Industry & The Industry & The NorthNorth

1790-18401790-1840AP U.S. HistoryAP U.S. History

Rural Life: Early 1800’sRural Life: Early 1800’s Farming Family: husband, wife, children, 4 to Farming Family: husband, wife, children, 4 to

5 slaves, & 100+ acres.5 slaves, & 100+ acres. Community: neighbors, wives, daughters and Community: neighbors, wives, daughters and

female slaves collect, spin wool, & complete female slaves collect, spin wool, & complete domestic duties.domestic duties.

Self-sufficient , surplus extra (community & Self-sufficient , surplus extra (community & cash market).cash market).

Diverse: cattle, sheep, oats, hay, wheat, & Diverse: cattle, sheep, oats, hay, wheat, & veggies.veggies.

Barter system with neighborsBarter system with neighbors Begin shift from traditional to commercial Begin shift from traditional to commercial

agriculture.agriculture.

Family Labor SystemFamily Labor System Work place was home or farm.Work place was home or farm. Family apprenticeships:Family apprenticeships:

Mothers teach daughterMothers teach daughter Fathers teach son field & barn tasksFathers teach son field & barn tasks

Diversify family income:Diversify family income: Long winter: Whole families made shoes. Long winter: Whole families made shoes. Local, immediate use.Local, immediate use.

No fixed prices on goods; done with barter. No fixed prices on goods; done with barter. No fixed production schedule.No fixed production schedule. Home and work were the same. Home and work were the same. All family members viewed as wage-earnersAll family members viewed as wage-earners

Urban Life Early 1800’sUrban Life Early 1800’s Craftsmen control productionCraftsmen control production Apprenticeship (men): Important process for Apprenticeship (men): Important process for

training skilled labor.training skilled labor. 12-14 years old.12-14 years old. Duration: 3-7 years.Duration: 3-7 years. Treated like family Treated like family Save up capital for own store.Save up capital for own store. Long hours: Sun up to sun down.Long hours: Sun up to sun down.

Female urban workFemale urban work Acceptable: Domestic servants, laundresses, Acceptable: Domestic servants, laundresses,

seamstresses, cooks, & managing boarding houses.seamstresses, cooks, & managing boarding houses. Unacceptable: Prostitution.Unacceptable: Prostitution.

Patriarchy & Social Patriarchy & Social OrderOrder

Father, head of household, reflected in Father, head of household, reflected in society:society: Legal power: Property rights, women couldn’t Legal power: Property rights, women couldn’t

testify.testify. Divorce: Husband keeps children or man dies & Divorce: Husband keeps children or man dies &

oldest son inherits all possessions. oldest son inherits all possessions. Life organized around job/trade, whole family Life organized around job/trade, whole family

involved (blacksmith, baker, printing, etc.)involved (blacksmith, baker, printing, etc.) Family help is not recognized.Family help is not recognized.

Social OrderSocial Order Wealthy merchants > large land owners > Wealthy merchants > large land owners >

artisans > yeomen farmers > common laborers > artisans > yeomen farmers > common laborers > tenet farmers > farm laborers tenet farmers > farm laborers

Distinguished by dress & manner.Distinguished by dress & manner.

Market RevolutionMarket Revolution3 Main Developments3 Main Developments Rapid improvements in transportationRapid improvements in transportation

Moved goods and people with ease.Moved goods and people with ease. CommercializationCommercialization

Involved replacing household barter with producing Involved replacing household barter with producing goods for cash market.goods for cash market.

Putting-out systemPutting-out system IndustrializationIndustrialization

Using power- driven machinery to produce goods, Using power- driven machinery to produce goods, instead of manually.instead of manually.

Outcome: Inexpensive goods in quantity for Outcome: Inexpensive goods in quantity for Americans.Americans.

Putting-Out SystemPutting-Out System Home manufacturing- merchant pays by piece Home manufacturing- merchant pays by piece

for home production, to be sold at market.for home production, to be sold at market. Division of Labor: Worker makes part of product Division of Labor: Worker makes part of product

and it moves on to next specialist.and it moves on to next specialist. Moves control from artisan to merchant capitalist: Moves control from artisan to merchant capitalist:

Leads to Leads to industrial capitalism.industrial capitalism. Farm families enjoy the diversity & new source of Farm families enjoy the diversity & new source of

income.income. Workshops gradually replace artisan shops, Workshops gradually replace artisan shops,

eventually apprenticeship will disappear.eventually apprenticeship will disappear. Merchants now control production, labor Merchants now control production, labor

costs, production goals, & styles.costs, production goals, & styles.

