INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT COURSE OUTLINE · INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT COURSE OUTLINE VOLUME II,...

ix

INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENTCOURSE OUTLINE

VOLUME II, THIRD EDITION

Chapter Topic Page

1 THE INDUSTRIAL PLANT OPERATOR................................................................................... 1Ken KerriDan Campbell

2 FIXED GROWTH PROCESSES (TRICKLING FILTERS ANDROTATING BIOLOGICAL CONTACTORS) ............................................................................ 25

John R. Harrison

3 ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS CONTROL .......................................................................... 121Ross GudgelLarry Peterson

4 SEQUENCING BATCH REACTORS ......................................................................................... 247John Brady

5 ENHANCED BIOLOGICAL CONTROL................................................................................... 287John G. M. GonzalesRoss Gudgel

6 ANAEROBIC TREATMENT....................................................................................................... 349Ken KesslerDavid WadeJill Jordan

7 RESIDUAL SOLIDS MANAGEMENT ....................................................................................... 425Liberato D. TortoriciBoris L. Pastushenko

8 MAINTENANCE ......................................................................................................................... 597Norman FarnumStan WaltonJohn BradyRoger PetersonRevised by Malcolm Carpenter and Rick Arbour

Appendix COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW QUESTIONS AND SUGGESTED ANSWERS ........................ 741

INDUSTRIAL WASTE WORDS ................................................................................................. 765

SUBJECT INDEX......................................................................................................................... 813

Index 813

SUBJECT INDEX

A

Abnormal operationanaerobic treatment, 405rotating biological contactors, 84

Acetogenesis, 359, 360Acids, 195Actinomycetes, 190Activated biofilter, 90Activated sludge process

aeration, 142–154air distribution, 151, 164air filters, 146, 148, 163air headers, 146, 151, 155, 164Al West method, 193amoeboids, 191, 192, 193biological treatment of industrial wastes, 195–206blowers, 146, 150, 151, 152, 163brewery wastewaters, 217–228brush rotor, 145bulking, 169ciliates, 191, 192, 193complete mix, 160, 162, 169contact stabilization, 154, 160control of WAS (waste activated sludge), 173conventional, 173, 176dairy wastes, 232–240denitrification, 168description, 139diffused aeration, 146, 147diffusers, 147, 154, 157, 158, 159, 164endogenous respiration, 185extended aeration

F/M (food/microorganism) control, 176intermittent cycle extended aeration system (ICEAS),

270–279return activated sludge (RAS) control, 166waste activated sludge (WAS) control, 173

F/M (food/microorganism) ratio, 173, 175, 214filamentous organisms, 142, 190–193, 205, 221, 226, 227flagellates, 191, 192, 193foam control, 210, 226food processing wastes, 228–230food/microorganism (F/M) ratio, 173, 175, 214high rate, 173, 176industrial waste treatment, 195–206load ratio, 189MCRT (mean cell residence time), 173, 177, 191

MLVSS (mixed liquor volatile suspended solids) control, 173, 180

mean cell residence time (MCRT), 173, 177, 191mechanical aeration, 142–146microbiology, 190–193microorganisms, 190–193microscopic examination, 190–193mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) control, 173,

180nitrification, 166, 177nutrients, 197, 210operating guidelines, 166–193organic matter stabilization test, 189oxygen uptake rate, 181, 186–190petroleum refinery wastes, 230–232pH control, 210pin floc, 192, 193process control options, 166protozoa, 190–193pulp and paper mill wastes, 209–217pure oxygen, 146respiration rate, 181–186return activated sludge, 166–172rotifers, 190–193SVI (sludge volume index), 171safety, 163, 214sequencing batch reactors (SBRs), 259settleability, 170settleability approach for RAS (return activated sludge), 169sludge age, 173, 174sludge volume index (SVI), 171start-up, 203step-feed aeration, 159, 161, 166straggler floc, 191, 192surface aerators, 163temperature effect, 177treatment of industrial wastes, 195–206troubleshooting, 169, 172, 173, 214turbine aerators, 146volatile solids inventory, 179volute, 151waste activated sludge, 172–193West, Al, method, 193“Y” wall, 153

Acute health effect, 14Aerated lagoon, 236Aeration, 142–154Aeration equipment, 90

