Infectious and Noninfectious Conditions: Risks and Responsibilities

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

PowerPoint® Lecture prepared by Jan Campbell

T H E B A S I C S

SIXTH EDITION

Infectious and Noninfectious Conditions: Risks and Responsibilities 1414


Assessing Your Disease Risks

• Risk Factors You Can’t Control

• Heredity

• Aging

• Environmental conditions

• Organism resistance


Assessing Your Disease Risks

• Risk Factors You Can Control (continued)

• Stress

• Nutrition

• Physical activity

• Sleep

• Drug use

• Personal hygiene


The Pathogens: Routes of Transmission

• Transmission

• Direct contact

• Indirect contact

• Auto-inoculate yourself

• Airborne contacts

• Food-borne pathogens

• Animal-borne pathogens

• Interspecies pathogens

• Water-borne diseases



• Bacteria

• Single-celled organisms

• Staphylococcal infections

• Streptococcal infections

• Pneumonia

• Legionnaire’s disease

• Tuberculosis

• Periodontal disease



• Viruses

• Smallest pathogens

• Protein structures

• Common cold

• Influenza

• Infectious Mononucleosis

• Hepatitis (HAV, HBV, HCV)

• Measles



• Other Pathogens

• Fungi

• Protozoa

• Parasitic worms

• Prions


Your Body’s Defenses: Keeping You Well

• Physical and Chemical Defenses

• Skin

• Enzymes

• Body temperature

• Linings of the body



• The Immune System: Your Body Fights Back

• Immunity

• Antigens

• Antibodies

• Immunoglobulins

• Humoral immune response

• Cell-mediated immunity

• Lymphocytes



• Fever

• Rises in temperature can be harmful if extreme

• High temperatures can destroy some disease causing organisms

• Stimulates more white blood cell production

• Why is it important to allow a fever to continue, if it isn’t extreme?



• Pain

• Response to either direct or referred pain

• Most often accompanied by inflammation

• Vaccine

• Vaccination and T- and B-cell memory

• Acquired immunity

• Natural immunity


Emerging and Resurgent Diseases

• Tiny Microbes: Lethal Threats

• Mad Cow Disease (Bovine Spongiform Encephalitis)

• Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever

• Ebola

• Cryptosporidium

• Escherichia coli 0157:H7

• Cholera


Emerging and Resurgent Diseases

• Tiny Microbes: Lethal Threats (continued)

• Hantavirus

• Bioterrorism: The New Global Threat

• West Nile Virus

• SARS

• HIV/AIDS


Sexually Transmitted Infections

• History

• Also called STDs, or venereal diseases

• 20 known types of STIs

• 16.2 million cases in 1999 (CDC)

• Possible Causes: Why Me?

• Moral stigma

• Casual attitude toward sex

• Ignorance about infections/symptoms



• Modes of Transmission

• Sexual intercourse

• Oral-genital

• Genital to hand

• Mouth to mouth


Signs or Symptoms of an STI

Figure 14.3



• Chlamydia

• 4 million infected annually

• Many display no symptoms

• Secondary damage can lead to sterility

• Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

• Describes a number of infections of the uterus/fallopian tubes/ovaries

• Can result from untreated infections

• Nonsexual causes: excessive douching, substance abuse, smoking



• Gonorrhea

• Most common STI

• $1.1 billion a year in health care costs

• Early treatment: antibiotics



• Syphilis

• Caused by a bacterial organism

• Spirochete known as Treponema pallidum

• Stages: primary, secondary, latent, late

• Treatment: antibiotics (penicillin)

• Pubic Lice

• “Crabs”

• Small parasites which deposit eggs in pubic hair



• Genital HPV

• Genital warts

• Among most common STIs

• Two types: full-blown and flat warts

• Tendency for dysplasia, changes in cells that can lead to precancerous conditions



• Candidiasis (Moniliasis)

