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Under gothic sculpture, slide 9-10- facades of large churches, especially around doors, continued to

have large tympanums, but also rows of sculpted figuresspreading around them

Gothic painting

- Painting in a style that can be called Gothic did not appear untilabout 1200, or nearly 50 years after the origins of Gothicarchitecture and sculpture

.

Medieval fashion, (sumptuary laws) These Laws were used to control

behaviour and ensure that a specific class structure was

maintained

Romanesque architecture- Romanesque architectureis an architectural style ofMedieval

Europe characterized by semi-circulararches.There is noconsensus for the beginning date of the Romanesquearchitecture, with proposals ranging from the 6th to the 10thcentury. It developed in the 12th century into theGothic style,characterised by pointed arches

-Romanesque Architecture describes the medieval architecture from 800 -1100AD.

- associated with this style of architecture is with the Roman Empire(Roman 'barrel vault' and the Roman arch)

- The Middle Ages Romanesque Architecture was the first major style of

architecture to be developed after the collapse of the Roman Empire.

-Stone used was cut with precision

- The use of the Roman arch led to the stone being supported in the middle by

the arch construction

- Buttresses were introduced as a means of support to the basic design in

Romanesque architecture in the Middle Ages- The vault was developed to enable the construction of stone roofs.- Barrel or Tunnel Vaults - consisted of a continuous surface of

semicircular or pointed sections resembling a barrel or tunnel which has

been cut in half lengthwise.

- Characteristics[edit source|editbeta]- See also:List of regional characteristics of Romanesque

churches- The general impression given by Romanesque architecture, in

both ecclesiastical and secular buildings, is one of massive

solidity and strength. In contrast with both the precedingRomanand laterGothic architecture,in which the load-bearing structural

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members are, or appear to be, columns, pilasters and arches,Romanesque architecture, in common withByzantinearchitecture,relies upon its walls, or sections of walls calledpiers.[1]

- Romanesque architecture is often divided into two periods knownas the "First Romanesque"style and the "Romanesque" style.The difference is chiefly a matter of the expertise with which thebuildings were constructed. The First Romanesque employedrubble walls, smaller windows and unvaulted roofs. A greaterrefinement marks the Second Romanesque, along with increaseduse of the vault and dressed stone.

- Walls[edit source|editbeta]- The walls of Romanesque buildings are often of massive

thickness with few and comparatively small openings. They are

often double shells, filled with rubble.- The building material differs greatly across Europe, depending

upon the local stone and building traditions. In Italy, Poland, muchof Germany and parts of the Netherlands, brick is generally used.Other areas saw extensive use of limestone, granite and flint. Thebuilding stone was often used in comparatively small andirregular pieces, bedded in thick mortar. Smoothashlarmasonrywas not a distinguishing feature of the style, particularly in theearlier part of the period, but occurred chiefly where easilyworked limestone was available.[27]

- Buttresses[edit source|editbeta]- Because of the massive nature of Romanesque walls,buttresses

are not a highly significant feature, as they are in Gothicarchitecture. Romanesque buttresses are generally of flat squareprofile and do not project a great deal beyond the wall. In thecase of aisled churches, barrel vaults, or half-barrel vaults overthe aisles helped to buttress the nave, if it was vaulted.

- In the cases where half-barrel vaults were used, they effectivelybecame likeflying buttresses.Often aisles extended through twostoreys, rather than the one usual in Gothic architecture, so as to

better support the weight of a vaulted nave. In the case ofDurham Cathedral, flying buttresses have been employed, butare hidden inside the triforium gallery.[24]

Arches and openings[edit source|editbeta]

The arches used in Romanesque architecture are nearly alwayssemicircular, for openings such as doors and windows, for vaults andfor arcades. Wide doorways are usually surmounted by a semi-circulararch, except where a door with alintelis set into a large arched recess

and surmounted by a semi-circular "lunette" with decorative carving.[13]These doors sometimes have a carved central jamb.

