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Zoned Map for Solar Water Heaters

November 2015

A joint initiative of Australian, State and Territoryand New Zealand Governments.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International Licence. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

The Department of Industry, Innovation and Science on behalf of the Equipment Energy Efficiency Program asserts the right to be recognised as author of the original material in the following manner:

© Commonwealth of Australia (Department of Industry. Innovation and Science) 2015.

The material in this publication is provided for general information only, and on the understanding that the Australian Government is not providing professional advice. Before any action or decision is taken on the basis of this material the reader should obtain appropriate independent professional advice.

This document is available at www.energyrating.gov.au

While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure that the contents of this publication are factually correct, E3 does not accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the content, and shall not be liable for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of, or reliance on, the contents of this publication.

Zoned Map for Solar Water Heaters 2

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Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...........................................................................................................................................1Next Steps.........................................................................................................................................2Guiding Questions for stakeholder submission................................................................................3

1. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................................................4

2. FACTORS INFLUENCING SOLAR WATER HEATER ENERGY EFFICIENCY...................................................52.1 Design factors influencing solar water heater energy efficiency...............................................52.2 Climate factors influencing solar water heater energy efficiency..............................................62.3 Demand factors influencing solar water heater energy efficiency.............................................7

3. SOFTWARE MODELLING OF SOLAR WATER HEATER ENERGY EFFICIENCY............................................83.1 Selection of a software modelling environment.........................................................................83.2 Composition of the models..........................................................................................................83.3 Calculation of an energy efficiency metric.................................................................................9

3.3.a Running Costs and Greenhouse Gas Information...............................................................11

4. PRODUCTION OF ZONED MAPS FOR AN ENERGY EFFICIENCY LABEL....................................................124.1 Implementation.........................................................................................................................124.2 Zoned boundaries......................................................................................................................134.3 Zoned maps...............................................................................................................................14

4.3.a Pumped Electric..................................................................................................................144.3.b Thermosiphon Electric........................................................................................................154.3.c Instantaneous Gas...............................................................................................................164.3.d Selection and conclusions...................................................................................................16

4.4 Reference cities.........................................................................................................................174.5 Utilisation of modelling of 87 zones..........................................................................................18

CONCLUSION.........................................................................................................................................................19

REFERENCES.........................................................................................................................................................20

APPENDIX A – MODIFICATION OF AS/NZS 4234 TRNSYS INPUT FILES FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY LABEL MODELLING............................................................................................................................................................21

1. Modified climate zone include files.........................................................................................212. Modified reference electric water heater performance..........................................................223. Modifications to TRNSYS 17 Input Files (Decks)....................................................................224. Weather Converter..................................................................................................................235. Climate data in TRNSYS 15.....................................................................................................246. Modifications to TRNSYS15 Input files (decks)......................................................................26

APPENDIX B – TRNSYS MODELLING RESULTS (ENERGY SAVINGS).............................................................27

APPENDIX C – TRNSYS MODELLING RESULTS (ENERGY SAVINGS BANDS)...............................................30

APPENDIX D – MAPPING OF HERS ZONE NUMBERS TO LOCATION..............................................................33

Zoned Map for Solar Water Heaters iii

Installed location can have a significant impact on the performance, energy efficiency and/or usage patterns of certain appliances including air conditioners, space heaters and water heaters. Factors that can impact on performance and energy efficiency include air temperature, humidity, cloud cover, water temperature and frost. For this reason, the Equipment Energy Efficiency Committee (E3) is currently investigating the introduction of a Zoned Energy Rating Label (ZERL). A ZERL will provide enhanced information to consumers and advisors about product energy efficiency and other key performance attributes relevant to their location.

This report outlines the development of a zoned map for Solar Water Heaters (SWH) and documents the methodology used in its development. The map characterises the performance of SWHs in differing regions of Australia and New Zealand. With the intention to display the map on a ZERL it will enable comparisons across and within all residential water heater categories. This work is particularly important as water heating in Australia and New Zealand is a major contributor to energy use and energy costs in the residential and commercial sectors. Water heating is the second largest household energy user comprising approximately 25% of household energy use in Australia, and 30% in New Zealand. There is also significant opportunity for consumers and installers of hot water systems to decrease energy use and costs through better selection of technologies.

The E3 Committee is seeking feedback and views on the technical elements of the methodology for designing a map for SWHs set out in this report. A set of questions listed at the end of the Executive Summary will help readers provide feedback on the proposal. The list is not meant to be exhaustive or exclusive, simply a guide to assist in considering the approach set out here.

Currently, water heaters in Australia and New Zealand do not display an E3 government energy rating label. This report contributes to the broader work program for developing a ZERL for all water heaters. The ZERL will provide performance information at a greater level of detail and accuracy than what is available on the existing energy rating label. As a result it will enable consumers, suppliers and installers of water heaters to make better informed decisions. It will enable products that are suited to particular climate conditions to be highlighted and clearly identify areas where others may not be suited. By providing this information, energy efficiency gains and greater product satisfaction can occur from selling and promoting existing products in regions where they will work more efficiently and effectively. The display of location or zoned based information will also provide incentives for manufacturers to innovate new products targeted to particular conditions as these differences will be clearly displayed to consumers.

Focus group testing on the draft ZERL was consistent with international studies in concluding that more than three zones displayed on a map is likely to lead to consumers disconnecting from the information (Sweeney, 2013). Meeting this objective has important implications for the methodology used to define the three zones to ensure they reflect accurate and useful performance information for SWHs. Due to this, the map presented in this paper has different zones to those defined in


Executive summary

the joint Australia and New Zealand standard AS/NZS 4234:2008: Heated water systems – Calculation of energy consumption (AS/NZS 4234). The ZERL will use the 69 Nationwide House Energy Rating Scheme (NatHERS) climate regions from Australia and the 18 New Zealand Climate Files . Using these zones and their climate files will allow for improved spatial resolution on the zoned map for SWHs and the ability to drill down for location specific information on the web or via mobile application.

The decision to adopt the higher resolution spatial zoning enables future alignment of appliance and building energy performance. These zones have also been used to produce the energy performance map for the air conditioner and Heat Pump Water Heater zoned label (Peterson, 2014).

The map presented in this paper consists of three consolidated areas classified as:

▪ An area where a reference solar water heater has energy savings greater than 80% compared to a reference electric water heater system. This area is referred to as the ‘hot zone’.

▪ An area where the expected savings are between 60% and 80%. This area is referred to as the ‘mixed’ zone’.

▪ An area where the expected savings are below 60%. This area is referred to as the ‘cold zone’.

When modelled to deliver a medium load (as specified in AS/NZS 4234), reference solar water heaters in the hot zone have been shown to require up to a maximum of 20% auxiliary energy from either electricity or gas. Similarly, a modelled SWH would require up to a maximum of 40% auxiliary energy in the ‘mixed zone’ and up to a maximum of 100% auxiliary energy in the ‘cold’ zone.

For development and production of the ZERL, the three zones will be represented by one location for the purpose of rating and labelling. Future development of online and smartphone applications will utilise climate data from all 87 NatHERS zones and NZ Climate Files, allowing consumers and installers to access more targeted information for their location.

Next Steps Comments and feedback on this paper will be considered as part of the broader project developing a ZERL for hot water technologies. Consultations on the application of a ZERL to hot water technologies with hot water industry and stakeholders are planned to commence in late 2015.

E3 intends to release a formal Consultation Regulation Impact Statement (CRIS) in 2016. This will include details on specific proposals for a ZERL for hot water systems and provide opportunity for review and comment on this proposal.


Guiding Questions for stakeholder submission

Responses to the questions below will assist the E3 Committee to obtain stakeholder views and fill information gaps. Stakeholder submissions are not limited to the following questions. The material in this document, as well as written submissions and any additional information or views will be considered in helping define a map for solar water heaters.

General questions1. Do you agree with the concept of a zoned map for SWHs with boundaries

defined by energy savings relative to a reference electric water heater similar to the approach set out in AS/NZS 4234?

2. The proposed map for the label is the split system SWH with circulation pump and electric boost, denoted “Pumped Elec”. Do you agree that this SWH is an adequate representation of the market and displays generally typical performance in the three zones? If not please provide suggestions and reasons for this.

