influences of preheat biodiesel fuel on performance and emissions ...

INFLUENCES OF PREHEAT BIODIESEL FUEL ON PERFORMANCE AND

EMISSIONS CHARACTERISTIC OF DIESEL ENGINE

AHMAD SYUKRI BIN AHMAD TAJUDDIN

A project report submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the Degree

of Master of Mechanical Engineering

Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering

Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

JULY 2015

v

ABSTRACT

Biodiesel is a alternative fuel similar characteristic to diesel fuel. Biodiesel can

produce from vegetable oil, animal fat and waste cooking oil. The reduction of fossil

fuel causes the increasing using the biodiesel fuel. However, using biodiesel fuel also

has effected on engine performance and exhausts emission. Biodiesel are not

efficiently in cold weather and this is biodiesel major problem. Viscosity has

influences the fuels flow rate and poor fuel atomization during the combustion

process. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of biodiesel to

temperature and is carried out using of room temperature, 40°C and 60°C. To

recommended the biodiesel blending ratio and biodiesel temperature that optimizes

the engine performance and lower exhaust emissions. The performance data taken in

this study is torque, brake power, brake mean effective pressure and fuel

consumption. And for emission data taken in this study is CO, CO2, NOx and HC.

There are three types of biodiesel oil is used to carry out this study (crude palm oil,

waste cooking oil and jatropa oil). While there are 3 blending ratio that has been

made towards biodiesel (5%, 10% and 15%) except for crude palm oil biodiesel for

which there is additional another type of blending ratios provided for carrying out

this study (20%). A single cylinder 4-stroke engine used for this study by setting two

different load of 0% and 50%. Experiments were also carried out on standard diesel

as a reference in this study. The results of this study have shown that the heating

temperature 40oC and 60

oC in CPO10 produce the highest brake power as well as

torque and BMEP. For the experimental results of exhaust emission, the preheated

temperature affects the degradation of the exhaust emission. The study also

examined the inside of the combustion chamber and as are result have found that

preheat biodiesel has increased the pressure on the cylinder combustion chamber.

The result may help in improving the biodiesel technology.

.

vi

ABSTRAK

Biodiesel adalah bahan api pilihan yang mempunyai sifat yang hampir sama dengan

minyak diesel. Biodiesel boleh dihasilkan daripada minyak sayuran, lemak haiwan

dan sisa minyak yang telah digunakan. Pengurangan sumber bahan api yang semakin

ketara adalah antara punca penggunaan biodiesel semakin berkembang. Akan tetapi,

penggunaan biodiesel juga memberi kesan terhadap beberapa faktor prestasi enjin

dan gas ekzos yang tidak memuaskan. Bahan api ini tidak beroperasi dengan baik

pada cuaca yang sejuk dan ini merupakan masalah yang utama kepada minyak

biodiesel. Kelikatan minyak biodiesel mempengaruhi kadar alir terhadap bahan api

ini dan tindak balas yang lemah terhadap process pembakaran. Tujuan kajian ini

adalah untuk mengetahui kesan apabila pemanasan terhadap biodiesel dilaksanakan

dengan menggunakan tiga jenis suhu iaitu suhu bilik, 40oC dan 60

oC. Daya kilas,

kuasa membrek, bmep dan kadar penggunaan bahan api adalah prestasi yang dikaji

dalam kajian ini. Dan CO, CO2, NOx serta HC adalah kesan gas ekzos yang dilihat

didalam kajian ini. Terdapat tiga jenis minyak biodiesel digunakan untuk

melaksanakan kajian ini (minyak sawit mentah, sisa minyak dan minyak jatropa).

Manakala terdapat 3 nisbah campuran yang telah dibuat terhadap biodiesel (5%,

10%, 15% ) tersebut kecuali biodiesel minyak sawit mentah yang mana terdapat

tambahan satu lagi jenis nisbah campuran yang disediakan untuk melaksanakan

kajian ini (20%). Sebuah enjin diesel empat lejang dan satu selinder digunakan untuk

kajian ini dengan menetapkan dua beban yang beza iaitu 0% dan 50%. Ujikaji

terhadap minyak diesel juga dilaksanakan dalam kajian ini dan ianya sebagai rujukan

terhadap minyak biodiesel. Hasil kajian ini telah menunjukkan bahawa suhu

pemanasan 40oC dan 60

oC pada CPO10 menghasilkan kuasa brek yang paling tinggi

begitu juga dengan daya kilas dan BMEP. Untuk hasil ujikaji gas ekzos pula,

pemanasan suhu minyak memberi kesan terhadap penurunan gas ekzos untuk

beberapa jenis minyak. Pemanasan biodiesel juga meningkatkan tekanan did lam

kebuk pembakaran. Hasil kajian ini mungkin dapat memperkembangkan lagi

teknologi biodiesel.

