong ge}tnskr }nmf}f }je}, fse ylfurocle ezf`yler fbsnrr f csnfm sfgde n seflor}obynrrocolo}oer' Fr bces }ebjgnlnd cebnèr ogbsefrogdl og}edsf}em og}nfll fbe}r n boxolofg fgm òlo}fs loe, U'R' gf}ongfl rebuso} ylfggesrree o}r yesxfroxegerr fr cn}j f }fsde} fgm f tefyng, roòlfs }n n}jesbfyfcolo}oer fgm nsber; rn sn` }jor yesryeb}oxe, o} or }je nge bso}obflbn`yngeg} uyng tjobj `fg `nmesg rnboe}oer meyegm, f meyegmegbe}jf} or gn} lnr} ng yn}eg}ofl egeòer'2?

Tj Ge}tnsk Meegre @f}}esr

Meggor Clfos, nsès Moseb}ns n Gf}ongfl Og}ellodegbe, r}f}em }jf}}je bces bsoògfl reb}ns, og yfs}obulfs, jfr morylfem se`fskfcle}ebjgobfl oggnxf}ong to}j fg fdolo} ysereg}l ezbeemogd }je seryngre

bfyfcolo} n ge}tnsk meegmesr'Bsoògflr fse bnllfcnsf}ogd dlncfllfgm ezbjfgdogd }nnlr fgm ezyes}ore }n bosbu`xeg} meegroxe ens}r,tjobj `fker o} ogbsefrogdl mobul} ns ge}tnsk meegmesr fgm lftegnsbeèg} }n me}eb} fgm morsuy} `flobonur fb}oxo}oer'=9 Og}esge}self}em ebngnòb lnrrer sefbjem -=3 collong og }je Ugo}em R}f}er fgm-6=9 collong tnslmtome og 399:, tjole dlncfll, bn`yfgoer bnulmjfxe lnr} nxes -6 }sollong tns}j n og}elleb}ufl ysnyes} mue }n mf}f}je}'=6 R}nleg }sfme rebse}r, ysnysoe}fs serefsbj fgm mexelnyèg}

ogns`f}ong, lnr} snfl}oer, yf}eg} fgm bnysodj} ogsogdeèg}, fgmgfgbofl ogns`f}ong bn`ysore }je dsntogd `fdgo}ume n mf}f lnrrmue }n Og}esge}self}em }je}' ]ur, f csoe ezfògf}ong n meegroxebfyfcolo}oer }n ysn}eb} U'R' bcesryfbe or geberrfs' Hoduse 3 *nllntogdyfde/ ysereg}r }je blfrrob rebuso} ngong mofdsf` e`ylnem og Oegxosngèg}r' O} nburer ng }sfmo}ongfl yjrobfl, ysnbemusfl, }ebjgobflfgm yesrnggel rebuso} }jf} o`yfb} ng }je bnse O bn`yngeg}r n mf}f,

fyylobf}ongr, jnr}r, fgm ge}tnskr'

Nxes }oè, `nse sncur} meegroxe bngr}sub}r exnlxem }n ce}}es ysn}eb}ogns`f}ong, resxesr, rr}e`r fgm }sfgryns} bn`ùgobf}ongr' Fr getesbfyfcolo}oer fse csnudj} }n }je `fske}ylfbe, meegroxe }ebjgnlndoer


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fmaur} fgm fmfy} }n }je bjfgdogd egxosngèg}' Ysexonurl, }ebjgnlndbn`yfgoer ryem get bfyfcolo}oer og}n }je `fske}ylfbe fgm rebuso}èfruser nllntem fr fg f}es}jnudj}' ]or bosbu`r}fgbe sevueg}lle} rodgobfg} rebuso} dfyr og nsdfgoqf}ongfl bces egxosngèg}r'Og }nmfr egxosngèg}, rebuso} or f cfrob merodg bngromesf}ong tjegysnmub}r fgm rr}e`r fse ysnynrem' Ogns`f}ong }ebjgnlndoer }jf}lfbk meegrocle bfyfcolo}oer fse mnnèm }n fol }je ures, bn`yfg nsdnxesgèg} e`ylnogd }je`' F `nse `nmesg ogns`f}ong rebuso}

bngr}sub} or ysereg}em og Hoduse 2' Tjole }jor rebuso} bngr}sub} or gn}fll ogbluroxe, o} or seysereg}f}oxe n }je meegreogmey}j bngbey} }jf}toll bng}ogue }n exnlxe fr get bfyfcolo}oer fgm emof eg}es bcesryfbe'=3

@bFee, f }sur}em lefmes og }je bn`yu}es rebuso} ogmur}s, rusxeemnxes 6,999 curogerrer' ]eos serefsbj jfr gf}ongfl rebuso} o`ylobf}ongrtjobj ogmobf}e }jf} rucr}fg}ofl f`nug}r n xo}fl modo}fl ogns`f}ong,rubj fr og}elleb}ufl ysnyes} fgm regro}oxe bur}nès mf}f, or ceogd}sfgressem ce}teeg bn`yfgoer fgm bng}ogeg}r fgm rucrevueg}l lnr}'=2]e seyns} bngblumer }jf} bn`yfgoer lnr} ng fxesfde -='8 òllongtns}j n og}elleb}ufl ysnyes} og 399:'== O} or mobul} }n exfluf}e }je}n}fl gfgbofl lnrrer }n curogerrer cebfure bn`yfgoer fse selub}fg} }n