3. Three systems were selected for a sensitivity analysis (split system with electric boost, thermosiphon with electric boost and a split system with instantaneous gas boost). Do they adequately represent the solar water heater market? If not, please provide an explanation and alternatives.

4. In section 2, a number of factors which influence the performance of SWHs were identified. Are there any additional design factors which have not been assessed, are important and are relevant to this paper? If so, please outline and explain.

5. Do you have any related concerns or issues you would like to raise with respect to the methodology behind the parameters used to define the boundaries?

Methodology and modelling6. Do you agree with the methodology and modelling process outlined in the

report? If not, please explain why and provide an alternative method.7. Are any important factors missing from the model? Please explain and provide

evidence. 8. Do you see any problems in using the 69 NatHERS climate regions and 18 NZ

climate files to provide enhanced spatial resolution of zones for solar hot water systems? If so provide your concerns along with alternatives and publicly available data to support your suggestion.

9. Do you agree with the selected reference cities outlined in section 4.4? If not, provide evidence and suggestions for alternative reference cities.

10.Section 3.3 discusses the use of a linear versus a logarithmic basis for the calculation of energy efficiency stars. Do you have a preference and if so why? Do you have views on the method for this calculation?


The

Australian, state, territory and New Zealand governments, through the Equipment Energy Efficiency (E3) Committee, are examining the development of a Zoned Energy Rating Label (ZERL) for all water heaters to show the impact of installed location on energy efficiency, performance and energy use. Particularly, Solar Water Heaters (SWH) are expected to perform differently when subjected to differing environments and local conditions. Other factors such as the characteristics of the hot water load (i.e. household use of hot water) and the design of the appliance also influence the energy consumption.

The approach presented in this paper for SWHs draws on work already completed including:

▪ Qualitative and quantitative market testing of climate label design features with consumers, retailers and installers;

▪ Development of climate mapping methodologies for air conditioners and heat

pump water heaters.1

Focus group testing on the draft ZERL was consistent with international studies in concluding that more than three zones displayed on a map is likely to lead to consumers disconnecting from the information (Sweeney, 2013). As such there are three zones of energy performance presented, which correspond to modelled annual energy savings the appliance would be expected to achieve.

This report details a methodology for the development of a zoned map for SWHs. Following the principles outlined in the joint Australia and New Zealand standard AS/NZS 4234:2008: Heated water systems – Calculation of energy consumption (AS/NZS 4234) software modelling is used to establish the likely energy efficiency performance of a solar water heater within each of three regions, using a nominated location (or reference location) to represent the entire zone.

The modelling utilises the 69 Nationwide House Energy Rating Scheme (NatHERS) climate regions from Australia and the 18 New Zealand climate files to create much higher geographic spatial resolution to the climate boundaries. While the three zones are primarily used for depiction on the physical label, the energy efficiency modelled in each of the 87 NatHERS climate regions and NZ climate files can be accessed through online or mobile applications. It is important to note that the underlying resolution for the TRansient SYstem Simulator (TRNSYS) model is the same for the modelling of each of the NatHERS climate regions and NZ climate files as it is for modelling the three energy efficiency zones.

This report sets out the technical elements of the proposal for consultation with the solar water heater industry and interested stakeholders.

1 Reports on qualitative focus group testing, survey based quantitative testing and the climate mapping for air conditioners and heat pump water heaters are available at energyrating.gov.au.


1. Introduction

2.1

Design factors influencing solar water heater energy efficiencyThe energy efficiency response of each class of water heater to a given set of environmental conditions will naturally differ in accordance with the system design. Some of the design factors that influence a SWH’s energy efficiency include:

▪ The underlying efficiency of the system components;▪ How the system is sized relative to its climate and hot water demand;▪ How and when gas or electric auxiliary heating is provided;▪ The parasitic electrical load of the system; and▪ How the system deals with freezing, overheating and water expansion heat

losses.

The existing modelling principles outlined in AS/NZS 4234 capture these influences and are retained in this work.

In recognition that the setting of zoned boundaries might be sensitive to the SWH design, three classes of SWH were used in this work. The details of the sensitivity analysis are set out as follows:

• Split system with circulation pump and electric or gas in-tank boost. An electric boost system with water circulation, denoted “Pumped Elec”, was used for this analysis.

The solar water heating collectors are roof mounted while a vertically oriented tank for water storage is installed at ground level. A small, electrical water circulation pump is used to transfer heat from the collectors to the tank.

Auxiliary boosting would be provided by an electric resistive heating element or gas burner.

The solar collector loop may contain water or a freeze tolerant solution for cold climate application.


2. Factors influencing solar water heater energy efficiency

• Thermosiphon with electric or gas boost. An electric boost system with a freeze tolerant solution, denoted “TS Elec”, was used for this analysis.

The solar water heating collector (s) and the hot water storage tank are both mounted on the roof in close proximity.

Heat transfer to the storage tank is accomplished by natural convection of water as it heats then rises in the collector.

Auxiliary boosting would be provided by an electric resistive heating element or gas booster.

The solar collector may contain water or a freeze tolerant solution for cold climate application

• Split system pre-heat with water circulation pump and instantaneous gas boost denoted “Inst Gas”.

This design operates similarly to the “Pumped Elec” design, except that auxiliary heat is provided on demand as water leaves the hot water storage tank to satisfy a load.

Auxiliary energy consumption required to overcome storage tank teat loss may be reduced in these systems.

2.2 Climate factors influencing solar water heater energy efficiencyIt is important that energy efficiency modelling captures as many performance influencing factors as possible at the highest spatial resolution available.

As previously mentioned, climate sensitive parameters captured by the modelling used in this study are based on the methodology used in TRNSYS software modelling set out in AS/NZS 4234. In this work, however, increased spatial resolution has been achieved by using hourly weather data from the NatHERS2 climate regions and NZ 2 The NatHERS climate files 2012 Reference Meteorological Year (RMY) were compiled from BoM raw climate data and then used to complete a typical year for every NatHERS climate zone in Australia.


climate files. This climate data includes solar radiation, ambient dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature, cloud cover and cold water supply temperature.

The composition of these weather files described by Peterson (2014)3 and the weather files can be accessed from the Department of Industry, Innovation and Science for Australian data or Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority (EECA) for New Zealand data.

2.3 Demand factors influencing solar water heater energy efficiencyThe existing load or hot water demand modelling principles outlined in AS/NZS 4234 are captured and retained in this work.

All modelling for this exercise has used the medium load specified in AS/NZS 4234. Furthermore, the use of NatHERS climate regions and NZ climate files has provided a much higher resolution of cold water inlet temperatures4 and hence energy demand for the systems.

http://www.nathers.gov.au/accredited-software/how-nathers-software-works/climate-zones3 Department of Industry, Climate zone mapping for air conditioners and heat pump devices, 2014 http://energyrating.gov.au/document/report-climate-zone-mapping-air-conditioners-and-heat-pump-devices 4 For the purposes of current modelling, shallow earth (0.5m depth) ground temperature is used as a proxy for cold water inlet temperatures for each of the 87 zones. Shallow earth ground temperature data is sourced from EnergyPlus TMY2 files and was derived from ambient air temperature using mathematical models by E. Peterson. See Research Note at http://uq.id.au/e.peterson/SHWS/Shallow earth (0.5 metre) temperature for each of the 87 Australian and New Zealand climate zones can be accessed at http://climate.onebuilding.org/.


http://climate.onebuilding.org/

http://uq.id.au/e.peterson/SHWS/

http://energyrating.gov.au/document/report-climate-zone-mapping-air-conditioners-and-heat-pump-devices

3.1

Selection of a software modelling environmentSoftware modelling is a widely accepted methodology to obtain an estimate of the performance of SWHs. A virtual performance estimate may be simulated in minutes through software modelling and at a reasonable cost.

There are a number of software packages available for modelling of solar water heaters:

▪ TRNSYS (TRansient SYstem Simulator) is a linear equation solver with a modular structure. The user specifies components that constitute the system to be modelled, and also specifies the manner in which they interact. Extensive component libraries are available for TRNSYS.

▪ INSEL (Integrated Simulation Environment Language) is a modular simulation environment much like TRNSYS but somewhat easier to use, through a superior user interface. However, it is not as flexible as TRNSYS and has a smaller range of pre-configured component libraries.