vii

CONTENTS

TITLE i

DECLARATION ii

DEDICATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv

ABSTRACT v

ABSTRAK vi

CONTENTS vii

LIST OF TABLES xi

LIST OF FIGURES xiii

LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS xvii

LIST OF APPENDIX xx

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background of study 1

1.2 Problem statement 2

1.3 Objectives 3

1.4 Scopes 4

1.5 Significant of study 4

1.6 Expected result 5

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6

2.1 Biodiesel fuels 6

2.1.1 Biodiesel Standard 7

viii

2.1.2 Crude palm oil 11

2.1.3 Jatropa oil 12

2.1.4 Waste cooking oil 12

2.2 Properties of biodiesel 13

2.3 Advantages of pre heat biodiesel as diesel fuel 20

2.4 Disadvantages of preheat Biodiesel as diesel fuel 20

2.5 Effect preheated biodiesel on performance and

emission

22

2.6 Effect biodiesel to performance and emission 29

2.7 Combustion characteristic of biodiesel fuel 34

2.8 Critical literature review 36

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 39

3.1 Introduction 39

3.1.1 Biodiesel blending process 39

3.2 Experimental apparatus 41

3.2.1 Test engine 41

3.2.2 Emission gas analyser 43

3.3 Experiment setup 44

3.4 Process flow chart 47

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Biodiesel fuel properties 46

