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1UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIAInstitute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA)
WET Program Lecture Sept 2005 Module on Biofilm System Zaini Ujang
Industrial wastewater treatmentusing biofilm system
Prof. ZAINI UJANG
Institute of Environmental & Water Resource Management (IPASA)
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
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3UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIAInstitute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA)
WET Program Lecture Sept 2005 Module on Biofilm System Zaini Ujang
Trickling Filter
Require hydraulic system to distribute the liquid sewageover the media.
Traditionally, fixed system:
- Problem with dead zones / no wetting Rotating system, flow uniformly distributed.
Thick biomass falls off for collection in settlement tank
Traditional media - stones 50mm diameter.
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4UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIAInstitute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA)
WET Program Lecture Sept 2005 Module on Biofilm System Zaini Ujang
Trickling Filter Components
Filter media tank Effluent & sloughing materials?
Filter media Sludge handling
Hydraulic control Rotating distributor Piping
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5UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIAInstitute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA)
WET Program Lecture Sept 2005 Module on Biofilm System Zaini Ujang
Organisms:
Bacteria Protozoa (predator)
Fungi
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6UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIAInstitute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA)
WET Program Lecture Sept 2005 Module on Biofilm System Zaini Ujang
Traditional Configuration Filter media - rocks/stone 50 mm diameter; 1.8 m deep
Rotary distribution - where liquid sewage trickles from on
top of circular tank Perforated floor - to let air/liquid/biomass pass through
Underdrain system - to collect liquid/biomass to the
settlement tank Dosing chamber to maintain supply of sewage to f low
continuously to filter media.
Media tank followed by humus or settlement tank- effluentdischarged & settled sludge to treatment
Achieve BOD reduction
- generally nitrification in high temperature.
WET P L t S t 2005 M d l Bi fil S t Z i i Uj
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7UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIAInstitute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA)
WET Program Lecture Sept 2005 Module on Biofilm System Zaini Ujang
Mechanism
Biomass aerobic at outer surface, anaerobic at media/solidinterface - oxygen consumed up before it reach inside.
Biomass contains fungi and bacteria
- responsible for organic degradation
Protozoa and rotifier in more aerobic areas.- Consume lower animals
- Control the bacteria population
Algae near the top media if sunlight- provides oxygen & can clog the media
Higher animals - worms, larvae in aerobic/surface layers- consume organic/biomass.
Filter flys
More treatment at top, cleaner effluent at base.
WET P L t S t 2005 M d l Bi fil S t Z i i Uj
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8UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIAInstitute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA)
WET Program Lecture Sept 2005 Module on Biofilm System Zaini Ujang
WET Program Lecture Sept 2005 Module on Biofilm System Zaini Ujang
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9UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIAInstitute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA)
WET Program Lecture Sept 2005 Module on Biofilm System Zaini Ujang
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WET Program Lecture Sept 2005 Module on Biofilm System Zaini Ujang
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11UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIAInstitute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA)
WET Program Lecture Sept 2005 Module on Biofilm System Zaini Ujang
Figure 9-2
Typicaltrickling filter
process flowdiagrams:
(b) two-stage.Where used,the mostcommon flowdiagrams are
the first two ofeach series.
WET Program Lecture Sept 2005 Module on Biofilm System Zaini Ujang
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12UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIAInstitute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA)
WET Program Lecture Sept 2005 Module on Biofilm System Zaini Ujang
Process Model
Define biomass and loading as similar to activated sludgeMore difficult than activated sludge because:
- culture is not homogeneous, varies vertically within filterand within biomass
- flow patterns through filter not easily predicted
- difficult to characterize biomass/media
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13UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIAInstitute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA)
WET Program Lecture Sept 2005 Module on Biofilm System Zaini Ujang
Design Formula
Many available
Often based on upon observation of performance
Many observations do not or could count of variations such
as clarifier performance, media variability, wetting, etc
Many are probably site specific and almost all are colder
climate data
NRC or Galler and Gotaas commonly used for rock filters
Germain for plastic media
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14UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIAInstitute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA)
og a ectu e Sept 005 odu e o o Syste a Uja g
Other Considerations
More flow, better distribution through media and probably better
oxygen transfer
- contrary to previous model
- media uniformly wetted
- induce more air circulation from hydraulic turbulence
Increase flow by re-circulation
- improve flow despite putting more dilute wastewater over filter
If reduce diameter below 50 mm, biomass growth tends to clog
media
- prevent liquid f low
- disrupt air f low
- cause anaerobic pocket in filter, odorous
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15UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIAInstitute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA)
g p y j g
Variations Re-circulate effluent
- effluent from the humus tank is recycle to the dosing tank
- mixture will be diluted in BOD
Re-circulate around the filter
Alternating double filtration
- two filters, two settlement tanks
- flow through filter, tank,filter,tank
- alternate flow to filters
- requires pumping
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16UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIAInstitute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA)
g p y j g
Other Media Used in Trickling Filter
Plastic
higher specific surface, volume reduce lighter, deeper tower possible
less clogging
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17UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIAInstitute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA)
Figure 9-3
Typical packing material for trickling filters: (a) rock, (b) and (c) plasticvertical-flow, (d) plastic cross-flow, (e) redwood horizontal, and (f)random pack. [Figs. (c) and (d) from American Surfpac Corp., (e) fromNeptune Microfloc, and (f) from Jaeger Products, Inc.]Note: the
random pack material is often used in air stripping towers.