▪ PolySun has a sophisticated user interface but relies on a somewhat limited range of pre-configured component libraries.

The software modelling environment provided by TRNSYS is used in this work. Not only does TRNSYS offer the greatest flexibility for software modelling in support of fidelity of the energy efficiency estimates, but also there is a growing base of TRNSYS expertise in the Australian SWH industry. In this way, regulatory impact may be managed.

Furthermore, a library of TRNSYS routines suited to specific Australian SWH models has previously been developed and is still widely used. This library is currently hosted at http://users.tpg.com.au/t_design/.

In this work, TRNSYS 17 is used for modelling except for the modelling of the thermosiphon solar water heater, where TRNSYS 15 is used. TRNSYS 15 was used to model the thermosiphon because the required additional module, TRNAUS is not currently compatible with TRNSYS 17.

3.2 Composition of the modelsThe energy efficiency of most SWHs sold in Australia is implicitly assessed in a software modelling process set out in AS/NZS 4234. This methodology has been adopted by the Clean Energy Regulator (CER) with minor modifications. As a result, modelled performance data exists for many SWHs in Australia, in the form of the number of Small-scale Technology Certificates (STC) awarded to that system. The STC modelling is based on the four climate zones defined by AS/NZS 4234.

For the purposes of the current work, only three energy performance bands are permitted for the ZERL map. Thus, a modification of the AS/NZS 4234 climate zones mapping is required. With this revision in mind, there is an opportunity to look forward to improved spatial resolution that is now possible with environmental data contained in the 87 NatHERS climate regions and NZ climate files covering Australia and New Zealand.


3. Software modelling of solar water heater energy efficiency

Minor changes were required in the TRNSYS input files to accommodate the revised climate data and an additional results processing step was included to calculate the appliance energy efficiency and star rating. These changes are listed in Appendix A and are accommodated by the current AS/NZS 4234 practice of including a separate data file with the TRNSYS input file. Although the modelling requires outcomes for 69 Australian zones and 18 New Zealand zones automation of processing holds out the prospect of largely offsetting the time and resource impacts involved. Current modelling requirements under AS/NZS 4234 are for 4 Australian zones and 2 New Zealand zones.

An energy efficiency metric is calculated for the appliance based on the savings in auxiliary energy the appliance achieves, compared to a reference electric water heater.

The reference electric water heater was configured to provide the performance in the four climate zones of AS/NZS 4234, noting the exact reference system configuration is not published, only its performance. In this work, that water heater configuration was then tested in all of the 69 Australian climate zones and 18 New Zealand climate zones to establish a reference performance specific to each of the three zones.

Once reference performance has been established, generic TRNSYS input files may be generated for each class of SWH. These input files are joined successively with each of the 87 climate zones and the TRNSYS simulation is conducted for one typical meteorological year at a simulation timestep of 1.2 minutes.

The main system metrics were kept consistent across the three classes of SWH modelled. These metrics relate to the sizing and operation of components and include:

Specific solar collector area (relative to tank volume): 11.4 m2 m-3

Specific collector flow rate: 0.42 L min-1 m-2

Other parameters were consistent with the medium load system defined in AS/NZ 4234.

3.3 Calculation of an energy efficiency metricThe total energy usage of a SWH is a function of the amount of renewable and auxiliary energy required to deliver a specified load in a certain zone. Auxiliary energy consumption is defined as the amount of non-solar energy consumed by the system. Thus, if a SWH is sold with both solar-thermal and solar-electric collectors as part of the appliance, auxiliary energy consumption could be very small.

In calculating the energy efficiency for SWHs with gas boosting, a gas combustion efficiency factor of 0.788 is used to derive auxiliary energy5 in addition to any electrical loads that appliance may draw. The electrical energy loads may be due to pumps, displays or timers as part of a larger control system.

The metric for energy efficiency can then be converted into a star rating for a ZERL. The number of stars assigned to an appliance would be proportional to the auxiliary

5 AS/NZS 4234: 2008 – Heated water systems – Calculation of energy consumption – Appendix G.


energy savings it achieved through software modelling. Fractional star ratings would be rounded down to the nearest half star.

A rating of zero stars could be assigned to a SWH having auxiliary energy consumption corresponding to the worst consumption of the reference electric water heater on the market, while ten stars would be assigned to an appliance that consumes no auxiliary energy at all.

In adopting this direct mapping methodology, it is inherently assumed that improvements in system performance along the 10 star rating scale are of an equivalent value or weight in terms of assigned stars. For example, if a solar water heater system improves energy efficiency from 6 to 7 stars, the extra star has the same weight as an additional star assigned to a system improving energy efficiency from 8 to 9 stars. In practice, however, it is likely that the latter improvement would require far greater effort and cost than the former.

A possible modification to this methodology is to adopt a non-linear mapping of energy savings to star rating. Such a calculation would be contained in the software modelling mechanism and not be visible to the user thereby not impact on comprehension of the ZERL.

Figure 1: Linear and logarithmic star rating methodologies reward high performance differently.

The algorithm for calculating star ratings will be determined once the current proposal is developed further and will include opportunities for stakeholder input.

As mentioned earlier, three different systems were modelled in order to determine the sensitivity of the systems to the relative energy savings. The systems modelled were:

▪ Split system with circulation pump and electric in-tank boost, denoted “Pumped Elec”;

▪ Thermosiphon with electric boost, denoted “TS elec”


▪ Split system pre-heat with circulation pump and instantaneous gas boost, denoted “Inst Gas”

The modelling produced three consolidated areas classified as:

▪ Hot zone – An area where a reference solar water heater has energy savings greater than 80% compared to a reference electric water heater system. This area is shaded in red.

▪ Mixed zone – An area where the expected savings are between 60% and 80%. This area is shaded yellow.

▪ Cold zone – An area where the expected savings are below 60%. This area is shaded blue.

A visual example of what the zones could appear like is demonstrated in Figure 2 below.

Figure 2: Example of a stylised zoned map

3.3.a Running Costs and Greenhouse Gas InformationIn addition to generating star ratings, the auxiliary or boosting energy component could be used to provide consumer information on the running costs for a modelled appliance.

The TRNSYS model calculates energy savings with respect to a reference electric water heater (in terms of kWh or MJ). This information could be used as a proxy for operating costs. This correlation is, however, indirect because the operating cost depends upon the choice of electricity or gas as the auxiliary energy source.


Linking outputs from energy efficiency modelling to detailed gas and electricity tariff information would allow more robust running cost information for consumers.

Furthermore, the amount of auxiliary energy required can also be related to greenhouse gas intensity. It will be possible to include a greenhouse gas performance indicator in the modelling results, based on local greenhouse gas intensity factors.


The

Equipment Energy Efficiency (E3) Committee is examining a move to a new energy efficiency label for appliances where installed location impacts on the energy efficiency, performance and/or likely operating hours. These appliances include water heaters and space conditioners and are affected by a variety of factors including air temperature, water temperature, frosting, humidity and cloud cover. A ZERL can provide expanded and location specific energy efficiency information to customers, installers and manufacturers enabling better informed purchases. It is envisaged that the ZERL will allow for cross technology comparison (eg solar versus heat pump water heaters) of energy efficiency for residential water heaters as well as comparisons within product categories (eg solar versus solar).

For SWH systems it is intended that the ZERL will:

▪ Be presented as a physical label consisting of a map with three zoned boundaries, with reference cities representing performance of systems within those bounds; and

▪ Display a Quick Response code (QR code), as shown below, or similar technology linking directly to online detailed zone data with additional information at a higher geographical spatial resolution.

Figure 3: Example of a QR code

For the purposes of the ZERL, an indication of energy efficiency must be based on modelled performance of a SWH in each of three pre-defined zones. However SWHs will be required to model performance in all 87 NatHERS climate regions and NZ climate files. While a physical label will contain results from only three climate files, additional results from the remaining 84 zones will be available through online applications to enable interested parties to access information more specific to an individual location.

4.1 ImplementationResults from TRNSYS software modelling have been plotted onto a map to form three distinct areas across Australia and New Zealand. The mapping procedure was undertaken using Geographical Information System (GIS) software called ARCGIS.