4.2 The influences of biodiesel blends on engine

performance and emissions

47

4.2.1 Influences of CPO at 0% load condition on

engine performance and emissions

48

4.2.2 Influences of CPO at 50% load condition

on engine performance and emissions

49

ix

4.2.3 Influences of JCO at 0% load condition on

engine performance and emissions

51

4.2.4 Influences of JCO at 50% load condition


52

4.2.5 Influences of WCO at 0% load condition


54

4.2.6 Influences of WCO at 50% load condition


55

4.3 The influences of preheat and blending ratio on

performance and emission

57

4.3.1 Influences of preheat CPO5 on engine


57



60



63



65

4.3.5 Influences of preheat JCO5 on engine


68



70



73

4.3.8 Influences of preheat WCO5 on engine


75



77



79

4.4 The combustion analysis of preheat biodiesel

blending ratio

81

4.4.1 Combustion analysis of preheat CPO 20 at

800 rpm and 2000 rpm

81

x

4.4.2 Combustion analysis of preheat JCO 15 at

800 rpm and 2000

83

4.4.3 Combustion analysis of preheat JCO 15 at

800 rpm and 2000 rpm

85

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusion 88

5.1.1

The influences of biodiesel blends on engine

performance and emission

88

5.1.2

The influences of preheat and blending ratio on


89

5.1.3 The combustion analysis of preheat biodiesel

blending ratio

89

5.2 Recommendation 90

REFERENCES 91

APPENDIX 95

xi

LIST OF TABLES

2.1 ASTM D6751 biodiesel fuel standard 7

2.2 ASTM standards of biodiesel and petrodiesel 8

2.3 European Standard for Biodiesel (EN 14214) 9

2.4 Present & forecasted production of palm oil for the years 2000-2020 10

2.5 The comparison the standard diesel and biodiesel 13

2.6 Properties of SVO and standard diesel 14

2.7 Properties of mineral diesel and Jatropa oil 14

2.8 Fuel Properties at difference Temperature 15

2.9 Properties of diesel and biodiesel fuel for present investigation 16

2.10 Fuel properties at room temperature 17

2.11 Properties of fuel 18

2.12 Comparison of fuel properties for a WCO and diesel fuel 18

2.13 Comparison of main biodiesel production technologies 20

2.14 Critical Literatures summary 35

3.1 Engine specification 41

3.2 Specification HG-540 A type emission gas analyzer 42

3.3 The percentage of mixed fuel 45

xii

4.1 Properties of the tested fuels (CPO) 46

4.2 Properties of the tested fuels (CPO20, JCO & WC0) 47

xiii

LIST OF FIGURES

2.1 Effect of temperature on viscosity of jatropa oil 21

2.2 Variation of Specific Fuel Consumtion with load at elevated fuel inlet

temperatures

22

2.3 Performance of preheat B5 at two different load conditions 23

2.4 Emission of preheat B5 at two different load conditions. 24

2.5 Effect preheat B5 biodiesel(CPO) and SVO Blend with different load

condition on performance

25

2.6 Effect preheat B5 biodiesel (CPO) and SVO on emission under 0% load

condition

26

2.7 Effect preheat B5 biodiesel(CPO) and SVO on emission under 50% load

condition

26

2.8 Variation of Brake Power Against with Engine Speed 27

2.9 Variation of Brake Engine Torque Against Engine Speed 24

2.10 Emission Profile 29

2.11 Fuel Consumption VS Biodiesel Blending Composition 30

2.12 The effect of biodiesel on exhaust gas emission 31

2.13 Effect of engine Speed Variation on Brake Specific Fuel Consumption 31

2.14 Variation of BSFC for different fuels with load 32

2.15 Variation of brake thermal efficiency for different fuels with load 33

2.16 Pressures vs. crank angle diagrams for CPO and diesel combustions 34

xiv

2.17 Heat release values for CPO and diesel combustions 34

3.1 Laboratory scale blending machine 39

3.2 Illustration of blending process 39

3.3 Yanmar Motor Diesel Engine Model Tf120-Ml 41

3.4 Airrex HG-540 a model gas analyser 42

3.5 Schematic diagram the experiment setup 43

3.6 Process flow chart 46

4.1 Performance of CPO at 0% load condition 48

4.2 Emission of CPO at 0% load condition 49

4.3 Performance of CPO at 50% load condition 50

4.4 Emission of CPO at 50% load condition 50

4.5 Performance of JCO at 0% load condition 51

4.6 Emission of JCO at 0% load condition 52

4.7 Performance of JCO at 0% load condition 53

4.8 Emission of JCO at 50% load condition 53

4.9 Performance of WCO at 0% load condition 54

4.10 Emission of WCO at 0% load condition 55

4.11 Performance of WCO at 50% load condition 56

4.12 Emission of WCO at 50% load condition 56

4.13 Performances of preheated CPO 5 at 0% load conditions 58

4.14 Performances of preheated CPO 5 at 50% load conditions 58

4.15 Emission of preheated CPO 5 at 50% load conditions 59


4.17 Performance of preheated CPO 10 at 0% load conditions 61


xv

4.19 Emission of preheated CPO 10 at 0 % load conditions 62










4.29 Performance of preheated JCO 5 at 0% load conditions 68


4.31 Emission of preheated JCO 5 at 0% load conditions 69










4.41 Performance of preheated WCO 5 at 0% load conditions 75


4.43 Emission of preheated WCO 5 at 0% load conditions 76


xvi









4.53 Combustion of preheated CPO 20 at 800 rpm and 50% load condition 82

4.54 Combustion of preheated CPO 20 at 2000 rpm and 50% load condition 83

4.55 Combustion of preheated JCO 15 at 2000 rpm and 50% load condition 84

4.56 Combustion of preheated JCO 15 at 2000 rpm and 50% load condition 85

4.57 Combustion of preheated WCO 15 at 800 rpm and 50% load condition 86

4.58 Combustion of preheated WCO 15 at 2000 rpm and 50% load condition 87

xvii

LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

CPO5 - 5% blending ratio



CPO20 20% blending ratio

BMEP - Brake mean effective pressure

BSEC - Brake specific energy consumption

BSFC - Brake specific fuel consumption

BTE - Brake thermal efficiency

°C - Degree celsius

cc - Cubic centimeter

CI - Compress ignition

cm - Centimeter

CN Cetane number

CO - Carbon monoxide

CO2 - Carbon dioxide

cP - Centipoise

CPKO - Crude palm kernel oil

CPO - Crude palm oil

D - Diesel

ND - Diesel fuel

xviii

NB5 Room temperature 5% blending ratio




DI - Direct injection

FAME - Fatty acid methyl ester

g - gram

h - hour

HC - Hydrocarbon

HP - Horsepower

kg - kilogram

JCO5 - 5% blending ratio

JCO 10 - 10% blending ratio

JCO 15 - 15% blending ratio

kJ - kilo Joule

kPa - kilo Pascal

kW - kilowatt

MPa - Megapascal

N - Ambient temperature condition

Nm - Newton meter

NOx - Nitrogen oxides

O2 - Oxygen

P - Preheat temperature

NP - Room temperature

P40 - 40oC of preheat temperature

xix



PKO - Palm kernel oil

ppm - Parts per million

rpm - Revolution per minute

s - Second

SFC - Specific fuel consumption

SO2 - Sulfur dioxide

THC - Total hydrocarbons

WCO5 - 5% blending ratio

WCO 10 - 10% blending ratio

WCO 15 - 15% blending ratio

xx

LIST OF APPENDIX

APPENDIX TITLE PAGE

A Experimental data 95

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of study

Diesel engine uses the concept of "compression ignition" diesel fuel and air mixture

result automatically. In automotive technology, by using of diesel engines are widely

used in heavy machinery industry particularly in the construction industry, transport

and agriculture sector. The automotive industry is among the biggest contributors to

air pollution on the environment. The source of fuel supply is one of the causes of the

use of biodiesel in heavy vehicles is increase. However, the use of biodiesel also had

an effect on a performance and emission. The aim of this study was to determine the

effects of biodiesel when heating is carried out using three types. The engine

performance depends on the properties of the fuel, as well as on combustion, injector

pressure and many other factors. Since there are various blends of biodiesels that

may account for the contradicting reports in regards engine performance.

