Info Sheet No1 - Data Processing

8/2/2019 Info Sheet No1 - Data Processing

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COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS by Lornilo S. Alimpuangon 1

INFORMATIONSHEETData Processing is an organized procedure of accessing and updating records in computers.Data is raw facts, numbers, letters, or symbols that the computer processes into meaningfulinformation.

It is collected and used for computation, analyzed that it attains its real value. It is processed to produce accurate records, of the companys expenditu res, personnel

wages, and other expenses.

Examples of data: sales reports, inventory figures, test scores, customers names,addresses, weather reports.

Data may be numerical or non-numerical.Categories of Data Processing are: Manual, Mechanical or Electronic Data Processing.Data Processing Cycle regardless of data processed or kind of device or equipment usedincludes the three basic steps: input, processing, and output.

Input is refers to enter data into computer, using input devices such as keyboard and mouse,that gathers input and transforms it into a series of electronic signals for the computer. Input

medium is used to record input such as cards, tapes, disks and so on.

Processing is the manipulation of data using a systematic series of actions or basic dataprocessing operations.

Data Processing Operations includes: recording, verifying, duplicating, classifying,sorting, calculating, summarizing and reporting, merging, storing, retrieving, feedback.

Output is the result produced by the computer (examples: reports, graphs, and music). It isdisplays, prints, or transmits the result from the computer using output devices such asmonitor or printers.

HISTORY OF COMPUTERSHistory studies are extremely useful in evaluating that impact and understanding the process of

change leads to even more advanced technologies.

Classification of Computing Devices are as follows: manual-mechanical, electromechanical, andelectronic.

Manual-mechanical devices are simply mechanism powered by hand, abacus and sliderule are examples.

Electromechanical is powered by an electric motor and used switches and relays Electronic devices such as modern digital computers, has its principal component known

as its circuit boards, transistors, or silicon chips and the like.

LAB: Using Internet, search images of the following computing devices and explains its

functions and some details on the inventions, listed below:

Abacus is the first manual data processing which was developed in China in the 12 th centuryA.D.


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Napiers Bones developed by John Napier a Scottish mathematician who became famous forhis invention of logarithms.

Oughtreds Slide Rule is invented by an English mathematician William Oughtred.Pascals Calculator is developed by Blaised Pascal a French mathematicians and experimentalphysicist who was one of the first modern scientists to develop and build calculator.

Leibnizs Calculator is developed by Gottfried Leibniz in 17th century.Babbages Analytical and Difference Engine is developed by Charles Babbage, an Englishman,and considered the father of modern computer in 19th century.

Holleriths Punch-Card Machine is developed by Herman Hollerith, a statistician with the Bureauof the Census in 1880s.

EARLY DEVELOPMENTS IN EARLY DATA PROCESSINGAll the early machines were single-purpose devices, except for Babbages Analytical Engine.

The major innovation of the first modern-age machines was its capability to perform

automatically a long sequence of varied arithmetical and logical operations.

World War II is a fertile period for technological inventions according to historians and thedevelopment of general-purpose computers.

Beginning in 1937, Howard Aiken set out to build an automatic calculating machine thatcombines established technology with the punched card of Hollerith which known to be the

MARK I digital computer.

MARK I is the first digital computer built as a secret wartime project between 1939 and 1946 atthe University of Pennsylvanias Moore School of Electrical Engineering. This machine used

vacuum tubes, was called the ENIAC or Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculatorcomputer. The following war, work began on the EDVAC or Electronic Discrete VariableAutomatic Computer, a computer which worked on the stored-program concept.Since, 1940s several generations of computers have continuously evolved. From first generation

to fourth generation, the trend has been to produces more powerful, less expensive, smaller,

and more reliable computers.

In computer industry, the word Generation is used as a term of general characterization

rather than absolute distinction. The major developments in electronic data processing are:

GENERATION INNOVATIONS

First Generation (1951-1959) - Vacuum tubes in place of relays as a means of storing data

in memory and the use of the stored-program concepts.