4. Production of zoned maps for an energy efficiency label

A GIS dataset is available for mapping of the underlying 87 climate zones. This dataset contains “shapefile” data for each climate zone. This form of dataset may be directly imported to ARCGIS, creating an attribute table.

For Australia, the climate files used for this work are based on the 2012 NatHERS Typical Meteorological Year (TMY) files using historical Bureau of Meteorology data from each of the 69 reference weather stations. The TMY2 files for the 18 NZ climate files in New Zealand were developed by New Zealand National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd (NIWA) for EECA. Both sets of files consist of hourly records for an artificial year created from twelve representative months.

4.2 Zoned boundariesModelling of the reference SWH’s produced three consolidated zones classified as hot, mixed and cold:

1. Hot Zone - An area where a reference solar water heater has energy savings greater than 80% compared to a reference electric water heater system.

2. Mixed Zone - An area where the expected savings are between 60% and 80%. 3. Cold Zone - An area where the expected savings are below 60%.

In other words, a modelled SWH would be expected to require a maximum of 20% auxiliary energy from either electricity or gas to deliver a medium load in the area defined as the ‘hot zone’, a maximum of 40% auxiliary energy in the ‘mixed zone’ and up to 100% auxiliary energy in the ‘cold zone’.

The methodology shows moderately low sensitivity to the choice of reference solar water heater between the pumped electric and thermosiphon systems. The modelling outcomes for these two SWHs resulted in only three NatHERS climate regions allocated differently across the hot, mixed or cold categories. The results for the gas boosted instantaneous system however, show much greater variation, particularly in terms of the boundary between the cold and mixed zones.


4.3 Zoned mapsSWH sensitivity tests resulted in three zoned maps of modelled energy savings for Pumped Electric (Figure 4), Thermosiphon (Figure 5) and Pumped Instantaneous Gas (Figure 6).

4.3.a Pumped ElectricFigure 4 below shows the performance of a split system SWH that circulates water and uses electric boosting (denoted ‘Pumped Elec’6).

Figure 4: Energy efficiency bands for pumped electric water heaters

The small mixed yellow ‘island’ that is located in Western Australia corresponds to postcode 6431 (Warburton). Through the development of the NatHERS zones this postcode was allocated the Climate Region 4 (Meekatharra). This was identified as an error and the island should be more appropriately reassigned to the surrounding Climate Region 6 (Alice Springs), which removes this anomaly.

There is also a small hot red ‘island’ that shows up on the New South Wales/Queensland border that corresponds to postcode 4380 (Stanthorpe). It has a Principal Climate Region of 5 (Townsville) with an Alternative Climate Region of 14 (Armidale). Like Warburton, the primary allocation of Stanthorpe to Townsville has been identified as an error. Allocating this postcode to Armidale removes this anomaly. 6 System design explained in section 2.1


4.3.b Thermosiphon ElectricFigure 5 below shows the performance of a thermosiphon with electric boost denoted ‘TS Elec’ SWH7. The unit used in the development of this map assumed a solar collector with a freeze tolerant solution and electric boosting.

Figure 5: Energy efficiency bands for thermosiphon electric water heaters

For this type of SWH, the hot and cold zones are marginally smaller than for the ‘Pumped Elec’ type SWH, with a greater area in the mixed zone. The large yellow ‘island’ in Western Australia’s Pilbara region corresponds to postcode 6760 (Marble Bar). This postcode has been allocated the NatHERS Climate Region 41 (Giles). This allocation, however, is considered an error as the climates of both postcodes are noticeably different. As such, it is more appropriate to allocate the postcode 6760 (Marble Bar) to the closer and surrounding Climate Region 40 (Newman), which removes this anomaly.

All postcodes which are assigned uncharacteristic climate regions are due for revision by the NatHERS administrators in consultation with the relevant state or territory jurisdiction.

7 System design explained in section 2.1


4.3.c Instantaneous GasIn Figure 6 below, the performance of a split system SWH with a water circulation pump and instantaneous gas boosting denoted ‘Inst Gas’8.

Figure 6: Energy efficiency bands for preheat/instantaneous gas water heaters

For this type of SWH, the cold zone is larger in the southern part of Western Australia and extends from Victoria up to the Queensland border along the Great Dividing Range. The relative thermal efficiency of gas boosted systems (78.8%) is reflected in a larger cold zone compared with the other systems modelled.

4.3.d Selection and conclusionsThere are similarities in the modelled boundaries for both the thermosiphon and pumped electric systems but the zone map defined for the pumped electric SWH (Figure 4) is preferred as the basis of the SWH map. As both maps are highly similar in their climate region allocations an additional key consideration in the selection decision was to ensure the map is representative of current market dynamics. Available market research, albeit limited, has shown an increasing penetration and prevalence of split system SHWs and away from thermosiphons. A 2011 survey of hot water systems installed in new dwellings indicates 70 per cent of system models installed were split systems compared with 30 per cent thermosiphon9. Data from the

8 System design explained in section 2.19 BIS Shrapnel, Hot Water Systems Installed in New Dwellings in Australia, 2011, p 21


Clean Energy Regulator is broadly consistent with around 77 per cent of systems registered with the CER comprising split systems10.

Electricity remains the most popular source of boosting SWHs despite a decline from 95 per cent penetration in 2008 to 75 per cent in 2014. This statistical weakening is due to the increasing prominence of gas boosted SWHs in Victoria11.

4.4 Reference citiesIn defining the three zones for the map, modelling of all 87 climate zones was undertaken. For the purposes of the label, it is necessary to select one reference city to represent the performance of each zone.When selecting the reference cities, consideration was given to:

▪ ensuring it was representative or relevant for a significant population within a zone;

▪ requiring each zone to be distinct from one another;▪ ensuring the selection represents approximate median energy savings for

each zone; ▪ continuity and alignment with existing work where possible; and▪ ensuring city selection will enable the identification of products that can

cope well with extreme temperatures.

The suggested reference locations are Townsville in Queensland representing the ‘Hot zone’ (red); Richmond, western Sydney, New South Wales for the ‘Mixed zone’ (yellow) and Tullamarine in Melbourne Victoria representing the ‘Cold zone’ (blue). Townsville, Queensland is the suggested reference location for the ‘Hot zone’. A key consideration is that it has a large population and thus will provide accurate information to a significant number of consumers. Additionally, Townsville is located geographically and meteorologically between the milder climates of the heavily populated south-east of this zone and the sparsely populated northern tropical areas. When observing the modelling of reference systems for energy efficiency, Townsville’s results fall approximately in the middle of the other locations in this hot zone in terms of energy savings. As such, it provides a balance overall in terms of climate, population and performance characteristics. Although the preferred reference city for the ‘Hot zone’ is Townsville, Rockhampton is a possible alternative. Rockhampton is the chosen reference location for the ZERL for heat pump water heaters, is referenced in AS/NZS 4234 and is used by the Clean Energy Regulator for calculating STCs. Reference system modelling for SWH energy efficiency however, shows Rockhampton falls close to the lower end of performance for the hot zone and is therefore less representative of performance conditions for the entire zone. The TMY file for Richmond, New South Wales is the suggested reference city for the ‘Mixed zone’. Richmond is located inland from the coast within the greater Sydney region. The ‘Mixed zone’ covers a large population and represents areas where both very hot and very cold weather can be encountered. Coastal locations in the mixed zone tend to have milder overnight temperatures, so Richmond, which is slightly inland, allows the calculation of seasonal performance at both low and high

10 Clean Energy Regulator, Registration Database, version 25 released 7 August 201511 BIS Shrapnel, Hot Water Systems Report, 2014, p14


temperatures. Using this climate file will identify products which cannot cope with very hot or cold temperatures whilst still representing the performance of products for other times of the year. Richmond was also selected as the reference city for the heat pump water heater map. The TMY file for Tullamarine is suggested for the ‘Cold zone’. Tullamarine is within the Greater Melbourne region giving it proximity to a large population, and has a climate that reasonably reflects the factors affecting SWH performance across this zone, including major New Zealand cities. Again, being inland, Tullamarine is more representative of other locations in the cold zone and less likely to be influenced by the urban heat island effect of the Melbourne RMO (central business district) site. Note Canberra was selected as the ‘Cold zone’ reference city for heat pump water heaters, however Canberra experiences a high amount of solar radiation across the year and is more representative of a mixed climate in respect to performance of SWH systems.The three chosen reference cities appear to best fit with the modelling undertaken for the pumped electric and thermosiphon models. If outcomes from consultation result in a decision to select the reference SWH as an instantaneous gas boost then these reference city selections will require reconsideration.