814 Treatment Plants

Aerobic, 17, 300Aerobic digestion

air requirements, 485, 489batch operation, 480bulking, 485continuous operation, 480description, 480digestion time, 482, 483, 486, 489dissolved oxygen, 482, 485, 488efficiency, 483, 486, 487, 489factors affecting performance, 482filamentous organisms, 485, 489foam, 485, 486, 488, 489guidelines, operation, 483hydraulic loading, 484, 489inhibitory pollutants, 482laboratory analysis, 485loadings, 484, 489nitrification, 488observations, 486, 488odors, 486operation, 483, 485overflow, 480oxygen uptake, 486, 488performance, 482, 483, 486pH, 485, 488sampling, 485sludge type, 482, 485solids loading, 484temperature, 484, 486, 488time of digestion, 482, 483, 486toxicity, 489troubleshooting, 488, 490underflow, 480variables, 482visual inspection, 488volatile solids loading, 482, 484, 487, 489

Agglomeration, 139Agricultural use, uses of water, need to treat, 15Agronomic rates, 568Air chamber, pump, 693, 696Air distribution, 151, 164Air drive systems, RBC (rotating biological contactor), 66, 86Air gap device, 720, 721Air headers, 146, 151, 155, 164Air pollution

cyclonic separator, 549impingement scrubber, 549scrubbers, 549Venturi scrubber, 549

Air strainer, ejectors, 697Al West method, activated sludge process, 193Alignment

motors, 672, 673, 674, 675pumps, 614, 640, 689, 705, 706

Alkalies, 195Alkalinity, 315, 385, 399Alkalinity and pH, biological nitrogen removal, 317, 334–336

Alternating current (AC), 648Alum, 493Ammeter, 651Ammonia, petroleum refinery wastes, 232Amoeboids, 191, 192, 193Amps, 648Anaerobic, 17, 300Anaerobic digester, 479

Also see Anaerobic treatmentAnaerobic fermentation, 359Anaerobic selector, 328Anaerobic treatment

abnormal operation, 405acetogenesis, 359, 360advantages, 363, 378alkalinity, 385, 399attached growth, 362, 363, 365, 366, 369bacteria, 360biogas, 375, 377, 400, 418biomass, 375, 390corrosion, 375, 418covers, troubleshooting, 414disadvantages, 363downflow anaerobic filter, 365effluent recycle, 387effluent troubleshooting, 416facultative bacteria, 360fermentation process, 359fixed film, 369, 370fluidized bed reactors, 363, 366gas collection and handling, 395gas system, troubleshooting, 412, 413granular sludge, 371heat exchanger, troubleshooting, 411hybrids, 362, 363, 367, 368, 369hydraulic residence time (HRT), 382, 387Kjeldahl nitrogen, 402laboratory procedures, 397–402limitations, 361macronutrients, 381, 389maintenance, 418media materials, fixed film, 370methane production rate, 382methanogenesis, 359, 360micronutrients, 381, 390monitoring, 395normal operation, 392–405nutrient deficiencies, 407nutrient requirements, 378, 389, 390odor control, 396operation, 380–417operation guidelines, 381–390organic loading, 381organic removal efficiency, 382overfeeding, 405pH, 385pH extremes, 406pipelines, troubleshooting, 409

Index 815

Anaerobic treatment (continued)process, 359process control, 380pumping, troubleshooting, 409reactor loading, troubleshooting, 408reactor solids, troubleshooting, 409recycle, effluent, 387restarting, 417safety, 418separator, 375, 376shutdown, 417“silo” anaerobic filter, 369solids wasting, 386start-up procedures, 391struvite, 418suspended growth, 362, 363, 364temperature control, troubleshooting, 410temperature extremes, 406total Kjeldahl nitrogen, 402toxic substances, 407toxicity, troubleshooting, 415troubleshooting, 405–416types, 361, 362UASB (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket) systems, 367, 368,

371–379upflow anaerobic filter, 365upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) systems, 367, 368,

371–379volatile acid to alkalinity ratio, 385volatile acids, 382, 397

Analog readout, 649Anoxic, 186, 300, 330, 331Aquatic vegetation, uses of water, need to treat, 15Arch, chemical, 313Artichoke wastewater, 228Ash, incinerator, 551, 572Aspirator, 454Attached growth, anaerobic, 362, 363, 365, 366, 369Autogenous burn, 558Autotrophic, 105Autotrophs, 301Auxiliary equipment

instrumentation, RBC (rotating biological contactor), 73trickling filter, 47

Axial flow pumps, 617, 624

B

BOD (biochemical oxygen demand), 16, 198Baffle, scum removal equipment, gravity thickening, 444–446Baffles, RBC (rotating biological contactor), 65, 67Ball valves, 693, 696Bardenpho process, 330–332Basket centrifuge, 461, 462, 468, 472Bearings

electric motor, 699pump, 611, 614, 619, 620, 622, 623, 625, 626, 627, 632,

633, 643, 689, 692, 697

Beds, sludge, 525, 528Belt drives, pump maintenance, 701, 703, 704Belt filter press

belt speed, 516, 517belt tension, 514belt type, blinding, 516, 517cake, 516, 517cleaning of belt, 516, 517conditioning, 514description, 513drawing, 515factors affecting performance, 514guidelines, operating, 514hydraulic loading, 516, 517operation, 516performance, 517, 518plans and specifications, 575, 576polymer dosage, 514, 517pressure, 514sludge type, 514, 517solids recovery, 517troubleshooting, 517variables, 514washing out, 516, 517