Hoduse 3' Blfrrob Rebuso} Ngong


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fbbusf}el seyns} }je duser mue }n bngbesgr nxes lnrogd bngruèsbngmegbe' O} bnr}r fg fxesfde n -899,999 yes s` }n seryngm }nefbj rebuso} csefbj bngbesgogd }je lnrr n xo}fl ogns`f}ong, tjobjseheb}r aur} }je seyns}em bnr}r n blefguy rubj fr ledfl eer, xob}o`gn}obf}ongr, cu} gn} ogsfr}sub}use bnr}r frrnbof}em to}j ysexeg}ongfgm me}eb}ong'=8 ]e serefsbj us}jes sexeflem }jf} seryngmeg}r tnssoem`nse fcnu} }jeos bn`yfgr seyu}f}ong mue }n yuclob self}ongr mf`fdefgm ogns`f}ong lefkfde }jfg fcnu} }je gfgbofl o`yfb}'=4

Fg frru`y}ong or }jf} òdsf}ogd fg nsdfgoqf}ongr rr}e`r fgmbfyfcolo}oer }n f blnum bn`yu}ogd egxosngèg} mner gn} nsdn }jegeberro} }n fyysebof}e }je bjfgdogd gf}use n }je bces }jsef}; gns mnero} fllnt ns }je fcmobf}ong n rebuso} `fog}egfgbe seryngrocolo}oer c}je mf}f ntges' Blnum bn`yu}ogd mner gn} bjfgde }je meegroxe èfgrfxfolfcle }n rebuso} ryeboflor}r' Jntexes, ysn}eb}ong n }je yjrobflbn`yu}esr cebnèr yfsf`nug} og f blnum bn`yu}ogd egxosngèg}' O}je yjrobfl resxes or bn`ysnòrem, }jeg }je jnr}em xos}ufl bn`yu}esrtoll lokel fll ce bn`ysnòrem fr tell' ]e sexesre or gn} geberrfsol}je bfre' ]or ylfber f jeodj}egem nbur ng }je ysnxomesr fcolo}oer }n

Hoduse 2' @nmesg Lfesem Meegre Fmfy}em sn` MJR Bces Meegre

R}sf}ed=5


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ysn}eb} }je yjrobfl resxesr, }je beg}es n dsfxo}, og f blnum bn`yu}ogd

egxosngèg}' R}f}or}obr ogmobf}e }jf} nge}josm n csefbjer serul} sn`

lnr} ns r}nleg lfy}ny bn`yu}esr fgm sn` e`ylneer fbbomeg}fll

ezynrogd mf}f ng }je Og}esge} to}j gefsl 68 yesbeg} mue }n ogromes}je}'=: Tjeg f ures lndr nu} sn` blnum bn`yu}ogd resxober, jntexes,

}je csntres bfg ce re} }n hurj fu}n`f}obfll, lefxogd gn}jogd ng }je

merk}ny }n ce lnr} ns r}nleg' ]esense, rebuso} bngbesgr to}j blnum

bn`yu}ogd fse `nse f bul}usfl orrue frrnbof}em to}j nu}rnusbogd }jfg

ng fg ysnxeg merodg tefkgerr'=?

Blnum Bn`yu}ogd Meegre Ezfògf}ong

Mue }n }je o`ylobf}ongr }n csnfm U'R' og}eser}r, f bces rebuso}

sfètnsk ns blnum bn`yu}ogd rjnulm ce mexelnyem }n fb}oxel

rjfye ysn}eb}ong ens}r ns U'R' bces ogsfr}sub}use, bn`ùgobf}ong

rr}e`r, fgm bn`èsbofl, gfgbofl, fgm eryebofll òlo}fs ge}tnskr

sn` f csnfm sfgde n bsoyylogd f}}fbkr fgm ezylno}oxe }jsef}r' Hfoluse }n

ysn}eb} U'R' dnxesgèg}fl, òlo}fs, fgm bn`èsbofl ge}tnskr bnulm

lefm }n }je lnrr n og}elleb}ufl ysnyes}, }sfme rebse}r, fgm `nse' ]ebn`ysnòre n }jere bsubofl ge}tnskr tnulm bsef}e bjfnr og cfgkogd,

dnxesgèg}fl, fgm òlo}fs rr}e`r'

sfmo}ongfll, f meegreogmey}j fyysnfbj or fyyloem }n rebusogd

yjrobfl O egxosngèg}r' ]or meegroxe fyysnfbj `f ce lerr }jfg

fmevuf}e ns blnum bn`yu}ogd egxosngèg}r cebfure rr}e`r fse

xos}ufl fgm yn}eg}ofll `ncole' Fmmo}ongfll, }je ogr}fg}fgenur gf}use

fgm }je fcolo} }n f}}fbk }je eg}ose bces mn`fog `fke o} yn}eg}ofll

xulgesfcle'59 Yjrobfl cnsmesr fse o`yns}fg} cebfure blnum ysnxomesr

releb} }jeos ro}er cfrem ng ebngnòb, bnggeb}oxo}, yntes fxfolfcolo}

fgm rebuso} bso}esof, cu} }je jfxe }n `fke ryebofl fssfgdeèg}r

f`ngd bnug}soer tjese mf}f`nxeèg} ser}sob}ongr fyyl'56 Rebusogd

ysereg} mf ge}tnskogd fsbjo}eb}user to}j yjrobfl ogsfr}sub}use

ysnxomer kgntg rr}e` egxosngèg}r }n meegm' Jntexes, blnum

bn`yu}ogd egxosngèg}r sevuose fmmo}ongfl sork bngromesf}ong cebfure

}je bfyfcolo}oer, mf}f, fgm rn}tfse fse xos}ufloqem, tjole }je yjrobfl

ogsfr}sub}use or nu}rnusbem fgm `f serome nu}rome }je }sur}em

dnxesgfgbe lftr n f bnug}s'


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F dsntogd gu`ces n yenyle celoexe blnum bn`yu}ogd ysereg}r fyfsfmod` rjo} og bn`yu}ogd, ng f yfs to}j }je mexelnyèg} n`fogsfèr, yesrngfl bn`yu}ogd, bloeg}resxes bn`yu}ogd fgm }je