The study about biodiesel is important investigate to solve the issue reduction of

fuel. Performance of engine and emissions exhausted from biodiesel fuels is a

measure of the results by using the biodiesel in diesel engines. Research and

development of biodiesel fuels and its blends are very important to study and

investigate in reducing problem in diesel engine. Production of biodiesel using crude

palm oil (CPO) was shown to have similar properties and more environmentally

friendly than petroleum based diesel. Production of biodiesel using crude palm oil

2

(CPO) was shown to have similar properties and more environmentally friendly than

petroleum based diesel. Based on the studies, the CPO biodiesel has been to be a

good solution to solve about the problem of global warming. The another sources of

biodiesel is jatropa oil (JCO) and waste cooking oil (WCO). Jatropa oil can be

biodiesel fuel because of the characteristic. This biodiesel have the comparable the

cetane number and calorific value and it can be used in diesel engine without the

modification in the mechanical engine. This research also investigated by using

biodiesel with different blending ratio of waste cooking oil (WCO). Waste cooking

oil (WCO) can be identifying alternative sources of raw material due to the lower

price compared with other fuel sources. WCO refers to oil that has been

hydrogenated after cooking.

In this sense, research and development (R&D) on preheat biodiesel fuels on

these three types of biodiesel sources i.e. WCO, CPO and JCO are very important to

be performed in promising alternative to conventional diesel fuel in Malaysia and for

further comprehensive improvements as well. Increased of load condition and

preheated biodiesel blends temperature promotes more rapid engine performance but

exhibit relatively small variations in emissions production (Khalid et al., 2014).

1.2 Problems statement

Biodiesel is an alternative in new energy technologies particularly fuel use in

automotive technology. Biodiesel are not efficiently in cold weather and this is a

major biodiesel problem to solve by researcher (Khalid et al., 2014). The high

surface tension and viscosity attains improper homogeneity in charge and fuel

atomization. From the fuel properties, viscosity has affected the fuels flow rate and

poor fuel atomization during the combustion process. The use of biodiesel or its

blends effects on fuel droplet formation, vaporization and air fuel mixing process due

to its higher viscosity (Ma, Fangrui, Hanna, & A, 1999). These effects cause

important engine failures such as fuel filter clogging, piston ring sticking, injector

choking and carbon formation deposits (Jazair et al., 2011). High viscosity fuel also

leads to high smoke, HC and CO emissions (Siti Kartina Binti Abdul Karim, 2010).

The high viscosity and the major chemically bound oxygen component in the

3

biodiesel fuel play as a key element in combustion process especially during the fuel-

air premixing. Chemical and physical properties of biodiesel were determined using

standard ASTM and American Oil Chemists Society (AOCS). For example, jatropa

oil kinematic viscosity is high at 35.98 cSt compare to the mineral diesel at 2.44 cSt.

Fuels with high viscosity tend to form larger droplets on injection which can cause

poor combustion (Mohod et al., 2014).

While biodiesel is cleaner than standard diesel fuel in many other ways, it’s still

dirtier (more air polluting) than gasoline. Bio fuels in general “result in more

atmospheric CO2 pollutants than burning an energy equivalent amount of oil when

considering the entire production and consumption cycle. Therefore, the major

reduction of CO2 emission should be achieved in road transportation (Shamsuddin et

al., 2014). Further studies on the effects of preheat biodiesel blends fuel from crude

palm oil, jatropa oil and waste cooking oil on the performance and emissions

characteristic was conducted. Preheat is one of the effective method to reduce the

viscosity of biodiesel fuels and its blends and viscosity will gradually decrease as the

temperature increase.

1.3 Objectives

The objectives of this research are;

i. To investigate the effect of preheat various biodiesel blending ratios on

performance and emissions of single cylinder diesel engine.

ii. To recommended the biodiesel blending ratio and biodiesel temperature

that optimizes the engine performance and lower exhaust emissions.

iii. Study the comparison of CI engines performance operating by preheated

biodiesel fuel and diesel fuel

4

1.4 Scopes

The scopes of study are:

i. The fuels that tested are standard diesel (STD) fuel and biodiesel blends.

ii. The fuels tested carried out using a single cylinder four stroke diesel

engine, 0.638 litre capacity.

iii. The fuel at tested at the room temperature, 40°c and 60°c

iv. Three type of biodiesel fuel that using at this experiment, crude palm oil

(CPO) based, jatropha oil (JCO) based and waste cooking oil (WCO)

based with various blended rates i.e. 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%.

v. CPO5 (5% crude palm biodiesel oil, 95% standard diesel)

vi. CPO 10 (10% crude palm biodiesel oil, 90% standard diesel)

vii. CPO 15 (15% crude palm biodiesel oil, 85% standard diesel)

viii. CPO 20 (20% crude palm biodiesel oil, 85% standard diesel)

ix. JCO5 (5% Jatropha biodiesel oil, 95% standard diesel)

x. JCO 10 (10% Jatropha biodiesel oil, 90% standard diesel)

xi. JCO 15 (15% Jatropha biodiesel oil, 85% standard diesel)

xii. WCO5 (5% waste cooking biodiesel oil, 95% standard diesel)

xiii. WCO 10 (10% waste cooking biodiesel oil, 90% standard diesel)

xiv. WCO 15 (15% waste cooking biodiesel oil, 85% standard diesel)

xv. Standard diesel

xvi. The test will be carried out with four difference engine speed (800 rpm,

1200 rpm, 1600 rpm, 2000 rpm) as well as two load conditions applied,

0% and 50%.