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18UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIAInstitute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA)
WET Program Lecture Sept 2005 Module on Biofilm System Zaini Ujang
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19UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIAInstitute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA)
WET Program Lecture Sept 2005 Module on Biofilm System Zaini Ujang
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20UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIAInstitute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA)
Figure 9-4
Typical distributors used to apply wastewater to trickling filter packing:
(a) View of early (circa 1920) rock filter with a fixed distribution system(Library of Congress), and (c) view of top of tower trickling filter with four-armrotary distributor.
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21UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIAInstitute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA)
Figure 9-5
Typical underdrain for rock filter: (a) fiberglass gratingand (b) vitrified clay block.
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22UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIAInstitute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA)
Figure 9-6
Typicalunderdrain
system fortower filter.
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23UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIAInstitute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA)
Figure 9-4 Correction factors for computing head loss innon-vertical trickling filter packing based on Eq. (9-10)
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24UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIAInstitute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA)
Figure 9-7
Recommended
trickling filter clarifieroverflow rates as afunction of theclarifier sidewall
depth. (Adaptedfrom WEF, 2000.)
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25UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIAInstitute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA)
Table 9-5 Trickling filter applications, loadings, and effluent quality
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26UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIAInstitute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA)
Figure 9-8
Example of trickling filter performance at 20C. Effect of BODloading removal efficiency for plastic media filter.
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27UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIAInstitute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA)
Figure 9-10
Effect of influentwastewater
BOD/TKN ratio onnitrification rate intickling filters withplastic packing
used for both BODremoval andnitrification.[Adapted fromOkey andAlbertson, WEF(2000).]
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28UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIAInstitute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA)
RECIRCULATION
Generally improves performance
Improves distribution, wetting., reduce filter flys,
maintain thin film
Can recycle through primary tank Recirculation ratio 0.5 to 4.0
Particularly important to recirculate during lowflow, e.g. at night
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29UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIAInstitute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA)
IMPROVEMENT Hydbrid system
-combine fixed film and activated sludge system
Separate reaction tanks-e.g. Activated bio-filtration
-trickling filter / solid contact
Media in tank
-several proprietary systems which have support
systems hung in the tank or floating in the tank
Recirculation control type of sludge sloughed off
-different from activated sludge, not form flocs-difficult to settle
-recirculate to get better sludge (thin)
Media configured to optimize aeration
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30UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIAInstitute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA)
PRACTICAL DESIGN
Usually relies upon empirical loading factors
Inter-related loading
- organic load kg BOD/m3d
- hydraulic load m3/m2d
Related to specific surface area for particular media
Organic loading between 0.05 and 2 kg BOD/m3d from
conventional to high rate plastic media
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31UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIAInstitute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA)
OTHER FACTORS
Control SRT by fixing biomass to media Majority of treatment aerobic
Minimize anaerobic biomass - thinner film
Operated for domestic sewage as
- BOD reduction
- BOD and ammonia oxidation
- Nitrifying filters
Rock media 1-2 m deep- 50 mm diameter
- 1600 kg/m3
- 60 m2/m3
- 50% void Random pack
- 50 kg/m3
- 80-160m2/m3
- 95% void
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33UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIAInstitute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA)
High BOD Nitrification
Rock filled filter get complete nitrification if BOD 5 mg/L limited by transfer of
oxygen across liquid film
At low ammonia load, removal decreases for low ammonia
availability
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35UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIAInstitute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA)
Settled sewage in trough
- effluent from primary settlement
40% of disc submerged in trough
- drive above liquid
Rotate disc through air for oxygenation Biofilm develops - aerobic at surface, anaerobic at
disc/solid interface
Thicker film falls off Design based upon loading to remove BOD or ammonia
and not deplete oxygen (loading exceeds the oxygenation
rate)
RBC PLANTS
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36UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIAInstitute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA)
Figure 9-11
Typical RBC units: (a) conventional RBC with mechanical drive and optical airinput, (b) conventional RBC in enclosed reactor
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37UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIAInstitute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA)
WET Program Lecture Sept 2005 Module on Biofilm System Zaini Ujang
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38UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIAInstitute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA)
Figure 9-12
Typical RBC staging arrangements: (a)flow parallel to shaft, (b) flow perpendicularto shaft, (c) view of RBCs with flow perpendicular to shaft
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39UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIAInstitute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA)
Figure 9-12
Typical RBC staging arrangements: (d)step feed flow, and (e) tapered feed flow
parallel to shaft.