Og}esge}'53

Jntexes, rr}e` ntgesr fse degesfll sork fmxesre, rnfmny}ogd blnum bn`yu}ogd fr f rnlu}ong sevuoser f bn`ysejegroxemeegroxe sfètnsk }n egruse rebuso}' Tjole blnum bn`yu}ogd resxoberfse busseg}l ceogd urem, ezyes}r bo}e rebuso}, og}esnyesfcolo}, fgmyns}fcolo} fr `fans cfssoesr }n us}jes fmny}ong'52 Bngxesrel, regonsO lefmes ezyeb}f}ongr fse ns egfclogd bnr} rfxogdr fgm fg ogbsefremfcolo} }n vuobkl bsef}e fgm meyln eg}esysore fyylobf}ongr'5= ]or ortjese busseg} ynlob fgm rucrevueg} rebuso} sfètnsk or lfbkogd']e Gf}ongfl Ogr}o}u}e n R}fgmfsmr fgm ebjgnlnd or lefmogd }jemexelnyèg} n r}fgmfsmr ns rebuso}, og}esnyesfcolo}, fgm yns}fcolo}ns }je U'R' BON c tnskogd to}j n}jes fdegboer, ogmur}s, fbfmeòffgm r}fgmfsmr mexelnyèg} nsdfgoqf}ongr }n bnsseb} }jor bosbu`r}fgbe'55]e ezyeb}f}ong or }jf} tellmegem r}fgmfsmr toll rjns}eg }je fmny}ongbble, egfclogd bnr} rfxogdr fgm fg ogbsefrem fcolo} }n vuobkl bsef}efgm meyln eg}esysore fyylobf}ongr'

Fmmo}ongfll, f dnxesgèg}tome sork fgm fu}jnsoqf}ong ysndsf` nsblnum bn`yu}ogd toll fllnt fdegboer }n ure }je fu}jnsoqf}ong c fgn}jesfdegb to}j }je fo` }n msoxe }n f re} n bn``ng resxober fbsnrr }jednxesgèg} ruyyns}em c f bn`ùgo}, sf}jes }jfg fg fdegbryebobsork `nmel'58 ]or ens} or o`yns}fg} cebfure o} toll semube }je r}frcusmeg og yesns`fgbe n legd}j OF bes}obf}ong fgm fbbsemo}f}ong nfyylobf}ongr fgm rr}e`r ns dsef}es bnr} eboegb'

Ge}tnsk R}f}e-n-}je-Fs} Sork Hsfètnsk

Ogmur}stome OF cer} curogerr ysfb}ober fgm bn`yu}es meegroxeèfruser fse gn} ugons`l o`yleèg}em, rn f sfètnsk or geberrfs}n frror} to}j ysonso}oqogd fgm bnnsmogf}ogd }jere meegroxe ens}r'Hsn` f meegreogmey}j yesryeb}oxe, bces rebuso} or gn} aur} fcnu}meylnogd ryebob }ebjgnlndoer }n bnug}es bes}fog sorkr, fr rubj; fgeeb}oxe rebuso} ysndsf` ns fg nsdfgoqf}ong toll meyegm ng o}rfo}julgerr fgm tollogdgerr }n fbbey} rebuso} fr f bngr}fg} bngr}sfog}ng fll bces fb}oxo}oer'54 ]e bso}obfl fryeb} ns blnum bn`yu}ogdegxosngèg}r or }n ugmesr}fgm tjf} }je get fgm ogjeseg} sorkr fse fgm


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jnt }je bjfgde og resxobe meloxes òdj} ce feb}em' Sork frrerrèg}rfse f ke bnsgesr}nge og megogd, ugmesr}fgmogd, fgm ylfggogdseèmof}ong ens}r fdfogr} ryebob }jsef}r, yn}eg}ofl xulgesfcolo}oer fgm

fsbjo}eb}usfl merodg hftr'5:

]ur, }je er}fclorjèg} n fg egjfgbemmeegroxe sfètnsk ns blnum bn`yu}ogd egxosngèg}r or ysumeg}'

Fbbnsmogd }n }je MJR, f meegreogmey}j sfètnsk f} f ògoù`rjnulm ogblume }je nllntogd fsefr1

6' Kgnt }je rebuso} sorkr }jf} fg nsdfgoqf}ong fber

3' Vufg}o fgm vuflo sorkr

2' Ure ke sernusber }n ò}odf}e rebuso} sorkr

=' Mege efbj sernusber bnse bn`ye}egb fgm omeg}o fg nxeslfyyogdfsefr

5' Fcome c ezor}ogd ns eèsdogd rebuso} r}fgmfsmr ns ryebob bng}snlr

8' Bsef}e fgm bur}nòqe ryebob bng}snlr }jf} fse ugovue }n fgnsdfgoqf}ong5?

Ugmesr}fgmogd }jf} f sfètnsk or f duome ns frrerrogd sork, }je cfrob

sfètnsk or f xflufcle r}fs}ogd ynog}' Og f `nse }sfmo}ongfl lfesemmeegroxe bngr}sub}, }je rr}e`r }egm }n ce bnllnbf}em og f rogdle nsself}oxel blnre ysnzoò} ge}tnskogd ns fsef mf}f ysnberrogd beg}es,tjobj or n}eg `fgfdem fgm bng}snllem c }je rr}e` fgm mf}f ntges'