5

1.5 Significant of study

Due to rising cost of diesel fuel nowdays, biodiesel has been used directly to

diesel engine without any modification. Important to study and investigate in

reducing problem in diesel engine. However, effect of properties is influences to the

combustion process. Viscosity has affected the fuels flow rate and poor fuel

atomization during the combustion process. Higher viscosity has affected the higher

emission. To improve this problem, preheat the biodiesel was recommended. With

preheat the biodiesel, it may reduce the emission problem and increase the

performance.

6

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Biodiesel fuels

Biodiesel fuel has become more interesting nowdays because of its environmental

benefit and the fact that it is come from renewable sources (Fangrui Ma.1999). There

are four major way to produce biodiesel, direct use and blending, microemulsions,

thermal cracking (pyrolysis) and transesterification (Fangrui Ma.1999). Because of

too expensive the raw oil, the oil straight from the agricultural industry it is not being

produce commercially. After the cost of change it to biodiesel has been added on it is

simply too expensive to compete with fossil diesel.

The fuel combustion in diesel engine is a complex process and depends on the

proper mixing of air & fuel, pressure and timing of fuel injection. The cetane number

(CN) also affects the exhaust emissions, because any increase in CN reduces the

ignition delay and increases the injection pressure, thereby making the fuel particles

finer giving lower smoke but higher CO emission biodiesel fuel has many effects on

diesel engine performance. For combustion characteristics, slightly shorter ignition

delay and lower peak heat release rates were observed for biodiesel while there is

slight reduction in SO2 and HC emission with increase in NOX emission when

biodiesel and its blends are used (Prem K. et al., 2014).

The shorter ignition delay also influences the early start of combustion. The

variation of peak pressures with respect to the brake power for diesel. There has been

a lot of research on the regulated performance characteristics of diesel engines with

7

biodiesel. By using biodiesel as fuel had created poor fuel-air mixing that generally

will produce lower performance and higher emissions than diesel fuel (Mustaffa et

al., 2013). This study is to investigate the effects of preheated biodiesel under two

different load conditions.

2.1.1 Biodiesel standard

In Malaysia, there are standard of biodiesel specification in determine the properties

and qualities of biodiesel production. These standard include the Standard for

Biodiesel Fuel (ASTM D6751) as per shown in Table 2.1 and Table 2.2 show the

comparison for ASTM standards of biodiesel and petrodiesel.

Table 2.1: ASTM D6751 biodiesel fuel standard

(ASTM, 2012; Tyagi, Atray, Kumar, & Datta, 2010)

8

Table 2.2: ASTM standards of biodiesel and petrodiesel

( Demirbas, 2008)

Table 2.3 show the European Standard of biodiesel (EN 14214). The

Kinematic viscosity standard at this figure is 3.5 to 5.0 cP. The value of viscosity is

measure with the temperature at 40°C. The European EN 14214 standard is for B100

blend stock biodiesel. But, it is used also for standardizing the blends up to B30 for

their use in captive engines. However, the specifications for blends above B5 are

required (Cahill, 2007).

9

Table 2.3: European Standard for Biodiesel (EN 14214)

10

2.1.2 Crude palm oil

Crude Palm oil is come from the mesocarp of the palm fruit industries. It contains

around 50% saturated fat and 50% unsaturated fat. The palm oil may be separated

under controlled thermal conditions into two components, a solid form (palm stearin)

and a liquid form (palm olein) (Siti Kartina Binti Abdul Karim, 2010). It is this

chemical composition that defines the chemical and physical characteristics of palm

oil. A number of researches have been done to convert palm oil to liquid fuel. These

researches are mostly centre in Malaysia, which produces the largest amount of palm

oil from the last three decades (Siti Kartina Binti Abdul Karim, 2010).

The production of palm oil has selected it as an alternative fuel at Malaysia to be

used in transportation especially in the agriculture, construction and industrial power

plant sectors, which utilize constant speed diesel engines. Currently there is extensive

research into the properties of palm oil and engines. There are two types of palm oil;

crude palm oil (CPO) that derived from the red fruits of the oil palm and crude palm

kernel oil (CPKO) that derived from the fruit’s nut. Table 2.4 shown the data and

forecasted production of palm oil for the year 2000-2020 in MnT for Malaysia and

Indonesia.