4.5 Utilisation of modelling of 87 zonesOne aim of the ZERL project is to provide opportunities to access detailed energy efficiency information. The development of online and mobile applications will utilise climate data from all 87 NATHERS climate regions and NZ climate files, allowing consumers and installers to access more targeted information for their location.

Detailed performance information will be accessible to consumers and installers online or accessed through a QR code (or similar) that is integrated into the ZERL. Retailers would also be able to access the information as a selling point or to answer customer questions. Manufacturers can use the information to target the sale or design of their products to locations where they provide the best performance.


This

project presents a methodology to develop a three zone map for the purposes of comparing SWHs targeted at the domestic residential market in Australia and New Zealand. The map produced will be used for a ZERL to allow consumers and installers to easily compare products and select models that are suited for particular locations. Water heater manufacturers and stockists will be able to target technologies, models and sales to locations in Australia and New Zealand where their water heaters perform best.

Based on modelled performance, the climate zone map selected is that of a pumped electric SWH (Figure 4). The energy efficiency performance of this SWH is measured by the modelled savings it achieves, relative to a reference electric water heater in the same location.

The boundaries defined from the modelling consist of three consolidated areas classified as:

1. An area where a reference solar water heater has energy savings greater than 80% compared to a reference electric water heater system. This area is referred to as the ‘hot zone’ shown as the red area on the map.

2. An area where the expected savings are between 60% and 80%. This yellow area is referred to as the ‘mixed zone’.

3. An area where the expected savings are below 60%. This blue area is referred to as the ‘cold zone’.

A modelled SWH would be expected to require a maximum of 20% auxiliary energy from either electricity or gas to deliver a medium load in the area defined as the ‘hot zone’. Similarly, a modelled SWH would require a maximum of 40% auxiliary energy in the ‘mixed zone’ and up to 100% auxiliary energy in the ‘cold zone’.

For development and production of the solar map, the rating information for each of the three climate zones will be represented by the modelled performance of the reference SWH in a single location. The suggested cities are Townsville in QLD, Richmond - Western Sydney, NSW and Tullamarine, VIC. Future development of online and smartphone applications will utilise climate data from all 87 NATHERS climate regions and NZ climate files, allowing consumers, retailers and installers to access more targeted information for their location.


Conclusion

AS/NZS 4234: 2008 – Heated water systems – Calculation of energy consumption

BIS Shrapnel, Hot Water Systems Installed in New Dwellings in Australia, 2011

BIS Shrapnel, Hot Water Systems Report, 2014

Clean Energy Regulator, Registration Database, version 25 released 7 August 2015

Department of Industry, Climate zone based energy rating label design: quantitative testing, 2014 http://www.energyrating.gov.au/document/report-climate-rating-label-quantitative-testing

Department of Industry, Energy labels testing qualitative research presentation of findings, 2014, http://www.energyrating.gov.au/document/report-climate-rating-labels-research-round-1

Department of Industry, Climate rating labels research round 2, 2014 http://www.energyrating.gov.au/document/report-climate-rating-labels-research-round-2

Department of Industry, Climate zone mapping for air conditioners and heat pump devices, 2014 http://energyrating.gov.au/document/report-climate-zone-mapping-air-conditioners-and-heat-pump-devices

Morrison G.L., TRNAUS – 14.1 TRNSYS EXTENSIONS FOR SOLAR WATER HEATING, accessed at http://users.tpg.com.au/t_design/Trnaus/TRNAUS.pdf, 28/07/15

National Housing Energy Rating Scheme (NatHERS), Reference Meteorological Year Climate Files, 2012. http://www.nathers.gov.au/accredited-software/how-nathers-software-works/climate-zones

National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Typical Meteorological Years for the New Zealand Home Energy Rating Scheme, 2007

Peterson E., Research Note: SHWS Inlet Water Temperature and Clear Sky Radiative Cooling http://www.uq.id.au/e.peterson/SHWS/

Sweeney Research Pty Ltd, Energy Labels Testing, http://www.energyrating.gov.au/about/energy-rating-labels/climate-label/documents-and-publications/?viewPublicationID=2755, 2013


References

http://www.energyrating.gov.au/about/energy-rating-labels/climate-label/documents-and-publications/?viewPublicationID=2755

http://www.energyrating.gov.au/about/energy-rating-labels/climate-label/documents-and-publications/?viewPublicationID=2755

http://www.uq.id.au/e.peterson/SHWS/

http://users.tpg.com.au/t_design/Trnaus/TRNAUS.pdf



http://www.energyrating.gov.au/document/report-climate-rating-labels-research-round-2




http://www.energyrating.gov.au/document/report-climate-rating-label-quantitative-testing

http://www.energyrating.gov.au/document/report-climate-rating-label-quantitative-testing

The

TRNSYS modelling used in this work was based on the methodology presented in AS/NZS 4234. The TRNSYS input files required minor modification to be able to use the NatHERS climate regions and NZ climate files. This appendix outlines the modifications required.

1. Modified climate zone include filesThe four AS/NZS 4234 zone include files were replaced with 69 NatHERS and 18 NZ climate include files. In this way, high spatial resolution weather and cold water supply temperature data could be used in the TRNSYS models12.

Firstly, a program was written to map each HERS zone to an AS/NZS 4234 zone template (by postcode index). The AS/NZS 4234 template provided the seasonal load parameters. Into this file, the program inserts the correct latitude, longitude time shift and AS/NZS 4234 zone. Seasonal load and daily load are retained.

Since the HERS climate data is available in EnergyPlus format, the TRNSYS weather reader section is changed for a UNIT 9 TYPE 9 EnergyPlus native weather reader. This works for TRNSYS 17. Logical unit 40 is used for these files as follows:

ASSIGN C:\Temp\Weather\01_DA_CZ0101_12_TMYAEPW.epw 40

UNIT 9 TYPE 15*$UNIT_NAME Canberra*$MODEL .\Weather Data Reading and Processing\Standard Format\Energy+ Weather Files (EPW)\Type15-3.tmf*$POSITION 91 52*$LAYER Weather - Data Files # PARAMETERS 9* 1 File Type3* 2 Logical unit40* 3 Tilted Surface Radiation Mode3* 4 Ground reflectance - no snow0.2* 5 Ground reflectance - snow cover0.7* 6 Number of surfaces1* 7 Tracking mode1* 8 Slope of surfaceSLOPE* 9 Azimuth of surfaceAZ

12 See section 2.3 for basis for cold water inlet temperatures.


Appendix A – Modification of AS/NZS 4234 TRNSYS input files for energy efficiency label modelling

Accompanying equations that use weather file outputs are now modified to suit the revised weather reader:

eqns 10Tcold = [9,5]Tamb = [9,1] Twet = [9,3]GH = [9,18]Gb = [9,15]

2. Modified reference electric water heater performanceThe new include files were used with the Ref_Elec_Template.dck deck to generate non-solar reference electricity consumption for each HERS zone. This data was obtained for all three load sizes and all HERS zones. The results were then substituted into each of the HERS include files so that they were ready for use with solar energy saving analysis.

Note that both heating elements were located at the bottom of the tank for this test. Also, collector area was set to zero, pump power was set to zero and pump flow set to a very low value.

*Electric offpeak reference system annual energy use Ref_elec=7620*eql(load_size,1)+12560*eql(load_size,2)+17180*eql(load_size,3)

The Psychrometrics was modified by adding an input for barometric pressure and deleting the last parameter as follows:

UNIT 33 TYPE 33 Psychrometics Dew point tempparameters 31 1 2inputs 3Tamb Twet 0,020 20 1.01

This was needed as the psychrometrics routine in TRNSYS 17 was updated and was no longer compatible with previous versions of TRNSYS.