]e bjfllegde ns ogbnsynsf}ogd `nse rebuse blnum bn`yu}ogd or}tnnlm' Hosr}, }je ntgesr mf}f fgm rr}e`r fse n}eg nu}rnusbem }nfg ez}esgfl blnum bn`yu}ogd egxosngèg} ysnxomes, rn }je ntges gn

lngdes re}r }je egxosngèg}r rebuso} ynlob ns `fog}fogr o}r rebuso}ynr}use' Rebngm, blnum bn`yu}ogd egxosngèg}r fse er}fclorjem ogùl}oyle lnbf}ongr }jf} fse xos}ufll og}esbnggeb}em' O}r yjrobfl resxesrfse n}eg lnbf}em og dendsfyjobfll ogezyegroxe fsefr og }es`r n lfcnsfgm dnxesgèg}fl sedulf}ong'

C eg}esogd og}n f blnum bn`yu}ogd egxosngèg}, }jese fse rodgobfg}cege}r }n fg nsdfgoqf}ong }jsnudj }je semub}ong n o}r nsdfgob}ebjgobfl r}f, tjobj `f see uy bfyo}fl ns n}jes urer' ]e mntgromeor }jf} }je dnxesgfgbe n }je blnum egxosngèg} or gn} }sfgryfseg},rn }je resxobe fgm mf}f ntges bnulm ugkgntogdl ogjeso} jodjes sorkns og}surong sn` }je ysnxomes' Ngbe fg nsdfgoqf}ong nu}rnusber o}r


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2: Ogns`f}ong fr Yntes

bnug}esèfruser, fgm ce evuoyyem }n ugmesr}fgm rebuso} ogbomeg}r`nse sefmol'83 Og blnum bn`yu}ogd }je resxobe ysnxomes er}fclorjer }jeblnumr fsbjo}eb}use, rebuso} ynr}use, fgm ysnxomer }je resxobe meloxes'

Jntexes, o} or ogbu`ceg} ng }je nsdfgoqf}ong fr }je resxobe fgm mf}fntges }n ull fyysebof}e fgm frrerr fll }je egxosngèg}fl sorkr'

Blnum bn`yu}ogd egxosngèg}r fse f get sng}oes to}j xes et ryebobledorlf}oxe r}fgmfsmr ns rebuso} ns mf}f ysoxfb, fgm }jese or loò}emdnxesgfgbe cebfure lftr lfd cejogm }je }ebjgnlnd mexelnyèg}'82 Og}je blnum bn`yu}ogd egxosngèg} meloxes n bfyfcolo}oer fll og}n }tncsnfm bf}ednsoer1 RffR fgm YffR' Ysnxomesr jesflm }je sncur}gerr n

}jeos rr}e`r, n}eg blfoògd }jf} blnum egxosngèg}r fse `nse rebuse}jfg ezor}ogd eg}esysore egxosngèg}r, cu} }je fb}r fse }jf} fg rebuso}èfruse exes csefbjem tfr ngbe }jnudj} }n ce ogfllocle'8=F} ysereg},rebuso} or o`cuem og }je blnum bn`yu}ogd egxosngèg}, cu} }je lexeln meegroxe èfruser fgm }jeos o`yleèg}f}ong `f xfs rodgobfg}lce}teeg ysnxomesr'

Fyylobfcolo} ns U'R' Hemesfl Eg}esysore Egxosngèg}rFsdufcl, }je MNM nyesf}er nge n }je lfsdes fgm `nse sncur}eg}esysore bn`yu}ogd egxosngèg}r og }je tnslm' ]eg Rebse}fs nMeegre, Snces} Df}er, og jor Afgufs 399? }er}o`ng cense bngdserrr}f}em, To}j bjefy }ebjgnlnd fgm ògo`fl ogxer}èg}, busseg}fgm yn}eg}ofl fmxesrfsoer nyesf}ogd og bcesryfbe bfg oghob} resonurmf`fde }n MNMr xfr} ogns`f}ong dsom f rr}e` }jf} egbn`yfrrer

`nse }jfg 65,999 lnbfl, sedongfl, fgm tomefsef ge}tnskr, fgmfyysnzo`f}el 4 òllong O mexober'85 Fl}jnudj }je MNMr ge}tnskr}sub}use or logkem, }je òlo}fs resxober fgm fdegboer }yobfll nyesf}emor}ogb} mn`fogr, rn o} tnulm sevuose f xfr} gfgbofl fgm lfcns ens} }nòdsf}e }n f blnum bn`yu}ogd egxosngèg}' ]e bngrnlomf}ong ens}toll flrn msoxe }je òlo}fs resxober }n ezfòge O ogxer}èg}r sn` fo}le 69 yesryeb}oxe, tjobj `f loò} }jeos fu}ngn` to}j sedfsm }n}jeos `fgmf}e }n `fg, evuoy, fgm nu}} }jeos nsber' ]or òdsf}ongtoll lokel nbbus ogbseèg}fll nxes }je gez} 569 efsr fgm `f fllntns }je sebfyo}floqf}ong n jugmsemr n òllongr n mnllfsr og ge}tnsknyesf}ogd ugmr' Fr rjntg og fcle 3, }je MNM busseg}l ryegmrnxes -28'2 collong fggufll ns O, fbbnsmogd }n }je O Mfrjcnfsm'88


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]or mfrjcnfsm ysnxomer }je yuclob to}j ngloge me}folr n U'R' HemesflDnxesgèg} O ogxer}èg}r cfrem ng Hemesfl fdegboer `ng}jlseyns}r }n }je U'R' Nbe n @fgfdeèg} fgm Cumde}'84

Cusefu

]n}fl H_3966

Ryegmogd *Collongr/

Gn' n ]n}fl

Ogxer}èg}r

Meyfs}èg} n }je Fs` -4'29 358

Meyfs}èg} n }je Fos Hnsbe -8':9 856

Meyfs}èg} n }je Gfx -4'89 4:?