• Yeast-like fungus caused by Candida albicans

• Symptoms: severe itching, burning, swelling

• Trichomoniasis

• Caused by a protozoan

• Half of American men and women carry this organism

• Many remain symptom-free



• General Urinary Tract Infections

• Sexual transmission

• Can also be caused by invading organisms in the genital area

• Herpes

• Family of infections

• Sores and eruptions of the skin

• Genital Herpes: herpes simplex virus

• Preventing herpes



• HIV/AIDS

• Global health problem

• Over 18 million have died of AIDS

• 14 million struggle with the disease

• A Shifting Epidemic

• Newly found indicator of virus: drop in CD4s, the master immune cell

• Improved reporting/accuracy



• Women and AIDS

• Women > risk with infected partner

• Women represented 43% of cases in 2000

• Transmission of HIV

• Fluid exchange

• Engaging in high risk behaviors

• Receiving a blood transfusion prior to 1985

• Injecting drugs

• Mother-to-infant transmission (perinatal)



• Symptoms of HIV

• Incubation time varies greatly

• Infants and newborns at risk since immune system not fully developed

• For HIV positive adults, AIDS will develop in 8-10 years with no treatment



• Testing for HIV Antibodies

• Blood test known as ELISA

• Western blot – follows 2 positive ELISA

• These tests detect antibodies

• Even with antibodies, not all develop AIDS



• New Hope for Treatment

• New drugs slow progression of virus

• Medication is very expensive

• Multi-drug treatment exceeds $20,000 per year

• Preventing HIV Infection


Noninfectious Diseases

• Chronic Lung Diseases

• Dyspnea

• Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPDs)

• Allergy-Induced Respiratory Problems

• Antigen or allergen

• Production of antibodies

• Hypersensitive reaction

• Release of histamines


Steps of an Allergy Response

Figure 14.4



• Hay Fever

• Example of COPD

• Asthma

• Long-term chronic inflammatory disorder

• Blocked airflow to the lungs

• Air pollutants, particulates, smoke can trigger an asthma attack

• Most common chronic disease of childhood

• #1 cause of hospitalization and absenteeism



• Emphysema

• Gradual destruction of alveoli

• Difficult to exhale

• Victim struggles to take in air

• Chest cavity expands over time (barrel-chest)



• Bronchitis

• Inflammation of bronchial tubes

• Reduced air flow from the lungs

• Acute bronchitis – 95% of cases are viral

• Chronic bronchitis has a mucous laden cough

• Cigarette smoking is often the cause of chronic bronchitis



• Sleep Apnea

• Affects 5% of the general population

• Periodic episodes of breathing cessation for 10 seconds or longer

• Causes restless sleep, high blood pressure, sleepiness during waking hours, CVD

• Prevention: reduce alcohol use, change sleeping position, schedule, medicinal interventions


Neurological Disorders

• Headaches

• Tension headaches

• Migraine headaches

• Secondary headaches


Neurological Disorders

• Seizure Disorders

• Epilepsy

• 1% of Americans are epileptic

• Types of seizures:

• Grand mal

• Petit mal

• Psychomotor

• Jacksonian


Gender-Related Disorders

• Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)

• Symptoms vary

• Plausible cause: hormones


Gender-Related Disorders

• Endometriosis

• Tends to effect women age 20-40

• Symptoms:

• Severe cramping

• Irregular periods

• Fatigue

• Painful intercourse

• Characterized by abnormal growth and development of endometrial tissue


Digestion-Related Disorders

• Diabetes

• Pancreas’ role

• Diabetes mellitus

• Hyperglycemia

• Type I

• Type II

• Gestational diabetes

• Risk factors

• Controlling diabetes


Digestion-Related Disorders

• Peptic Ulcers

• Lesion or wound in body tissue

• Chronic

• Occur in the stomach lining or duodenum

• Helicobacter pylori


Musculoskeletal Diseases

• Arthritis

• Strikes 1 in 7

• Osteoarthritis

• Rheumatoid arthritis

• Fibromyalgia

• Chronic, painful

• 5-6% affected

• Array of symptoms

• Difficult to diagnose



• Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

• Immune system attacks the body

• Destroys or injures organs

• Low Back Pain (LBP)

• 80% will experience LBP



• Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS)

• Feeling tired all the time

• Possible psychological roots

• Repetitive Stress Injuries (RSIs)

• 24% of work injuries

• Carpal tunnel most common

Infectious and Noninfectious Conditions: Risks and Responsibilities

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