Session No1

Computer Fundamentals

Prepared by: Saif Ullah Dar

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Computer Data Information Data Processing How computer works? Overview of Computer Parts Types of Computer


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“It is an electronic device that processes data, converting it into information that is useful to people.”


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Personal Computers (PCs) – Used by only one person at a time

Also known as microcomputers Considered to be among the

smallest computers created for people to use

Data The collection of raw

facts and figures It may be in the form

of characters, digits and symbols

Information The processed and

organized form of data.

Reprocessed data to get more result.


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A set of names and addresses written on student’s admission form

A telephone conversation converted to electrical signals to be sent down the wires

A song written in sheet music so that it can be played


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The sorted data for those students in admission form which have taken computer subject.

Listening the songs Reading a map from one place to other What does the number 29061996 mean? Is it:

A birthday? (29th June 1996) A bank account number? A club membership number? A telephone number?

Without processing or more information this data is meaningless.


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Input

Process

Data Collection

Output

Processing has various operations Calculation Analysis Comparison Manipulation


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Input Process Output

• Data is put into the information system. (INPUT)• The data is processed. (PROCESS)• Information comes out of the information system.

(OUTPUT)

We are all used to using manual information systems.

An example of a manual information system is a telephone directory.

All we need to know to find a person’s telephone number in the telephone book is their name and address. (INPUT)

We look up the name and the address (PROCESS), and we find their telephone number. (OUTPUT)


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Input Process Output

• Have the name and address. (INPUT)• Look up the name and address. (PROCESS)• Find the telephone number. (OUTPUT)

Computerised information systems have several advantages over manual information systems.

These include: Greater flexibility Speed


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DVLA – Driver Vehicle Licensing Authority

The DVLA has a computerised database about every driver and vehicle in the country.

This database can be used to find information about a vehicle or driver even if the data is incomplete.


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A single computer can store all the information needed.

By using several terminals different people can access information at the same time.

Information is not duplicated. Information can be transferred to

other computer systems easily.


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As the computer is also a device similar to the way in which the human brain functions, the process of calculating the sum of two values can also be easily performed by the computer.


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=


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Input

Processing(Brains)

Output


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5 + 10 = 15

Input

Processing

Output

5 10

Let us assume we are interested in calculating the sum of 5 and 10.


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Input Device

Output Device

CPU(Brains)


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CentralProcessing

Unit

MainMemory

Chip that executes program commands

Intel Pentium 4

Primary storage area for

programs and data that are in

active use

Synonymous with RAM


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Information is movedbetween main memoryand secondary memoryas needed

CentralProcessing

Unit

MainMemory

Floppy Disk

Hard Disk

Secondary memorydevices providelong-term storage

Hard disksFloppy disksZIP disksWritable CDsWritable DVDsTapes


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CentralProcessing

Unit

MainMemory

Floppy Disk

Hard Disk

Monitor

Keyboard

I/O devices facilitateuser interaction

Monitor screenKeyboardMouseJoystickBar code scannerTouch screen


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Six primary types:1. Desktop Computers2. Workstations3. Notebook Computers4. Tablet Computers5. Handheld computers6. Smart phones


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Desktop computer – a PC designed to sit on a desk/table

Most common type of computer Used in schools, homes and offices Enable people to do their tasks with

greater ease and efficiency


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Used to Communicate Produce music Edit photographs and videos Play sophisticated games

Used by Everyone from Preschoolers to Nuclear

Physicists


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Two common designs Horizontally oriented design Vertically oriented design


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Specialized, single user computer Has more power and features as compared to

desktop PC Workstations have

Large, high resolution monitors Accelerated graphics handling capabilities

Used by people requiring system with greater-than-average speed and power Scientists Engineers Animators


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Approximate shape – 8.5 by 11 inches Easily fits in a brief case Also known as laptops Operate on alternating current or batteries Are light weight devices – generally less than

eight pounds Portable devices – mobile computers Docking Stations


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Newest development with following features Portable Full-featured computer Lighter than Notebooks Capable of accepting input from stylus

or digital pen Also capable of accepting input from

micro-phone via special software


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Small devices – Small enough to fit in your hand

Example: PDA (Personal Digital Assistant)

Capable of connecting to exchange data with large computers

Input via pen, built-in keyboards, micro-phone


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Hybrid of cell phone and PDA Cellular phones with advanced features like:

Web and email access Special Software

Personal Organizers Special Hardware

Digital Cameras Music Players At times built-in keyboards


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Computers that can handle the needs of many users at the same time

Used by Organizations

Businesses Schools Commonly found at the heart of

organization’s network


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Types of organizational computers:1. Network Server2. Mainframe computers3. Minicomputers4. Supercomputers


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A powerful PC with special software and equipment that enable it to function as primary computer in a network Clusters or Server Farms Blades

All other computers connect Provides access to network resources Often simply a powerful desktop


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Used in large organizations Where many people frequently need

to use the same data Terminal – Device through which

user accesses the mainframe’s resources Dumb Terminal Intelligent Terminal


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Large, powerful special purpose computers

Can handle processing needs of thousands of users

Lack flexibility – can perform limited number of tasks


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Mini – Small size Called midrange computers Capabilities somewhere between those

mainframes and personal computers Can handle much more input and output

than PCs can Can serve dozens or hundreds of users at a

time Used in smaller organizations Users access through a terminal


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Most powerful computers Physically largest Can process huge amount of data –

trillions calculation per second Ideal for handling large, highly

complex problems Found in research organizations


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A technician monitors IBM's ASCI White in 2000, then the world's fastest supercomputer, that is capable of 12 trillion calculations per second. The

Department of Energy uses ASCI White to analyze and protect the nation's nuclear weapons stockpile.

Uses Computing with high speed communication links to spread information from one place to other.

All types of equipment or programs that are used in processing information

World has become a global village Information can be communicated in any shape

such as Photographs Movies Text Digital diagrams


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Thank You Very Much


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Session No1

Education

Transcript of Session No1