Punch card systems and calculators almost obsolete

Wire board was replaced by computer programs written in

a new language for processing.


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Second Generation (1959-1964) - Solid-State components (transistors and diodes) and

magnetic core storage formed.

Computers became smaller in size, faster and more

reliable and much greater processing capacity.

Built-in error detecting devices were installed in the

computer.

Accessories such as card readers and printers were being

developed.

Microsecond sec is the standard unit of measurement on

computers accessing speed.

Third Generation (1965-1970) - Integrated solid-state circuitry, improved secondary

storage devices, and new I/O devices were important

advances.

The new circuitry increased the computer speed by a factor

of about 10,000 over first generation.

Arithmetic and logical operations are performed in sec

and nanosec.

Remote terminals were developed to disperse users to

communicate with central computer.

Fourth Generation (1970-present) - microelectronics were the major innovation.

Computer technology such as: multiprocessing,

multiprogramming, miniaturization, time-sharing, OS

speed, and virtual storage.

Advance I/O devices were employed such as optical

readers, audio response terminals, and graphic display

terminals.

THE COMPUTERA Computer is an electronic system designed to manipulate data. They are machines forstoring, moving, adding and subtracting, and evaluating data.

Computer is a machine that performs tasks, such mathematical calculations or electronic

communication, under the control of a set of instructions called a program.


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FOUR BASIC FUNCTIONS OF COMPUTERIn common: input, processing, storage and output.

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER BY PURPOSE General-Purpose is design to perform variety of operations. Special-Purpose is design to perform a specific jobs or functions.

THREE TYPES OF COMPUTERS Analog Computers are used for measuring like electric current and voltage levels and

hydraulic pressure for example. These are fast but not accurate since variables are

changing and they can only give estimates of the result.

Digital Computers perform calculations and provide an accurate result. Hybrid is a mix of analog and digital computer.

THREE DISTINCT CATEGORIES OF COMPUTER

BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER Speed is refers to processing speed of computer essential that provides us a quick

service that we have to expect.

Reliability means computers are extremely reliable. Some stories, tells it encounterscomputer errors, but most errors made by computer are really human errors.

Storage Capability of computer systems can store tremendous amount of data, whichcan be located and retrieved efficiently.


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BASIC CAPABILITIES OF COMPUTER Do repetitive works computers will not stop as long as it is connected to a power

source.

Operate at very high speeds computers will compute that takes a several seconds. Compute accurately computers will never make mistakes, except there are errors in

the program itself.

Do logical instructions computers will obey instructions strictly, and will stick to theprogram given it no matter what.

AREAS OF COMPUTER USE are: Education, Graphics, Retailing, Energy, Law Enforcement,Transportation, Money, Agriculture, Government, Homes, Health and Medicine, Robotics,

Human connection, Sciences, Connectivity, Training, Paperwork and many more.

THREE IMPORTANT PARTS OF COMPUTER1. Hardware refers to physical aspect of computer.

FOUR CATEGORIES OF COMPUTER HARDWAREInput Devices used to instruct the computer of activity to perform.Processing Devices is where instructions are processedOutput Devices is where the result is processing proceeds toStorage Units is where computer programs and files are stored.

2. Software is refers to computer programs installed in the computer. The softwareperforms a variety of functions like file maintenance, word processing, entertainment,

etc.

3. Peopleware is refers to the users of computers.


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HOW DOES COMPUTER WORKS

COMPUTER CATEGORIESCategorizing computers is a way of grouping them according to criteria such as usage, cost,

size, and capability.

Knowing how a computer has been categorized provides an indication of its best potential use.

To reflect todays computer technology, below is the appropriate:

Personal Computers Handheld Computers Workstations Videogame Consoles Mainframes, Supercomputer, and Servers

LAB: Use a search engine and search for images and latest previews on this computer

technology advances. Make a PowerPoint presentation focuses on this topics.