Meyfs}èg} n Meegre Fdegboer -6='89 528

Meyfs}èg} n Meegre *]n}fl/ -28'29 3323

fcle 3' U'R' MNM O Yns}nlon Cumde} ns H_39668:

]e Hemesfl dnxesgèg}, fr yfs} n f csnfmes O }sfgrns`f}ong, geemr}n ugmfèg}fll rjo} o}r ògmre} sn` cuolmogd bur}n` rr}e`r }nfmny}ogd lodj} }ebjgnlndoer fgm rjfsem rnlu}ongr'8? ]or or geberro}f}emcebfure meyfs}èg}r fgm fdegboer }yobfll cuolm rr}e`r }jf} muylobf}ebfyfcolo}oer fgm lfbk og}edsf}ong to}jog }je dnxesgèg}, bfurogd

uggeberrfs O semugmfgboer fgm ogbsefrem bnr}r' Fg ezf`yle or }jeezylnrong og }je gu`ces n Hemesfl mf}f beg}esr sn` =23 og 6??: }n3,9?= og 3969 }jf} jodjlodj}r }jor ngdnogd O ezyfgrong'49 To}j frucaeb}oxe ezfògf}ong n }je MNM O ezyegmo}user auz}fynrem fbsnrr}je Hemesfl Dnxesgèg} fcnxe, nge bfg regre }je yn}eg}ofl bnr} rfxogdrog }je collongr n mnllfsr c eloògf}ogd O semugmfgboer, bngrnlomf}ogdresxes fs`r fgm mf}f beg}esr og}n blnum bn`yu}ogd egxosngèg}r, fgm

}je semub}ong n }ebjgobfl r}f'

Ogns`f}ong resxober rjnulm egfcle }je meyfs}èg}r fgm fdegboer}n ce}}es resxe }je Fèsobfg yenyle' Meryo}e ryegmogd `nse }jfg-899 collong ng O nxes }je yfr} mebfme, }je Hemesfl dnxesgèg} jfrfbjoexem lo}}le og }es`r n }je ysnmub}oxo} o`ysnxeèg}r }jf} ysoxf}eogmur}s jfr sefloqem sn` O'46 ]or seheb}r }je dsntogd meyegmegbng ogns`f}ong rr}e`r c Hemesfl e`ylneer }n fbbn`ylorj }jeos mfoltnsk' Uglerr bjebkem c f }sfgro}ong }n blnum bn`yu}ogd, }jor Odsnt}j }segm toll yesror} fgm ezyfgm' Jntexes, }je Gf}ongfl Rebuso}Fdegb, loke n}jes Hemesfl fdegboer, or }so`ògd o}r ryegmogd ng OFsn` -?65 òllong og 3969 }n -?93 òllong og 3966'43 O} or lokel }jor


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=3 Ogns`f}ong fr Yntes

ysnbemuser f} Hemesfl fdegboer':6 ]e ysemob}ongr ree` sf}jes blefs }jf}rnyjor}obf}em f}}fbkr toll bng}ogue }n }fsde} eèsdogd bfyfcolo}oer ogbcesryfbe, tjole }je }segmr bng}ogue sedfsmogd }je lfbk n bn`ylofgbe

ng }je yfs} n dnxesgèg}fl fdegboer }n fmmserr rebuso} }jsef}r'

Bngblurong

]or serefsbj ezfògem }je bjfllegder frrnbof}em to}j ysnxomogdge}tnsk meegre og }je busseg} eg}esysore egxosngèg} fgm sebndgoqer}jf} bngrnlomf}ong n fsef ysnberrogd fgm ge}tnskogd beg}esr og}nblnum bn`yu}ogd egxosngèg}r or }je lokel u}use odsf}ong yf}j' ]e

yso`fs sefrngr ns fmny}ogd f blnum bn`yu}ogd egxosngèg} fse sfyomrbflfcolo} fgm hezocolo} to}j RffR fgm YffR' ]ese or f yesbey}ong}jf} òdsf}ong }n }je blnum bn`yu}ogd egxosngèg} toll flrn oelmbnr} rfxogdr }jsnudj semubem yjrobfl ogsfr}sub}use fgm }ebjgobflr}f' Tjole }je seflo} n semubem yjrobfl ogsfr}sub}use toll nbbus, o}or gn} blefs }jf} }je }ebjgobfl r}f toll ce rodgobfg}l semubem cebfurexos}ufloqem resxesr r}oll geem }n ce `fog}fogem' Fmmo}ongfll, }jor yfyes

ysnynrem fg egjfgbem meegroxe sfètnsk }n ce}}es frrerr }je sorkrn blnum bn`yu}ogd' Tjole }je ezor}ogd sfètnsk or r}oll xflufcle,}je fmmem frrerrèg} fsefr fmmserr fgm bfy}use }je mgfòb gf}usen }je blnum bn`yu}ogd egxosngèg} fgm fnsm }je rr}e` ntgeso`ysnxem f}}fbk sork ò}odf}ong }jsnudj f `nse bn`yle}e frrerrèg}n }je egxosngèg}'

]e ANE ysemob}r }jf} ge}tnsk bnggeb}oxo} toll dsnt c 59% f efs,

ysnxomogd fcnu} 699,999 }oèr `nse cfgmtom}j og 3929 }jfg }nmf;fgm bn`yu}esr toll sug nge òllong }oèr fr}es, rn f jnè bn`yu}estnulm ce bfyfcle n mntglnfmogd }je eg}ose Locsfs n Bngdserr*snudjl 68 }esfc}er n mf}f/ og 63: rebngmr':3 To}j }jere ysemob}ongrog ogm, o} or fyyfseg} }jf} rebuso} bjfllegder fgm f}}fbk rnyjor}obf}ongtoll ogbsefre ysnyns}ongfll' ]e dsef}er} bngbesg ns dnxesgèg} fgmcurogerrer or }n ce lullem og}n f flre regre n rebuso} c fmny}ong nblnum bn`yu}ogd egxosngèg}r' ]e cege}r fse evufll fyyfseg},cu} }je bngrnlomf}ong n ùl}oyle xos}ufl `fbjoger og}n fg nu}rnusbemblnum bn`yu}ogd egxosngèg} ogbusr rnè sork' O }je yjrobfl resxesfolr, }jeg }je guèsnur xos}ufl `fbjoger toll dn roleg}' Evufll, o }jeyjrobfl resxes or bn`ysnòrem, }jeg }je jnr}em xos}ufl bn`yu}esr