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40UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIAInstitute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA)
Figure 9-11
Typical RBC units: (c) submerged-type RBC equipped with air capture cups (airis used both to aerate the biodisks), and (d) typical submerged RBC equipped
with air capture cups. (From Envirex Inc.)
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41UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIAInstitute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA)
PROCESSSTART- UP
At least 4 weeks for first time - difficult to get biomass tosticks to the moving media
Provide some remaining biomass for subsequentstart-up - quicker growth
Reduce load - growth dies back towards first discs
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42UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIAInstitute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA)
Features of RBC
Sludge generation similar to other secondary processes
Power failure leave 60% of disc in air
- 60% biomass in discs dies and dries out
- affect balance
- make restart difficult
- rotate manually (provision) if long power failure
Require settled sewage - good quality preliminary processes
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43UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIAInstitute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA)
DESIGN
Mainly empirical as per previous course
- several design curves available
Loading usually related to available surface area - specific surface
area Oxygen limitation in biomass considered to limit organic loading to
any bank of discs
Overall loading on first stage
BOD loading < 30g/m2d
Soluble BOD loading < 12 g/m2..d
First stage BOD reduced 40-50%
- organic loading controls Subsequent stages depend on hydraulic loading
Rotate about I rpm -peripheral vel < 0.3 m/s
- relate to oxygenation rate
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44UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIAInstitute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA)
DESIGN
Temperature critical at lower temperatures
For nitrification need soluble BOI) less than 15mg/L.
- then organic loading 1.4 to 1.59/m2d
Maximum nitrif. rate 1.59N/m2d
At ammonia conc. < 5mg/L rate decreases with conc.
Can design purely for nitrification and use submerged
discs for de-nitrification
- fully submerged, no oxygenation
- de-nitrification if sufficient carbon source
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45UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIAInstitute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA)
DESIGN High density polyethylene (HDPE) widely used
Incorporate carbon block as a UV inhibitor
Media corrugations - better stiffness, increased surfacearea, more uniform wetting
Low density in first stages (9300ml on 3.7m diameter discs
and 8.2m shaft) Medium to high density on nitrification shafts (11000 to
1700OM2 on 3.7m diameter discs and 8.2m shaft)
Drive mechanically or with diffused air Motor rated 3.5 - 6kW/shaft
Air drives more sensitive to unbalanced media
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46UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIAInstitute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA)
PRACTICAL DESIGN
Use self aligning bearings to eliminate deflections caused
by unequal wearing of shaft ends and bearings
Easy access to lubricate bearings
Covers of ten fiberglass, need to permit access
Stage to improve overall performance
Balance flows improve performance
Recycle particularly for low or intermittent flows, step feed
to balance loads to discs Electronic or hydraulic load cells to periodically measure
total shaft weight
D0 meters particularly in first and second stages of plant
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47UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIAInstitute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA)
Operational Flexibility
Possible inclusion of supplementary aeration with
Remove excess biomass with air/water stripping, speed control
Variable rotational speeds on first and second stages Multiple treatment trains
Removable baffles between stages
Positive influent flow control to each unit or train
Positive flow distribution control, for example step feed options
Re-circulation of secondary clarifier effluent
DO monitoring
Ease of access
Tank drains
Load cells on shafts
Ventilation, lifting equipment
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48UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIAInstitute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA)
Hybrid system
RBC Activated sludge
Trickling filter RBC Trickling filter activated sludge
etc
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49UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIAInstitute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA)
Figure 9-13
Combined trickling filter/activated-sludge processes: (a) schematicflow diagram of trickling filter/solids contact (TF/SC) process
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51UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIAInstitute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA)
Figure 9-14
Combined trickling filter/activated-sludge process with return sludgerecycle to trickling filter: (a) schematic flow diagram of activatedbiofilter (ABF) and
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52UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIAInstitute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA)
Figure 9-15Schematic flow diagram of combined trickling filter activated-sludgeprocess with intermediate clarifier.
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53UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIAInstitute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA)
Table 9-12
Process parameters for series trickling filter-activated-sludge processwith intermediate clarifier
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54UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIAInstitute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA)
Figure 9-16
Equivalent SRT forbiosolids in a
trickling filter as afunction of theBOD loading.(Adapted from
WEF, 2000.)
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55UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIAInstitute of Environmental and Water Resource Management (IPASA)
Figure 9-17
Approximateamount of
particulateBODdegraded in atrickling filter
as a functionof organicloading. (FromBogus, 1989.)