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shape, each arch having its own supporting rectangular pier at rightangles to the other.[1][13]

Columns[edit source|editbeta]

Columns are an important structural feature of Romanesquearchitecture. Colonnettes and attached shafts are also used structurallyand for decoration. Monolithic columns cut from a single piece of stonewere frequently used in Italy, as they had been in Roman and EarlyChristian architecture.[1]They were also used, particularly in Germany,when they alternated between more massive piers.[25]Arcades ofcolumns cut from single pieces are also common in structure that do notbear massive weights of masonry, such as cloisters, where they aresometimes paired.[1]

Salvaged columns[edit source|editbeta]

In Italy, during this period, a great number of antique Roman columnswere salvaged and reused in the interiors and on the porticos ofchurches. The most durable of these columns are of marble and havethe stone horizontally bedded. The majority are vertically bedded andare sometimes of a variety of colours. They may have retained theiroriginal Roman capitals, generally of theCorinthianorRomanCompositestyle.[25]Some buildings, likeSanta Maria in Cosmedin(illustrated above)and the atrium atSan Clementein Rome, may have anodd assortment of columns in which large capitals are placed on shortcolumns and small capitals are placed on taller columns to even theheight. Architectural compromises of this type are seen where materialshave been salvaged from a number of buildings. Salvaged columnswere also used to a lesser extent in France.

Drum columns[edit source|editbeta]

In most parts of Europe, Romanesque columns were massive, as theysupported thick upper walls with small windows, and sometimes heavyvaults. The most common method of construction was to build them outof stone cylinders called drums, as in the crypt atSpeyerCathedral.[25][28]

Hollow core columns[edit source|editbeta]

Where really massive columns were called for, such as those atDurham Cathedral,they were constructed of ashlar masonry and thehollow core was filled with rubble. These huge untapered columns aresometimes ornamented with incised decorations.[24]

Alternation[edit source|editbeta]

A common characteristic of Romanesque buildings, occurring both inchurches and in the arcades that separate large interior spaces of

castles, is the alternation of piers and columns.

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frequently used for the less visible and smaller vaults, particularly incrypts and aisles. A groin vault is almost always square in plan and isconstructed of two barrel vaults intersecting at right angles. Unlike aribbed vault, the entire arch is a structural member. Groin vaults arefrequently separated by transverse arched ribs of low profile as atSpeyer andSantiago de Compostela.AtSainte Marie Madeleine,Vzelay,the ribs are square in section, strongly projecting andpolychrome.[29]

Ribbed vault[edit source|editbeta]

Ribbed vaultscame into general use in the 12th century. In ribbedvaults, not only are there ribs spanning the vaulted area transversely,but each vaulted bay has diagonal ribs, following the same course asthe groins in a groin vault. However, whereas in a groin vault, the vaultitself is the structural member, in a ribbed vault, it is the ribs that are thestructural members, and the spaces between them can be filled withlighter, non-structural material.[30]

Because Romanesque arches are nearly always semi-circular, thestructural and design problem inherent in the ribbed vault is that thediagonal span is larger and therefore higher than the transversespan.[30]The Romanesque builders used a number of solutions to thisproblem. One was to have the centre point where the diagonal ribs metas the highest point, with the infil of all the surfaces sloping upwardstowards it, in a domical manner. This solution was employed in Italy at

San Michele, PaviaandSant' Ambrogio, Milan.[25]The solution employed in England was to stilt the transverse ribs,maintaining a horizontal central line to the roof like a that of a barrelvault.[30]The diagonal ribs could also be depressed, a solution used onthe sexpartite vaults at both the Saint-tienne, (Abbaye-aux-Hommes)and Sainte-Trinit, (Abbaye-les-Dames)at Caen, France, in the late11th and early 12th centuries.[30]

Pointed arched vault[edit source|editbeta]

The problems encountered in the structure and appearance of vaults

was solved late in the Romanesque period with the introduction ofpointed arched ribs which allowed the height of both diagonal andtransverse ribs to be varied in proportion to each other.[30]Pointed ribsmade their first appearance in the transverse ribs of the vaults atDurham Cathedralin northern England, dating from 1128. Durham is acathedral of massive Romanesque proportions and appearance, yet itsbuilders introduced several structural features that were new toarchitectural design and were later to be hallmark features of theGothic. Another Gothic structural feature employed at Durham is theflying buttress.However, these are hidden beneath the roofs of the

aisles. The earliest pointed vault in France is that of the narthex ofLaMadeleine, Vzelay,dating from 1130.[27]They were subsequently

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employed with the development of the Gothic style at the east end oftheBasilica of St Denisin Paris in 1140.[1]

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