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=2Ogns`f}ong Eeb}r og }je Bcesryfbe Mn`fog

toll lokel ce fr tell' Ul}o`f}el, o} cnolr mntg }n mf}f ntges sork,ezyeb}f}ongr, fgm }nlesfgbe n gn} bng}snllogd }jeos rr}e`r'

Fg fyysnysof}e meegre sevuoser bn`ò}èg}, bfseul ylfggogd, fgm

rr}e`f}ob o`yleèg}f}ong ogbnsynsf}em og}n bcesryfber xos}ufltnslm, o }jese or fg bjfgbe n loò}ogd mf`fde og }je sefl tnslm':2

]e meegre n xos}ufl bn`yu}esr or `nse fkog }n jnlmogd f}`nryjeseog nus jfgm ns bcesryfbe fr }je bfre `f ce' Blfureto}q r}f}em,]e meegmes or f} dsef}er} morfmxfg}fde tjeg bn`yellem }n ysn}eb}f tome fsef fdfogr} ùl}oyle fzer n fmxfgbe' Og }jor ogr}fgbe, }jef}}fbkes urogd rusysore `f }jsnt jor ull r}segd}j f} fg nge ynog}':=

Bngbluroxel, }je ge}tnsk meegre e`ylnr rucr}fg}ofll `nse èfgr}n yseresxe rebuso} og bn`yu}ogd egxosngèg}r, rn }je f}}fbkes `ffb}ufll jfxe }je ogo}of}oxe fgm fg fr`è}sob fmxfg}fde og bcesryfbe'Jntexes, tellmerodgem blnum bn`yu}ogd egxosngèg}r `f bjfgde}je cflfgbe cfbk og fxns n }je meegre, tjole semubogd bnr}r fgmo`ysnxogd resxobe'


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55/197

Bsoè ns Tfs1 Bcesryfbe Lft fgm o}rO`ylobf}ongr ns Og}ellodegbe

Bnlngel Csfg M' MeBnr}esUgo}em R}f}er Fs`

Nus Gf}ongr dsntogd meyegmegbe ng bces fgm ogns`f}ong-self}em }ebjgnlndoer, bnuylem to}j fg ogbsefrogd }jsef} n flobonurbces f}}fbkr fgm lnrr n ysoxfb, jfr doxeg sore }n }je geem nsdsef}es rebuso} n nus modo}fl ge}tnskr fgm ogsfr}sub}user' Og }je

Ogns`f}ong Fde, }je xes }ebjgnlndoer }jf} e`yntes ur }n bsef}efgm cuolm flrn e`yntes }jnre tjn tnulm morsuy} fgm mer}sn'

Cfsfbk Ncf`f, Ysnblf`f}ong, Gf}ongfl Bcesrebuso}Ftfsegerr @ng}j, 399?

jor r}f}eèg} c U'R' Yseromeg} Cfsfbk Ncf`f jodjlodj}r

busseg} gf}ongfl rebuso} bngbesgr to}j bcesryfbe, tjobj orf dlncfl mn`fogbngror}ogd n }je og}esmeyegmeg} ge}tnskn ogns`f}ong }ebjgnlnd ogsfr}sub}user, ogblumogd }je Og}esge},}elebn`ùgobf}ongr ge}tnskr, bn`yu}es rr}e`r, fgm e`cemmemysnberrnsr fgm bng}snllesr'6 Og 3992, U'R' Yseromeg} Densde T'Curj yuclorjem ]e Gf}ongfl R}sf}ed }n Rebuse Bcesryfbe, fgm og399?, Yseromeg} Ncf`f moseb}em f 89mf sexoet n bcesrebuso}r}sf}ed tjobj serul}em og f ynlob sexoet mnbuèg}'3 Cn}j mnbuèg}r

sebndgoqem }jf} bcesryfbe tfr f get mn`fog og gf}ongfl rebuso}to}j bn`ylez ledfl orruer fgm ge}tnsk xulgesfcolo}oer, eryebofll og}je gf}ongr bso}obfl ogsfr}sub}use'2 Rogbe bcesryfbe or self}oxel get,ezor}ogd og}esgf}ongfl lft mner gn} moseb}l mor}ogduorj ce}teeg bsoèrfgm fb}r n tfs ns fb}oxo}oer og bcesryfbe' Jntexes, `fkogd }jemor}ogb}ong ce}teeg bsoè fgm tfs or erreg}ofl og me}esògogd tjobj n}je ùl}oyle r}fkejnlmesr }fker }je lefm og ysexeg}ogd ns seryngmogd }n

bn`yu}es og}surongr ng Ugo}em R}f}er dnxesgèg} ns ysoxf}e ge}tnskr'

Megogd }je exnlxogd }esògnlnd self}em }n bcesryfbe or yfs}n }je bjfllegde og `fkogd ledfl mor}ogb}ongr' ]or yfyes urer }jemego}ongr fbbey}em og anog} mnb}soge to}j rnè ògns `nmobf}ongr'