3. Modifications to TRNSYS 17 Input Files (Decks)The STC deck file for pumped electric systems is modified to suit this work as follows:

• Outputs modified to write results to three files:• C:\Temp\Results1.txt Load size, AS/NZS 4234 zone, STC, %Elec Savings and Star rating• C:\Temp\Results2.txt Gi and Ta (not used in energy labelling analysis)• C:\Temp\Results3.txt Load energy, aux energy, etc.• Change output width to 132• Set load size to 2• Replace include file with c:\temp\NATHERSInc\NATHERSIncludenn.txt• TYPE 101 collector was replaced with a TYPE 1• The radiation processor, TYPE16, is deleted


• The one remaining reference using a TYPE16 output is changed to a corresponding TYPE9 output• Added an equation for recording pumping power during freeze protection and this propagates through the integrator and printer

freezep = not([18,1])*ppower

• Output includes a star rating calculationSTAR = INT((1-[52,2]/1000/ref_elec)*10)

• Modify the printer as follows – paying attention to the FORMAT statement

unit 53 type 25 printerparameters 10-1 8760 8760 32 0 0 -1 -1 1 1format (F5.0,1X,F3.0,1X,F4.1,1X,F4.1,1X,F9.1,1X,F6.1,1X,F6.1,1X,F6.1)inputs 8zone Load_size STC Savings Star 51,8 51,9 51,10Zone Load_size STC Savings% Star TimeMin MaxDelTemp TimeMax

• Switch off the graphical output (TYPE65, PAR9=-1)• Modified simulation summary as follows

UNIT 46 TYPE 28 PRINT OUTPARAMETERS 28-1 1 8760 34 2 1 -12 -4 -13 -4 -14 -4-15 -12 2 -4 -16 -4 -17 -4 -18 -4 -11 -4 -19 -4 -20 -4INPUTS 10de volx energy elec txm qu tloss ploss freezep auxp0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0*CHECK 0.05 5,3,9,-2,-6,-7,-8LABELS 10Vol energy aux Tout Qut Tloss Ploss de freezeauxp auxp

This modified file was then saved as Pumped_Elec_Template.dck.

A macro program was written to process a large number of TRNSYS input files. This macro then takes the TRNSYS template file and substitutes the correct HERS zone include file for each HERS climate zone before running the deck and extracting the simulation results.

4. Weather Converter

In older versions of TRNSYS, the current form of energy plus file reading is not supported. In TRNSYS 15, TYPE89 was able to read .epw files but did not produce all the data contained in the files (eg cold water supply temperature). TRNSYS 15 and TRNSYS 16 do not support the TRNSYS 17 TYPE15 .epw file reader.

TRNSYS 17 was used to extract the weather data needed from the .epw files and write the data to a formatted .txt file of the same name. In this way, a standard data reader could be used to access weather data in earlier versions of TRNSYS.


5. Climate data in TRNSYS 15Some of the hot water systems, including thermosiphon and heat pump water heaters, require the use of TRNAUS. This software is not compatible with TRNSYS 17.

TRNSYS15 Include FilesA separate set of NatHERS zone include files were generated to suit TRNSYS 15. These files are read with the standard data reader as follows:

* Model "TYPE9d" (Type 9)*

UNIT 9 TYPE 9 TYPE9dPARAMETERS 33* 1 Mode-1* 2 Header Lines to Skip1* 3 No. of values to read9* 4 Time interval of data1.0* 5 Interpolate or not?-1-1* 6 Multiplication factor-11.0* 7 Addition factor-10* 8 Interpolate or not?-21* 9 Multiplication factor-21.0* 10 Addition factor-20* 11 Interpolate or not?-31* 12 Multiplication factor-31.0* 13 Addition factor-30* 14 Interpolate or not?-41* 15 Multiplication factor-41.0* 16 Addition factor-40* 17 Interpolate or not?-5-1* 18 Multiplication factor-51.0* 19 Addition factor-5


0* 20 Interpolate or not?-6-1* 21 Multiplication factor-61.0* 22 Addition factor-60* 23 Interpolate or not?-7-1* 24 Multiplication factor-71.0* 25 Addition factor-70* 26 Interpolate or not?-8-1* 27 Multiplication factor-81.0* 28 Addition factor-80* 29 Interpolate or not?-91* 30 Multiplication factor-91.0* 31 Addition factor-90* 32 Logical unit40* 33 Format specification1(F6.1,1X,F6.1,1X,F6.1,1X,F6.1,1X,F6.1,1X,F6.1,1X,F6.1,1X,F6.1,1X,F6.1)*** External files*ASSIGN "C:\temp\Weather\01_DA_CZ0101_12_TMYAEPW.txt" 14*|? Which file contains the data to be read by this component? |1000*------------------------------------------------------------------------------*output 2 cold water supply temperature*output 3 ambient temperature*Output 4 is wet bulb temperature*Output 5 is total horizontal hourly irradiation*Output 6 is diffuse horizontal irradiation*Output 7 is direct beam irradiation*Output 8 is total incident on collector*Output 9 is angle of incidence

The radiation processor is retained for TRNSYS 15. Note that this requires that radiation values produced by the data reader are NOT interpolated (check TYPE 9 parameters carefully). A negative sign in front of the input number in the parameter list means not interpolated. All other inputs can be interpolated.

Now update the equations

eqns 10Tcold = [9,2]Tamb = [9,3]


Twet = [9,4]GH = [9,5] Gb = [9,7]

Modify the radiation processor to link up the next data reads

UNIT 16 TYPE 16 RADIATION PROCESSOR*zone 2 time is solar timePARAMETERS 94 1 2 1 lat 4871 shft 2 -1 INPUTS 9GH GB 9,99 9,100 0,0 0,0 0,0 9,105 9,107 0 0 0 0 REFC SLOPE AZ 0 0

Note that the last two inputs need to be changed. Input 7 is output 105 of the weather data reader which provides data at the next time step for input 5 (total horizontal radiation).

The Dew point calculation remains in place rather than using the weather file number (there is no particular reason for this).

6. Modifications to TRNSYS15 Input files (decks)• Outputs modified to write results to three files:• C:\Temp\Results1.txt Load size, AS/NZS 4234 zone, STC, %Elec Savings and Star rating• C:\Temp\Results2.txt Gi and Ta (not used in energy labelling analysis)• C:\Temp\Results3.txt Load energy, aux energy etc• Change output width to 132• Set load size to 2• Replace include file with c:\temp\NATHERSInc_T15\NATHERSIncludenn.txt• I modified the output to include a star rating

STAR = INT((1-[52,2]/1000/ref_elec)*10)

• Modify the printer as follows – paying attention to the FORMAT statementunit 53 type 25 printerparameters 10-1 8760 8760 32 0 0 -1 -1 1 1format (F5.0,1X,F3.0,1X,F4.1,1X,F4.1,1X,F9.1,1X,F6.1,1X,F6.1,1X,F6.1)inputs 8zone Load_size STC Savings Star 51,8 51,9 51,10Zone Load_size STC Savings% Star TimeMin MaxDelTemp TimeMax

• Switch off the graphical output (TYPE65, PAR9=-1)


This

appendix presents a table of auxiliary energy savings modelled for three classes of solar water heater operating in each HERS zone. Energy savings are expressed as a percentage of the auxiliary energy consumption of a reference electric water heater in the same zone.