Labor: 1820’sLabor: 1820’s

Men head west to make fortune.Men head west to make fortune. Rural women are untapped labor force.Rural women are untapped labor force.

Accustomed to long work hours.Accustomed to long work hours. Women did not live alone.Women did not live alone. Lowell, MA offers supervision on the job and Lowell, MA offers supervision on the job and

at home.at home. Rules of conductRules of conduct Compulsory religious serviceCompulsory religious service Concerts, lectures and cash.Concerts, lectures and cash.

IndustrializationIndustrialization Result of a series of technological changes in the textile Result of a series of technological changes in the textile

trade.trade. Moving from manual labor to mechanization of power driven Moving from manual labor to mechanization of power driven

machines that did the work.machines that did the work. Previous dependence upon farmers for American ideal (T.J.).Previous dependence upon farmers for American ideal (T.J.). Major affects are an increase in the lower class, ghettos, & Major affects are an increase in the lower class, ghettos, &

child labor.child labor. New England favored this rapid industryNew England favored this rapid industry British were leaders. Must steal their technology.British were leaders. Must steal their technology.

Samuel Slater (1789) snuck out of England & brings secrets with Samuel Slater (1789) snuck out of England & brings secrets with him. him.

Improved on machinery.Improved on machinery. Most advanced cotton mill opens in 1790. Most advanced cotton mill opens in 1790.

Workplace: Workplace: Children Children WomenWomen

Soon mills pop up all over New England.Soon mills pop up all over New England. Embargo 1807-1815, tariffs protected American mills from Embargo 1807-1815, tariffs protected American mills from

British competition.British competition.

Lowell, Massachusetts, Lowell, Massachusetts, 18321832

Lowell MillsLowell Mills Francis Cabot Lowell Francis Cabot Lowell

(1810), industrial spy, (1810), industrial spy, improved on British improved on British technology and invented technology and invented the power loom.the power loom. 1814 World’s first 1814 World’s first

integrated cotton mill. integrated cotton mill. All aspects of production.All aspects of production.

Lowell, MA: 1826, 2500 Lowell, MA: 1826, 2500 people and by 1836 there people and by 1836 there are 17,000are 17,000

Brings about issues of Brings about issues of authority.authority. 50% of workforce: 50% of workforce:

ChildrenChildren 25% men & 25% women25% men & 25% women

Lowell Mills (Cont.)Lowell Mills (Cont.)

1840’s Wages: 1840’s Wages: Unskilled children $1/week. Unskilled children $1/week. $12/week for skilled workers.$12/week for skilled workers. Unskilled adults: $110-150/year ($3.50/week).Unskilled adults: $110-150/year ($3.50/week). $300/year needed to stay above poverty line.$300/year needed to stay above poverty line.

Communities v. Mill Towns: Viewed mill Communities v. Mill Towns: Viewed mill workers as low class, & transient. Leads to workers as low class, & transient. Leads to new social distinctions.new social distinctions.

Jobs were good for locals, but mill owners Jobs were good for locals, but mill owners dictated politicsdictated politics

American System of American System of ManufacturesManufactures

Interchangeable parts: Breaks down a Interchangeable parts: Breaks down a machine and it is easily fixed.machine and it is easily fixed. Eli Whitney- First attempt 1798, failed.Eli Whitney- First attempt 1798, failed. Simeon North & John Hall mastered concept Simeon North & John Hall mastered concept

with machine parts and the rifle.with machine parts and the rifle. Revolutionary production:Revolutionary production:

1810: Produce 100 nails a minute, cutting 1810: Produce 100 nails a minute, cutting costs by 2/3.costs by 2/3.

SteamboatSteamboat 11stst Steamboat: OH Steamboat: OH

River (1811). River (1811). Advantages: Increased Advantages: Increased

production, profits, production, profits, capitalism, wealth, & capitalism, wealth, & living conditions.living conditions.

Disadvantages: Loss of Disadvantages: Loss of jobs, growth between jobs, growth between rich and poor, rich and poor, specialized skill not as specialized skill not as marketable, beginning marketable, beginning of slums & urban of slums & urban issues.issues.

Industrial CapitalismIndustrial Capitalism

Specialization & standardization.Specialization & standardization. Concentration of capital.Concentration of capital. Large gap between poor and Large gap between poor and

wealthy.wealthy. Creates the worst urban areas.Creates the worst urban areas. Child labor.Child labor. Poor working conditions. Poor working conditions. Low pay.Low pay.

Middle Class TransitionMiddle Class Transition Labor WorkersLabor Workers

12% 1800 to 40% in 1860, most in North, 12% 1800 to 40% in 1860, most in North, mostly women.mostly women.