Table 2.4: Present & forecasted production of palm oil for the years 2000-2020

in MnT for Malaysia & Indonesia (Ma, Fangrui, Hanna, & A, 1999)

11

2.1.3 Jatropa Oil

The engine performance parameters with jatropha oil were found to be comparable

to the performance obtained with mineral diesel. Its more fuel quality when naturally

direct injection diesel. The high viscosity is the major problem of using Jatropha oil

in a diesel engine. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the fuel viscosity before

injecting it in the engine. In this work, heating method has been used to decrease the

viscosity of neat Jatropha oil (Nasim et al., 2013).

From the performance test, when comparing BDF and jatropha oil with

diesel, the engine performances were slightly different with a small increase of fuel

consumption. It is noticeable that black smoke measured from the engines using both

biodiesel and jatropha oil can be hugely reduced (Nasim et al., 2013).

2.1.4 Waste cooking oil

Waste cooking oil is a more economical source of the biodiesel fuel and concluded

that the engine performance of biodiesel obtained from waste frying oil is better than

that of diesel fuel while the emissions produced by the use of biodiesel are less than

those using diesel fuels except that there is an increase in NOx. Various studies have

shown that biodiesel made from waste cooking oil can be used in different types of

diesel engines with no loss of efficiency and significant reductions in PM emissions,

CO emissions, and total hydrocarbon (THC) emissions when compared with

emissions from conventional fossil diesel fuel (Alireza et al., 2013).

12

2.2 Properties of biodiesel

Biodiesel fuel has many effects on diesel engine performance. There has been a lot of

research on the regulated performance characteristics of diesel engines with

biodiesel/diesel blends (Mamat et al., 2009).The Biodiesel fuel is an alternative fuel

can be used in diesel engines as neat or blended with diesel. The properties of fuel

are important in design of fuel system for compression ignition engines run on diesel

, biodiesel or biodiesel blends. Biodiesel (B100) standards specify the limit values of

these properties for blending with diesel. However, there are variations in the

properties of biodiesel. The properties of biodiesel vary depending on the feedstock,

vegetable oil processing, production methods and degree of purification

(Shamsuddin et al., 2014).

The viscosity of a fuel is important because it influences the atomization of the

fuel being inserted into the engine combustion chamber. For complete combustion to

happen, a small fuel drop is required. The biodiesel fuel property of having the

viscosity much closer to diesel fuel than vegetable oil helps create a much lower

drop, which burns cleaner. The other main property of biodiesel fuel that we will

discuss is its lubricating properties. It has much better lubricating and a higher cetane

ratings than today's lower sulfur diesel fuels. Adding Biodiesel also helps in reducing

fuel system wear. The fuel injection equipment depends on the fuel for its

lubrication. The biodiesel fuel properties increase the life of the fuel injection

equipment.

Refer the crimson renewable energy, biodiesel fuel has chemical properties that

are very similar to conventional diesel fuel, and does not require any engine

modifications or new equipment to enable its use as a blend stock or substitute for

conventional diesel Biodiesel is a legally registered fuel and fuel additive with the

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The biodiesel properties is very important to

produce good performance at diesel engine. Table 2.5 show the comparison the

standard diesel and biodiesel.

13

Table 2.5: The comparison the standard diesel and biodiesel (Astm, Biodiesel, &

Specifications,)

In this research, the biodiesel used are derived from Crude Palm oil (CPO) biodiesel.

Crude palm oil (CPO) and straight vegetable oil (SVO) have considerably renewable,

higher viscosity and density, non-toxic, less sulphur and aromatic contents compared

to diesel fuel. These biodegrable fuels are also easily produced and become more

attractive because of the benefit to environment. Another issue that is particularly

critical for use of SVO is fuel viscosity due to biodiesel fuels have faced a problem

where the fuels are not operating effectively in cold weather. It is due to the fuel

properties such as viscosity that affected the fuels flow rate and poor fuel atomization

during combustion process. Viscosity will gradually decrease as the temperature

increase and it will influence the fuel-air mixing due to the changes of spray

evaporation and consequently influence the combustion, performance and emissions

of diesel engine (Norrizal Mustaffa et al., 2014). Table 2.6 present the properties of

using straight vegetable oil at diesel engine.

14

Table 2.6: Properties of SVO and standard diesel (Khalid et al., 2014)

The important chemical and physical properties of Jatropha curcas oil were

determined using standard ASTM and American Oil Chemists Society (AOCS)

methods and compared with diesel shown in Table 2.7. The heating value of the

vegetable oil is comparable to the diesel oil and the cetane number is lower than the

diesel fuel (Nasim et al., 2013). However, the kinematic viscosity and the flash point

of Jatropha oil are several times higher than the diesel oil (Nasim et al., 2013).