Suggested Reference Cities for each zone for the solar water heater map are highlighted -

Auxiliary energy saving bands are marked by a darker line as allocated to each of the three classes of solar water heater operating in each HERS zone. These bands are classified directly from the energy savings data according to the following algorithm:

Energy savings %Energy Efficiency Band80.0% - 100% 1

60.0% - 79.9% 2

0.0% - 59.9% 3

HERS Zone

Location Name

Pumped Elec (% Energy

Savings)HERS Zone

Location Name Thermosiphon

Elec (% Energy Savings)

HERS Zone

Location Name

Pumped Inst Gas

(% Energy

Savings)30 Wyndham 94.7 1 Darwin 95.3 30 Wyndham 91.137 Halls Creek 94.2 33 Broome 95.1 37 Halls Creek 90.433 Broome 93.3 37 Halls Creek 94.3 33 Broome 89.71 Darwin 93.2 30 Wyndham 94.2 2 Pt Hedland 89.3

38Tennant Creek 93.0 38

Tennant Creek 94.2 38 Tennant Creek 89.0

2 Pt Hedland 92.6 39 Mt Isa 93.2 1 Darwin 88.939 Mt Isa 91.0 29 Weipa 91.7 39 Mt Isa 87.129 Weipa 89.9 5 Townsville 90.6 34 Learmonth 86.734 Learmonth 89.7 2 Pt Hedland 90.1 40 Newman 85.940 Newman 88.9 35 Mackay 89.7 3 Longreach 85.43 Longreach 88.8 36 Gladstone 89.7 29 Weipa 85.24 Carnarvon 88.3 3 Longreach 89.0 4 Carnarvon 84.8

5 Townsville 86.7 7Rockhampton 87.9 6 Alice Springs 83.5

6 Alice Springs 86.1 4 Carnarvon 85.9 5 Townsville 82.831 Willis Island 86.0 32 Cairns 85.8 31 Willis Island 82.436 Gladstone 85.8 40 Newman 85.0 36 Gladstone 82.435 Mackay 85.2 34 Learmonth 84.6 35 Mackay 82.0

7 Rockhampton 84.1 6Alice Springs 81.8 41 Giles 81.4

HERS Zone

Location Name

Pumped Elec (%

HERS Zone

Location Name

Thermosiphon Elec (% Energy

HERS Zone

Location Name

Pumped Inst Gas


Appendix B – TRNSYS Modelling Results (Energy Savings)

Energy Savings) Savings)

(% Energy

Savings)

41 Giles 83.5 31Willis Island 80.3 7 Rockhampton 80.7

32 Cairns 83.3 41 Giles 77.9 32 Cairns 80.242 Meekatharra 78.7 12 Geraldton 75.6 42 Meekatharra 73.843 Oodnadatta 78.5 50 Oakey 74.4 43 Oodnadatta 73.319 Charleville 77.3 51 Forrest 73.3 19 Charleville 71.612 Geraldton 77.2 8 Moree 73.1 12 Geraldton 71.210 Brisbane 75.8 10 Brisbane 73.1 10 Brisbane 69.58 Moree 74.9 19 Charleville 72.5 8 Moree 68.8

45 Woomera 74.2 53 Ceduna 72.5 45 Woomera 68.3

50 Oakey 73.9 42Meekatharra 72.1 51 Forrest 68.1

51 Forrest 73.9 45 Woomera 71.8 9 Amberley 67.19 Amberley 73.6 9 Amberley 71.5 50 Oakey 67.1

44 Kalgoorlie 72.9 52Swanbourne 71.5 44 Kalgoorlie 66.9

46 Cobar 72.9 14 Armidale 71.4 46 Cobar 66.952 Swanbourne 72.2 54 Mandurah 71.3 52 Swanbourne 65.754 Mandurah 72.0 44 Kalgoorlie 70.9 54 Mandurah 65.3

53 Ceduna 71.7 11Coffs Harbour 70.2 11 Coffs Harbour 64.6

11 Coffs Harbour 71.1 46 Cobar 70.1 53 Ceduna 64.348 Dubbo 69.7 48 Dubbo 70.1 48 Dubbo 63.213 Perth 68.9 47 Bickley 69.7 13 Perth 62.2

47 Bickley 68.9 43Oodnadatta 69.3 47 Bickley 61.9

27 Mildura 68.3 65 Orange 68.8 27 Mildura 61.715 Williamtown 66.7 24 Canberra 68.2 15 Williamtown 60.114 Armidale 66.5 27 Mildura 68.1 16 Adelaide 59.416 Adelaide 66.3 13 Perth 67.9 49 Katanning 58.849 Katanning 66.0 49 Katanning 67.3 28 Richmond 58.728 Richmond 65.3 16 Adelaide 66.3 14 Armidale 58.4

17 Sydney RO 65.0 15Williamtown 66.1 17 Sydney RO 58.3

24 Canberra 64.5 28 Richmond 65.4 56Mascot Sydney 57.6

56Mascot Sydney 64.2 57 Manjimup 65.2 112 Nelson 57.6

20 Wagga 63.7 20 Wagga 64.3 20 Wagga 56.865 Orange 63.2 17 Sydney RO 64.1 24 Canberra 56.855 Esperance 63.1 18 Nowra 63.6 108 Napier 56.757 Manjimup 63.0 59 Mt Lofty 63.5 18 Nowra 55.5

18 Nowra 62.5 56Mascot Sydney 62.8 57 Manjimup 55.5

58 Albany 59.0 58 Albany 60.9 65 Orange 55.159 Mt Lofty 58.7 55 Esperance 60.2 104 Tauranga 54.8

HERS Zone

Location Name

Pumped Elec (% Energy

HERS Zone

Location Name

Thermosiphon Elec (% Energy

Savings)HERS Zone

Location Name

Pumped Inst Gas

(%


Savings)Energy

Savings)

22 East Sale 57.6 69Thredbo Village 59.7 107 New Plymouth 54.6

67 Low Head 56.9 112 Nelson 59.7 55 Esperance 52.8

62 Moorabbin 56.4 115Queenstown 59.5 101 Kaitaia 52.4

23 Launceston 55.8 25Cabramurra 58.3 115 Queenstown 52.4

66 Ballarat 55.7 67 Low Head 58.0 103 Hamilton 52.1

112 Nelson 55.5 68Launceston airport 58.0 111 Masterton 51.9

63 Warrnambool 54.7 22 East Sale 57.9 58 Albany 51.3

68Launceston airport 54.7 23

Launceston 57.1 105 Taupo 51.0

61 Mt Gambier 54.5 66 Ballarat 56.9 102 Auckland 50.9108 Napier 54.3 108 Napier 56.9 59 Mt Lofty 50.2

21Melbourne RO 54.2 117 Lauder 56.8 117 Lauder 50.0

60 Tullamarine 53.9 63Warrnambool 55.4 106 Rotorua 49.5

107New Plymouth 52.9 107

New Plymouth 55.4 113 Hokitika 49.4

64 Cape Otway 52.6 62 Moorabbin 55.1 109 Paraparaumu 49.3

104 Tauranga 52.5 61Mt Gambier 54.7 110 Wellington 46.1

25 Cabramurra 52.4 105 Taupo 54.3 22 East Sale 45.8115 Queenstown 50.9 111 Masterton 54.3 67 Low Head 44.6103 Hamilton 50.4 104 Tauranga 53.5 62 Moorabbin 44.5101 Kaitaia 50.3 103 Hamilton 53.3 114 Christchurch 44.5111 Masterton 50.0 102 Auckland 52.9 23 Launceston 43.3

26 Hobart 49.9 60Tullamarine 52.7 66 Ballarat 43.3

102 Auckland 49.6 64Cape Otway 52.7 21 Melbourne RO 42.4

105 Taupo 49.1 106 Rotorua 52.1 61 Mt Gambier 42.3

69Thredbo Village 48.9 21

Melbourne RO 51.4 118 Dunedin 42.3

117 Lauder 48.6 26 Hobart 51.1 60 Tullamarine 41.9

106 Rotorua 48.0 101 Kaitaia 50.7 68Launceston airport 41.8

109 Paraparaumu 47.5 114Christchurch 50.6 63 Warrnambool 41.6

113 Hokitika 47.4 109Paraparaumu 50.3 116 Invercargill 41.4

110 Wellington 45.3 110 Wellington 50.3 64 Cape Otway 39.4114 Christchurch 44.2 113 Hokitika 47.0 25 Cabramurra 38.9

118 Dunedin 41.1 116 Invercargill 41.7 69Thredbo Village 38.8

116 Invercargill 40.7 118 Dunedin 41.1 26 Hobart 36.5


This

appendix presents a table of auxiliary energy saving bands allocated to each of the three classes of solar water heater operating in each HERS zone. These bands are classified directly from the energy savings data in Appendix B according to the following algorithm:

Energy savings %Energy Efficiency Band

80.0% - 100% 1

60.0% - 79.9% 2

0.0% - 59.9% 3

Data in this format may be directly imported into ARCGIS for production of an energy efficiency map.