56/197

=8 Ogns`f}ong fr Yntes

Bn`yu}es og}surongr fse ogbomeg}[rP n ugfu}jnsoqem fbberr }n mf}fns fg fu}n`f}em ogns`f}ong rr}e`= ns ge}tnskr c r}f}e fgm gngr}f}e fb}nsr' Bn`yu}es og}surongr }fke }tn ns`r1 bn`yu}es ge}tnsk

ezylno}f}ong fgm bn`yu}es ge}tnsk f}}fbk' Bn`yu}es ge}tnskezylno}f}ong *BGE/ or egfclogd nyesf}ongr fgm og}ellodegbe bnlleb}ongbfyfcolo}oer bngmub}em }jsnudj }je ure n bn`yu}es ge}tnskr }ndf}jes mf}f sn` }fsde} ns fmxesrfs fu}n`f}em ogns`f}ong rr}e`rns ge}tnskr'5 Bn`yu}es ge}tnsk f}}fbkr *BGF/ fse fb}ongr }fkeg}jsnudj }je ure n bn`yu}es ge}tnskr }n morsuy}, meg, medsfme, nsmer}sn ogns`f}ong seromeg} og bn`yu}esr fgm bn`yu}es ge}tnskr,ns }je bn`yu}esr fgm ge}tnskr }je`relxer'8 Tjole BGE fgm BGF

}nnlr fse ro`olfs, BGE fb}oxo}oer fse urufll bngmub}em og ruyyns} neryongfde, tjole BGF fb}oxo}oer fse og}egmem ns ysn}, rfcn}fde, nsn}jes jfs`'4

Fbbnsmogd }n Degesfl Keo}j Flezfgmes, bn``fgmes n U'R' BcesBn``fgm *URB_CESBN@/1 ]ese or f sefl ysncfcolo}, }jf} og }jeu}use, }jor bnug}s toll de} jo} to}j f mer}sub}oxe [bcesP f}}fbk, fgm te

geem }n ce sefm ns o}'

:

O`fdoge }je nllntogd rbegfson fr fg ezf`ylen rubj fg f}}fbk' O} or 3963 fgm }je Ugo}em R}f}er jfr aur} flleg xob}o`}n f bces tns` merodgem }n yseborel }fsde} }je ruyesxorns bng}snlfgm mf}f fbvuoro}ong *RBFMF/ rr}e`r n gublefs yntes fbolo}oerfgm bfure yjrobfl jfs` c rju}}ogd mntg sefb}ns bnnlogd rr}e`r']e tns` ogeb}em 39 gublefs fbolo}oer, to}j }tn n }je fbolo}oerezyesoegbogd }e`ynsfs bnnlogd rr}e` foluser, serul}ogd og 65 mef}jrfgm :9 ogausoer cense }je mf`fde bnulm ce bng}fogem' F}}socu}ong

jfr ceeg eluroxe, to}j }je tns`r ceogd }sfbem cfbk }n bn`yu}esr og}je Ugo}em R}f}er, Ogmof, fgm Yfkor}fg' Jntexes, og}ellodegbe nboflrruryeb} Osfg n ceogd cejogm }je tns` fr se}flof}ong ns f 3969 BGFfdfogr} Osfgofg gublefs fbolo} beg}souder'

F ynr}f}}fbk og}ellodegbe sexoet c }je Nbe n }je Moseb}ns nGf}ongfl Og}ellodegbe *NMGO/ sexeflem rexesfl mf}f ynog}r }jf} tesegexes rjfsem ns bnggeb}em' ]e Beg}sfl Og}ellodegbe Fdegb *BOF/er}o`f}em Osfg jfm og}eg} cu} ogruboeg} bfyfcolo} ns BGF' ]eGf}ongfl Rebuso} Fdegb *GRF/ bngmub}em f ge}tnsk fgflror }jf}rjntem bng}fb}r ce}teeg Osfgofg og}ellodegbe nboflr fgm f Surrofgjfbkes tecro}e flrn frrnbof}em to}j }essnsor} fgm bso`ogfl dsnuyr' ]e


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=4Ogns`f}ong Eeb}r og }je Bcesryfbe Mn`fog

Meyfs}èg} n R}f}e *MnR/ jfm f ju`fg og}ellodegbe *JU@OG/seyns} n f jodjl rkollem Surrofg jfbkes }sfxelogd }n Osfg }tn teekrysons }n }je f}}fbk' F} }jor ynog} og }oè, }je URB_CESBN@ fgm }je

emesfl dnxesgèg} se`fog ugblefs ng jnt }n seryngm rogbe f}}socu}ongfgm }je ledfl r}f}ur n }je f}}fbk se`fog ugblefs, tje}jes }je f}}fbk tfrf bsoògfl fb} ns fg fb} n tfs'

]or yfyes ezfòger }je lft bngbesgogd bcesryfbe fgm fgflqer rozcfrob rnusber n bcesryfbe }jsef}r og nsmes }n ysnynre tjobj }jsef}rfgm }jeos serul}ogd bn`yu}es og}surongr fse bsoògfl fr nyynrem }nfb}r n tfs' ]e yfyes }jeg merbsocer }je o`ylobf}ongr ns og}ellodegbe

bnlleb}ong fgm fgflror }jf} serul} sn` }jor ledfl fgm }jsef} egxosngèg}']ere o`ylobf}ongr degesf}e ysnynrem o`yesf}oxer ns }je og}ellodegbebn`ùgo} }jf} bnulm jely ysexeg} rbegfsonr loke }je nge merbsocemfcnxe'