Table 2.7: .Properties of mineral diesel and Jatropa oil (Nasim et al., 2013)

15

From the results, the authors were found the blend densities is reduce when

the temperature increase. It is also happen with the viscosity, the value of viscosity

decrease when the fuel temperature increase (Mustaffa et al., 2013). The reading

about the flash point at B5 blending ratio is increase at the higher temperature. The

study used 5 % crude palm oil (CPO) at biodiesel fuel. The fuel was tested at three

different fuel temperatures, 40oC, 50

oC and 60

oC and also at three different load

conditions; 0% load, 50% load and 100% load. The properties of the tested fuel were

shown in Table 2.8.

Table 2.8: Fuel Properties at difference temperature (Norrizal Mustaffa et al., 2014)

Properties Temperature (°C) B5

Flash point

(°C)

27.5 85.0

40 88.5

50 89.0

60 91.5

Density

(g/cm3)

15 0.851

27.5 0.845

40 0.830

50 0.825

60 0.815

Water

content

(ppm)

27.5 140

40 102.8

50 76.6

60 69.9

Viscosity

(cP)

27.5 4.0

40 3.6

50 3.4

60 3.25

16

Biodiesel from waste vegetable cooking oil is a more economical source of

the fuel, so biodiesel was produced from this source in the present investigation. In

the present research, biodiesel was produced by transesterification process TMU

biofuels laboratories.

The important properties of biodiesel at Table 2.9 discussed the biodiesel

kinematical viscosity and density a higher than diesel fuel.

Table 2.9: Properties of diesel and biodiesel fuel for present investigation (Alireza et

al., 2013)

The table 2.10 discussed the comparison fuel properties characteristics of the

standard fuel diesel (STD). The properties tests that will be considered in this study

are included density, kinematic viscosity, moisture content, acids value and flash

points test. The value of B5, B10, and B15 actually referring to the ratio of the

mixture.

The B5 biodiesel means the 5% from the mixture is biodiesel and the other

95% from the mixture are diesel. So that with the B10 biodiesel, 10% from the

mixture must be biodiesel and other 90% must be diesel (Khalid et al., 2013).

17

Table 2.10: Fuel properties at room temperature (Khalid et al., 2014)

The experimental result carried out to evaluate exhaust gas emissions and

deposit characteristics of a small diesel engine when operated on preheated crude

palm oil (CPO) and its emulsions with 1%, 2% and 3% water (Kalam & Masjuki,

2005). The engine was operated on Malaysian environmental temperature for this

experiment. The engine did not have any starting difficulties during operation with

all of the CPO and CPO emulsified fuels. The engine combustion noise was not so

severe when the engine was running on CPO based fuels. Fuel characterization was

performed on CPO and its emulsified fuels in the Lubricating Oil Analysis

laboratory.

It is found that the calorific value of CPO is lower than OD. Increasing water

concentration from 1% to 3% in CPO reduces calorific value from 40.14 to 38.95

MJ/kg. The data is shown at table 2.11. The higher kinematic viscosity and cetane

number is shown at table 2.12 for the comparison of waste cooking oil to the diesel

fuel.

18

Table 2.11: Properties of fuel (Kalam & Masjuki, 2005)

Table 2.12: Comparison of fuel properties for a WCO and diesel fuel ( Enweremadu

et al. 2010 ).

19

2.3 Advantages of pre heat Biodiesel as Diesel Fuel

The blends of biodiesel with small content in place of petroleum diesel can help in

controlling air pollution and easing the pressure on scarce resources without

significantly sacrificing engine power and economy (Xue et al., 2011). HC produced

was found better at 100% load condition with 40°C of preheat temperature. This

behaviour could be associated with the higher oxygen content that improves the

combustion process and preheat decreases the viscosity which improves the

oxidation in the cylinder. The CO emission produced was found better with the

preheat fuel temperature (Nasim et al., 2013). Preheated CPO reduced exhaust

emissions such as containing less CO, HC and PM as compared to OD and CPO

emulsified fuels. This is mainly attributed to the fact that preheating of CPO reduces

its viscosity to the level of OD that improves the fuel spray and atomization

characteristics as well as produces complete combustion (Kalam & Masjuki, 2005).

Preheat biodiesel and its blends were results in a better fuel consumption and thermal

efficiency produced due to decrease of the arithmetic diameter of the fuel droplets.

This effect also contributes from the surface tension and viscosity changes with

temperature (Khalid et al., 2013). Generally, emissions produced was lower for CO,

CO2, HC and smoke (Mustaffa et al., 2013).