Major changes in life:Major changes in life: ““Putting-out” destroyed apprenticeship. Putting-out” destroyed apprenticeship.

Creates child labor.Creates child labor. Women did not return to farms, but stayed in Women did not return to farms, but stayed in

cities, & married.cities, & married. Diminished patriarchal controlDiminished patriarchal control

Class Transition Class Transition Continued…Continued…

Slaves v. Wage LaborersSlaves v. Wage Laborers South: “We care until they die.” South: “We care until they die.” North: Occasionally provides housing (Lowell) but North: Occasionally provides housing (Lowell) but

mostly they are responsible for themselves. mostly they are responsible for themselves. Which was better? Which was better?

Shift from skilled to unskilledShift from skilled to unskilled Manual labor that is mindless.Manual labor that is mindless. Problems: Overcrowding of job market, & low Problems: Overcrowding of job market, & low

wages. wages. No longer care about efficient production.No longer care about efficient production. Intense labor for low wages.Intense labor for low wages.

LeisureLeisure

Work is separate from home Work is separate from home creating a need for “leisure time.”creating a need for “leisure time.”

Sunday is day for leisure.Sunday is day for leisure. Most favor local taverns.Most favor local taverns. Spectator sports: horse racing, Spectator sports: horse racing,

boxing and baseball (1850’s).boxing and baseball (1850’s). Concerts, operas, plays, & circuses.Concerts, operas, plays, & circuses.

Free LaborFree Labor

Free Labor: “free” stands for the Free Labor: “free” stands for the right to choose to work and where. right to choose to work and where.

Hard-work, self-discipline, strive for Hard-work, self-discipline, strive for economy & independence, lead to economy & independence, lead to individualistic attitude.individualistic attitude.

Occupations of Women Occupations of Women Wage Earners in Wage Earners in

Massachusetts, 1837Massachusetts, 1837

Collective BargainingCollective Bargaining

Women lead first strikes (unfeminine & Women lead first strikes (unfeminine & ungrateful)ungrateful) 1824: Women RI wage cuts, increased hours1824: Women RI wage cuts, increased hours 1834: 800 Women (Lowell)-denied, packed up1834: 800 Women (Lowell)-denied, packed up Most strike are unsuccessful. Most strike are unsuccessful.

More laborers are always available (Irish immigrants).More laborers are always available (Irish immigrants).

NE Female Labor Reform Assoc. (1845) NE Female Labor Reform Assoc. (1845) started springing up in mill townsstarted springing up in mill towns Desire a 10 hour work day.Desire a 10 hour work day. NH grants petition in 1847, followed by ME NH grants petition in 1847, followed by ME

(1848), & PA (1849).(1848), & PA (1849).

New Social OrderNew Social Order 1840: 1% of population owns 40% of wealth.1840: 1% of population owns 40% of wealth. Upward mobility: Increase in middle class.Upward mobility: Increase in middle class.

Prior to Industrial Revolution there was no Prior to Industrial Revolution there was no movement, stuck from birth.movement, stuck from birth.

Middle Class: Male & female roles diverge.Middle Class: Male & female roles diverge. Men: Industrious, responsible & in control of their business.Men: Industrious, responsible & in control of their business. Women: Remain at home. Women: Remain at home.

Responsible for cooking, cleaning & creating a refuge Responsible for cooking, cleaning & creating a refuge from the industrial work place.from the industrial work place.

Women’s magazines: Women’s magazines: Godey’s Ladies BookGodey’s Ladies Book (circ 70,000) (circ 70,000) offers advice, recipes, and embroidery patterns.offers advice, recipes, and embroidery patterns.

Have fewer children. They require more care & Have fewer children. They require more care & education.education.

1800: average 7 children. 1900: average 4 children.1800: average 7 children. 1900: average 4 children. 1830: abortion widely used to limit family size.1830: abortion widely used to limit family size.

ReligionReligion

Philosophy of sobriety, responsibility, Philosophy of sobriety, responsibility, steady, & hard work, model for workers.steady, & hard work, model for workers. Reinforced by religion (2Reinforced by religion (2ndnd Great Awakening). Great Awakening).

Salvation through self-discipline and individual Salvation through self-discipline and individual achievement.achievement.

Conversion & repentance were community Conversion & repentance were community events.events.

Evangelism becomes middle class religion. Evangelism becomes middle class religion. Converted display morally respectable behavior.Converted display morally respectable behavior. Model for their workers.Model for their workers.

Each worker is responsible for own wayEach worker is responsible for own way Leads to Social Darwinism.Leads to Social Darwinism.