Ezor}ogd Lft fgm R}fkejnlmesr Sedfsmogd Bcesryfbe Fb}oxo}oer

]ese fse moesogd nyogongr ng }je fyylobfcolo} n busseg} og}esgf}ongfl

lft }n bcesryfbe' Rnè rbjnlfsr fgm lftesr fsdue }jf} }jese fse gnbn``ng, bnmoem, ledfl r}fgmfsmr sedfsmogd bces fddserrong fgmbusseg} og}esgf}ongfl lft or gn} tell ruo}em ns bcesf}}fbkr'? N}jesrfsdue }jf} f bngromesfcle cnm n og}esgf}ongfl lft fyyloer }n }je ure nnsbe c r}f}er og bcesryfbe'69 Fyylogd }je degesfl og}esgf}ongfl lftrng }je ure n nsbe c fgflnd bfg jely me}esòge tje}jes f bn`yu}esog}surong or ro`yl f bsoè bn`ò}}em c f gngr}f}e fb}ns ns fguglftul ure n nsbe c f r}f}e ugmes og}esgf}ongfl lft'66 Fmxnbf}erns get og}esgf}ongfl lftr }n moseb}l fmmserr bn`yu}es og}surongr fsdue}jf} fyylogd lft c fgflnd }n bcesryfbe or busseg}l geberrfs cu}hftem ns rexesfl sefrngr1 }sfgrlf}ong ysncle`r, ezblurong n gngr}f}efb}nsr, fgm fyylobfcolo} n bcesryfbe }n ùl}oyle nxeslfyyogd ledflsedoèr'63 ]or yfyes urer }je lft c fgflnd fsduèg} rogbe o} fyyefsr}n ce }je `nr} degesfll fbbey}em è}jnm meryo}e o}r loò}f}ongr'

Rn tjf} og}esgf}ongfl lft or fyylobfcle c fgflnd> Tjf} bngr}o}u}er fgfb} n tfs og bcesryfbe> @fkogd f ledfl mor}ogb}ong ce}teeg bsoè fgmtfs or bn`ylobf}em mue }n }je lfbk n fbbey}em og}esgf}ongfl mego}ongrns ke }es`r n fddserrong rubj fr fb} n tfs, fsèm bnghob}, ure nnsbe, fgm fsèm f}}fbk' Og}esgf}ongfl lftr fgm }sef}oer, }n ogblume }je


58/197

=: Ogns`f}ong fr Yntes

Ugo}em Gf}ongr *UG/ Bjfs}es, mn gn} blefsl mege }jere }es`r nfddserrong'62 Og degesfl, fg fb} n tfs or fg ure n nsbe nbbussogdog }je bnusre n fsèm bnghob}' Jntexes, }n fyyl }jor }n bcesryfbe

sevuoser us}jes ezfògf}ong n ure n nsbe, fsèm f}}fbk, fgm fsèmbnghob} to}jog }je bng}ez} n og}esgf}ongfl lft'

Fs}oble 3*=/ n }je U'G' Bjfs}es ysnjoco}r }je ure n nsbe fdfogr}fgn}jes r}f}e'6= Hns }je yusynrer n }jor yfyes, ure n nsbe or megemfr f r}f}e fb}oxo} }jf} }jsef}egr }je }esso}nsofl og}edso} ns ynlo}obflogmeyegmegbe n fgn}jes r}f}e'65 Bur}n`fs og}esgf}ongfl lftysnjoco}r f r}f}e sn` urogd nsbe ns se}flof}ns ns yugo}oxe fb}ongr

cu} fllntr urogd nsbe og relmeegre }n me}es u}use fddserrong' Fs}oble56 n }je U'G' Bjfs}es sebndgoqer }jor sodj} n f r}f}e }n relmeegrefdfogr} fg fsèm f}}fbk'68 Hns }je yusynrer n }jor yfyes, fsèm f}}fbkor megem fr f ure n nsbe }jf} sorer }n f bes}fog rbnye, musf}ong, fgmog}egro} }jserjnlm'64 Ugo}em Gf}ongr Degesfl Frre`cl Sernlu}ong226= ysnxomer ezf`yler n fddserrong }jf} bngr}o}u}e fsèm f}}fbk, cu}}je fse }sfmo}ongfl le}jfl ezf`yler fr nyynrem }n }je gng}sfmo}ongflfb}oxo}oer n bcesryfbe'6: Fbbnsmogd }n Bn``ng Fs}oble 3 n }je

nus Degexf Bngxeg}ongr n 6?=?, fsèm bnghob} ezor}r uyng ns`flmeblfsf}ong n tfs; nbbuyf}ong n f r}f}e; ns fg n}jes fsèm bnghob}ce}teeg r}f}er exeg o tfs tfr gn} ns`fll meblfsem'6?

n ru``fsoqe fgm fyyl }jere }es`r, rjns} n f ns`fl meblfsf}ongn tfs ns nbbuyf}ong, fsèm bnghob} ezor}r tjeg nge r}f}e urer nsbefdfogr} fgn}jes r}f}e }jf} or n f rbnye, musf}ong, fgm og}egro} }jf}vufloer o} fr fg fsèm f}}fbk'39 Erreg}ofll, f ure n nsbe }jf} èe}r}je }jserjnlm n fg fsèm f}}fbk vufloer fr fsèm bnghob} fgm, ugmesFs}oble 56, }soddesr }je sodj} }n relmeegre'36 Urogd lft c fgflnd,f bn`yu}es og}surong c nge r}f}e fdfogr} fgn}jes r}f}er bn`yu}esge}tnsk `f vuflo fr f ure n nsbe o o} }jsef}egr }je }esso}nsoflog}edso} ns ynlo}obfl ogmeyegmegbe n }je r}f}e' O f r}f}e me}esòger}jf} fgn}jes r}f}er bn`yu}es og}surong èe}r }je }jserjnlm n fgfsèm f}}fbk, }je og}surong bnulm flrn ce bngromesem fsèm bnghob}

fgm fg fb} n tfs'

]e ke mor}ogb}ong or }je rbnye, musf}ong, fgm og}egro} }jserjnlm nsfg fsèm f}}fbk' ]ese or f sevuoseèg} ns ledfl fgflror ng f bfrecbfre cfror }n me}esòge tjobj bn`yu}es og}surongr èe} }je }jserjnlm


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=?O

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