2.4 Disadvantages of preheat biodiesel as diesel fuel

The blends biodiesel as fuel had created problems such as poor fuel droplet

formation and atomization that consequently result on lots of carbon formation on

the valves and injector choking. Effect the higher viscosity the biodiesel and its

blends itself is reason on these problems occur at the engine compartment (Mustaffa

et al., 2013). For the emissions, HC produced was found better at 100% load

condition with 40oC of preheat temperature. This behaviour could be associated with

the higher oxygen content that improves the combustion process and preheat

decreases the viscosity which improves the oxidation in the cylinder. The CO

emission produced was found better with the preheat fuel temperature but NOx

20

Table 2.13: Comparison of main biodiesel production technologies

formation increased as the fuel temperature increase is expected to be strongly

influenced by increasing of ambient temperature in chamber during combustion

process (Mustaffa et al., 2013). NOx formation increased as the fuel temperature

increase is expected to be strongly influenced by increasing of ambient temperature

in chamber during combustion process (Mustaffa et al., 2013). However, preheated

CPO increased NOx emission as compared to OD and CPO emulsified fuels. This

mainly attributed from the deposit characteristics result, showed that preheated CPO

increased highest fraction of ash deposit as compared to OD and CPO emulsified

fuels which is the reason for increasing NOx emissions. Table 2.13 show the

comparison of main biodiesel production technologies.

21

2.5 Effect of preheat biodiesel on performance and emission

The high viscosity of the jatropha oil was decreased by preheating the fuel. Heating

method used to reduce viscosity has been able to solve the problems in the operation

of the diesel engine.

The temperature range at 30°C–110°C was measured at different

temperatures to the Viscosity of Jatropha oil. Viscosity of Jatropha oil decreases with

increasing temperature from at 30°C to 110°C. The standard value at American

Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) limit of viscosity for C.I. Engine fuels is 6

cSt. The viscosity reading of Jatropha oil was found to be 5.9 cSt at 105°C.

Therefore, the fuel should be heated to 105°C in order to bring its viscosity within

the ASTM limit. The viscosity of diesel was 2.44 cSt at 40°C which is well within

the ASTM limit. The test results cover the effect of increasing fuel inlet temperature

on the viscosity of neat jatropha oil and its performance in a single cylinder

unmodified diesel engine. The upper limit of fuel inlet temperature tested was 110°C.

According to the test results showed in Figure 2.1

Figure 2.1: Effect of temperature on viscosity of jatropa oil (Nasim et al.,

2013)

22

The result at figure 2.2 present the value of brake specific fuel consumption

at inlet temperature load is higher at initial situation especially the preheat 70°C and

110°C condition. After increasing load on the engine, the value of brake specific fuel

consumption decreased as the load increased, and then it reaches the value to that of

a diesel fuel operation. It was observed at all loading conditions. The highest value of

BSFC is the pre heat 110°C condition.

Figure 2.2: Variation of Specific Fuel Consumption with load at elevated fuel inlet

temperatures (Nasim et al., 2013)

The investigate the Performance and Emissions of Preheated Biodiesel on a

Compression Ignition (CI) Engines are discussed (Norrizal Mustaffa et al., 2014).

Figure 2.3 shown performances of preheated 5% biodiesel at 50% and 100% of load

conditions. The performance is tested of the brake power, flywheel torque and

torque. Three temperatures (40oC, 50

oC and 60

oC) were preheating the B5 fuel. At

50% load shown the value brake power increase slightly condition. Hence, the fly

wheel and torque were increase as the load increase. The brake power increases

higher after the increasing the 100% load conditions. The preheat temperature seems

not strongly influence the brake power produced at both load conditions.

23

Generally, B5 preheat create higher value of the flywheel torque and torque

compared to diesel fuel on the engine speed virtually any load condition. However,

preheat temperatures are not expected to be affected by the performance of the

generated pattern. From the graph at figure 2.4 present the emission of preheat B5 at

two different load conditions. The result of CO emission were does not show

difference pattern of graph at 50% and 100% load condition. The increasing of

temperature seems not affected to the reducing of CO produced.

From the CO2 result, its seem difference situation. CO2 increase when the

speed were value increase and also increase at 100% load condition. The preheat

biodiesel give positive effect that opacity result. The biodiesel preheat value (P40

B5, P50 B5 and P60 B5) of opacity as lower reading compare to NB5. The NOx

emission results shown the highest at 2000 rpm engine speed for 50% load and 100%

load condition. The preheat B5 produced higher NOx compared to unheated B5 and

diesel fuel. The increasing fuel temperature is a major contributor to the increase

NOx.

Figure 2.3: Performance of preheat B5 at two different load conditions (Norrizal

Mustaffa et al., 2014)

24

Figure 2.4: Emission of preheat B5 at two different load conditions. (Norrizal

Mustaffa et al., 2014)

The graph 2.5 showed the effect preheating B5 biodiesel (CPO) and SVO

(S5) Blend with different load condition on performance. The effects of preheat fuel

on were investigated at the and B5 without preheat (NB5), B5 with preheat (PB5),

SVO without preheat (NS5) and SVO with preheat (PS5) base standard diesel (ND).

The performance of brake power is slightly changes with the both load condition.

The flywheel value is difference situation at 50% load condition. The performance of

torque is produce at high load condition (Khalid et al., 2014)

91

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