FOCUS ON PERSONAL COMPUTER

Personal Computer (PCs) or Computer Systems usually includes the following equipments, listed and

define below.


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Fig. 1-1 A Typical Personal Computer or PC (Tower Casing)

THE SYSTEM UNITSystem Unit is the most complicated part of a PC. It houses the actual computing power of thesystem, provides connections to all the peripherals, and holds the disk drives where you insert

removable storage media such as CDs and floppy disks.

Port is a generic term for connection points.

Power input

Mouse port

Keyboard port

USB ports

Serial ports

Parallel port


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Fig. 1-2 A Typical System Unit ( Rear View )

Power Input-is where you plug in the PCs electrical power cord.

Keyboard port this special dedicated port is just for the keyboard.

Mouse port- this dedicated port is just for the mouse.

USB ports universal serial bus (USB) ports are general-purpose connectors found on newer PCs.

The more unusual the peripheral, the more likely it will use USB port.

Serial ports these 9-pin connectors is one of the oldest and most universal port found in the

back of a PC. Before the introduction of USB in the mid 1990s, serial ports where

heavily used.

Parallel port virtually as old as the serial port, the 25pin parallel port has been

updated a number of times over the ye3ars. Despite the growing prominence of USB, parallel

ports remain a popular means for connecting printers.

Video port this unique three-row, 15-pin connector is where the monitor connects to the

system unit.

Audio ports these are used to connect speakers, microphones,

and other audio devices.


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Game port also known as a joystick port, this 15-pin connector can be used both for joysticks and for

MIDI(Musical Instrument Digital Interface) musical devices.

Modem port this looks like a telephone jack, and for a good reason thatswhats it is. Modem enablesyour computer to communicate with other computers via telephone line. Notice that there are

two connectors. One is an IN jack, and the other is an OUT jack, which you can use to plug in a

telephone.

Network interface the network interface is normally called just that, and not a port. It is sometimes

referred to as an Ethernet connector. It connects your PC to other PCs in a Local Area

Network.

CABLE CONNECTIONS

DB-9

DB-9 is a standard connection for a COM cable (serial cable). Contains 9 pins.

DB-25

DB-25 is the other standard connection for Serial cables. Serial communications

only use 9 of the available 25 pins.

Parallel (IEEE 1284)

A 25 pin connector on the computer side and a 36 pin connector on the printer

side. Most printers are moving to a standard Ethernet or USB connection.

RJ-11

RJ-11 is a standard telephone type connection. It is 4 or 6 wire and some

networking equipment has used RJ-11, though RJ-45 is more common.

RJ-45

RJ-45 is the most popular network cable/connection type. RJ-45 is similar to the

RJ-11 type connector, though it has 8 wires.

BNC

BNC is a type of network connection most commonly used in 10 Base 2 networks.

BNC is primarily used with a coaxial cable.

PS2/MINI-DIN

PS2 is a standard developed by IBM for keyboards, mice, and input devices. Uses a DIN

connection with 6 pins.


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COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS by Lornilo S. Alimpuangon10

USB

Universal Serial Bus, or USB, is the new standard for peripheral

connection to PCs. USB devices range from scanners to printers tostorage devices. Supports data transfer up to 12 mbps and each port

can support up to 127 devices.

IEEE 1394

IEEE 1394 is the standard for what is commonly referred to as Firewire.

Apple Computer coined the term when they began adding Firewire ports

to their Macintosh computers. MORE

IEEE 1394, or Firewire, is a high speed connector for data intensive

applications such as video editing or external storage devices.

BASIC INTERNAL PARTS OF SYSTEM UNIT

Power Supply

Hard drive

Port

Expansion

Card

Expansion Slot

System Board

CD-ROM or

Floppy Drive

Drive Bay

Central Processing

Unit (CPU)

Random Access

Memory (RAM)


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COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS by Lornilo S. Alimpuangon11

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FIG 1-3 Basic Internal Parts of a System Unit

Info Sheet No1 - Data Processing

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