Map 1 - Pumped Elec Map 2 - Thermosiphon Elec Map 3 - Pumped Inst Gas

HERSZone Band HERSZone Band HERSZone Band

1 1 1 1 1 1

2 1 2 1 2 1

3 1 3 1 3 1

4 1 4 1 4 1

5 1 5 1 5 1

6 1 6 1 6 1

7 1 7 1 7 1

8 2 8 2 8 2

9 2 9 2 9 2

10 2 10 2 10 2

11 2 11 2 11 2

12 2 12 2 12 2

13 2 13 2 13 2

14 2 14 2 14 3

15 2 15 2 15 2

16 2 16 2 16 3

17 2 17 2 17 3

18 2 18 2 18 3

19 2 19 2 19 2

20 2 20 2 20 3

21 3 21 3 21 3

22 3 22 3 22 3

23 3 23 3 23 3


Appendix C – TRNSYS Modelling Results (Energy savings bands)

24 2 24 2 24 3

25 3 25 3 25 3

26 3 26 3 26 3

27 2 27 2 27 2

28 2 28 2 28 3


29 1 29 1 29 1

30 1 30 1 30 1

31 1 31 1 31 1

32 1 32 1 32 1

33 1 33 1 33 1

34 1 34 1 34 1

35 1 35 1 35 1

36 1 36 1 36 1

37 1 37 1 37 1

38 1 38 1 38 1

39 1 39 1 39 1

40 1 40 1 40 1

41 1 41 2 41 1

42 2 42 2 42 2

43 2 43 2 43 2

44 2 44 2 44 2

45 2 45 2 45 2

46 2 46 2 46 2

47 2 47 2 47 2

48 2 48 2 48 2

49 2 49 2 49 3

50 2 50 2 50 2

51 2 51 2 51 2

52 2 52 2 52 2

53 2 53 2 53 2

54 2 54 2 54 2

55 2 55 2 55 3

56 2 56 2 56 3

57 2 57 2 57 3

58 3 58 2 58 3

59 3 59 2 59 3

60 3 60 3 60 3

61 3 61 3 61 3


62 3 62 3 62 3

63 3 63 3 63 3

64 3 64 3 64 3

65 2 65 2 65 3

66 3 66 3 66 3

67 3 67 3 67 3

68 3 68 3 68 3

69 3 69 3 69 3

102 3 102 3 102 3

104 3 104 3 104 3

114 3 114 3 114 3

117 3 117 3 117 3

108 3 108 3 108 3

109 3 109 3 109 3

112 3 112 3 112 3


101 3 101 3 101 3

118 3 118 3 118 3

115 3 115 3 115 3

106 3 106 3 106 3

116 3 116 3 116 3

107 3 107 3 107 3

105 3 105 3 105 3

103 3 103 3 103 3

111 3 111 3 111 3

110 3 110 3 110 3

113 3 113 3 113 3


This appendix presents a cross reference table. The table is useful to determine the location corresponding to a given HERS zone.

HERS Zone Abbrev Name Altitude Longitude Latitude Time zone

1 DA Darwin 35.0 130.9 -12.4 9.52 HE Pt Hedland 8.4 118.6 -20.4 83 LO Longreach 192.5 144.3 -23.4 104 CR Carnarvon 8.0 113.7 -24.9 85 TO Townsville 9.1 146.8 -19.2 106 AL Alice Springs 547.0 133.9 -23.8 9.57 RO Rockhampton 15.1 150.5 -23.4 108 MO Moree 218.5 149.8 -29.5 109 AM Amberley 31.0 152.7 -27.6 10

10 BR Brisbane 9.5 153.1 -27.4 1011 CH Coffs Harbour 6.0 153.1 -30.3 1012 GE Geraldton 35.0 114.7 -28.8 813 PE Perth 20.0 116.0 -31.9 814 AA Armidale 1080.0 151.6 -30.5 1015 WE Williamtown 8.0 151.8 -32.8 1016 AD Adelaide 51.0 138.6 -34.9 9.517 SY Sydney RO 40.2 151.2 -33.9 1018 NO Nowra 105.0 150.5 -34.9 1019 CV Charleville 303.3 146.3 -26.4 1020 WA Wagga 213.0 147.5 -35.2 1021 ME Melbourne RO 32.2 145.0 -37.8 1022 SE East Sale 8.2 147.1 -38.1 1023 LT Launceston 5.0 147.1 -41.4 1024 CA Canberra 580.0 149.2 -35.3 1025 CM Cabramurra 1482.0 148.4 -35.9 1026 HO Hobart 51.4 147.3 -42.9 1027 MI Mildura 52.8 142.1 -34.2 1028 RI Richmond 20.0 150.8 -33.6 1029 WP Weipa 19.0 141.9 -12.7 1030 WY Wyndham 4.3 128.2 -15.5 831 WS Willis Island 8.1 150.0 -16.3 1032 CN Cairns 8.3 145.7 -16.9 1033 BM Broome 9.0 122.2 -17.9 834 LM Learmonth 5.5 114.1 -22.2 835 MK Mackay 36.3 149.2 -21.1 1036 GL Gladstone 75.2 151.3 -23.9 10


Appendix D – Mapping of HERS zone numbers to location

37 HA Halls Creek 423.9 127.7 -18.2 8



38 TE Tennant Creek 377.1 134.2 -19.6 9.539 IS Mt Isa 340.9 139.5 -20.7 1040 NE Newman 524.5 119.8 -23.4 841 GI Giles 599.0 128.3 -25.0 842 MT Meekatharra 519.0 118.5 -26.6 843 OO Oodnadatta 117.0 135.4 -27.6 9.544 KA Kalgoorlie 370.1 121.5 -30.8 845 WO Woomera 168.5 136.8 -31.2 9.546 CO Cobar 263.6 145.8 -31.5 1047 BI Bickley 384.0 116.1 -32.0 848 DU Dubbo 285.0 148.6 -32.2 1049 KT Katanning 321.0 117.6 -33.7 850 OA Oakey 406.7 151.7 -27.4 1051 FO Forrest 160.0 128.1 -30.8 852 SW Swanbourne 41.0 115.8 -32.0 853 CE Ceduna 15.7 133.7 -32.1 9.554 MD Mandurah 3.5 115.7 -32.5 855 EP Esperance 27.0 121.9 -33.8 856 MA Mascot Sydney 5.0 151.2 -33.9 1057 MJ Manjimup 287.2 116.1 -34.3 858 AB Albany 69.0 117.8 -34.9 859 ML Mt Lofty 685.0 138.7 -35.0 9.560 TU Tullamarine 118.8 144.8 -37.7 1061 MG Mt Gambier 69.0 140.8 -37.7 9.562 MR Moorabbin 12.7 145.1 -38.0 1063 WR Warrnambool 71.4 142.5 -38.3 1064 OT Cape Otway 83.0 143.5 -38.9 1065 OR Orange 948.4 149.1 -33.4 1066 BA Ballarat 435.6 143.8 -37.5 1067 LD Low Head 3.5 146.8 -41.1 1068 LU Launceston

Airport168.4 147.2 -41.5 10

69 TH Thredbo Village 1368.0 148.3 -36.5 10101 NL Northland-

Kaitaia85.0 173.3 -35.1 12

102 AK Auckland 33.0 174.8 -37.0 12103 HN Waikato-

Hamilton40.0 175.3 -37.8 12

104 BP Bay of Plenty-Tauranga

4.0 176.2 -37.7 12

105 TP Taupo-King Country

375.0 175.8 -39.0 12

106 RO Rotorua 283.0 176.3 -38.1 12107 NP Taranaki-New

Plymouth30.0 174.2 -39.0 12

108 EC East Coast-Napier

3.0 176.9 -39.5 12



109 MW Manawatu -Paraparaumu

39.0 175.0 -40.9 12

110 WN Wellington 125.0 174.8 -41.3 12111 WI Wairarapa-

Masterton114.0 175.6 -41.0 12

112 NM Nelson-Malborough

4.0 173.2 -41.3 12

113 WC West Coast-Hokitika

38.0 171.0 -42.7 12

114 CH Canterbury-Christchurch

37.0 172.6 -43.5 12

115 QL Queenstown-Queenstown Lakes

354.0 168.7 -45.0 12

116 IN Southland-Invercargill

0 168.3 -46.4 12

117 CO Central Otago -Lauder

370.0 169.7 -45.0 12

118 DN Otago-Dunedin 2.0 170.5 -45.9 12


A joint initiative of Australian, State and Territory and New Zealand Governments

Zoned Map for Solar Water Heaters

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