Bioassay, 210, 359Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), 16, 198Biodegradable, 195Biofilter/activated sludge, combined processes, fixed and

suspended growth, 93Biogas, 375, 377, 400, 418Biological buildup and stabilization, intermittent cycle extended

aeration system (ICEAS), 273Biological contamination, 14, 15Biological nitrogen removal

alkalinity and pH, 317, 334–336basic principles, 315denitrification, 315, 316, 322–327dissolved oxygen, 318equipment, 316fixed film reactor, 322methanol, 322, 324, 327nitrification, 315–320nitrogen levels, 318nitrogenous food, 318operation, 316–319, 322pH, 317review of plans and specifications, 344suspended growth reactors, 316, 322, 325temperature, 318troubleshooting, 320, 326

Biological phosphorus removallime slaking mechanism, 312lime slurry and mixing, 313luxury uptake of phosphorus, 303–314maintenance, 312–313operation, 309–312Phostrip process, 303–314reactions, 335


Biological phosphorus removal (continued)review of plans and specifications, 313, 343safety, 309sludge disposal, 312types of processes, 303

Biological treatment of industrial wastes, 195–206Also see Industrial waste treatment

Biomass, 35, 299, 375, 390Biopaq UASB (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket) reactor,

schematic, 371Biosolids, 88, 225, 234, 561, 568, 569, 571, 572Biothane® upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) process,

cross section, 376Biotower, 88, 96Birds, public health vectors, land disposal, solids, 574, 575Blanket depth, gravity thickeners, 446, 448, 450, 453Blind, filter media, 522, 523Blowdown receiver, ejectors, 697Blowers

activated sludge, 146, 150, 151, 152, 163safety, 163, 720ventilation, 720

Body-contact water recreation, uses of water, need to treat, 15Bonnet valve, 713, 715Bound water, 446Brewery wastewaters

characteristics, 217filamentous organisms, 221, 226, 227foam, 226general, 217–228nutrient addition, 217, 220operational strategy, 217recordkeeping, 228sources, 217strategy, 217

Brinelling, 632Brush rotor, 145Bubbler-type controls, 633Budget administrator, 10Buffer capacity, nitrification process, 317Buffer, pH control, activated sludge, 204Buildings, maintenance, 608Bulking

activated sludge, 169aerobic digesters, 485centrifuge thickeners, 463enhanced biological treatment, 329, 337fixed film reactor, 105

C

COD (chemical oxygen demand), 199Cadmium, 561, 568Calculations

combined processes, 117nutrient addition, 220return activated sludge (RAS), 170, 171

rotating biological contactors, 116trickling filters, 113, 116

Calibrationflowmeters, 727, 730gas detectors, 720

Capacity, pump, 617, 691Casing, pump, 611, 615, 619, 620Cavitation, 456, 618Central pretreatment facilities, 201–203Centrate, 312, 461, 474Centrifugal force, 613Centrifugal pumps

description, 611, 617, 619–625maintenance, 641, 688

Centrifuge test, suspended solids, 286Centrifuge thickeners and dewatering

Also see Dewatering sludgeage of sludge, 463basket centrifuge, 461, 462, 468, 472bowl speed, 463, 467, 473bulking sludge, 463cake, 474centrate, 461, 474centrifugal forces, 461, 468, 474depth of pool, 463, 468, 473detention time, 468dewatering, 523differential scroll speed, 463, 468disc-nozzle centrifuge, 463, 466, 467, 468, 469, 473, 474factors affecting performance, 463feed solids, 463feed time, 467guidelines, operation, 463, 469hydraulic loading, 463nozzle size, 463, 468number of nozzles, 468observations, 472operation, 468, 523performance, 469, 523, 524plans and specifications, 575, 576polymers, 469, 470, 471, 473, 524pool depth, 463, 468, 473rising sludge, 463scroll centrifuge, 461, 464, 465, 468, 471, 473scroll speed, 473, 523shutdown, 468solids loading, 463, 523solids recovery, 468, 469, 471, 472start-up, 468thickened sludge, 469, 472troubleshooting, 472, 473variables, 463vibrations, 473, 474visual inspection, 472

Chain drives, 702, 703Change oil, pump, 693Channels, flow, maintenance, 609

Index 817

Chart, recording, 728, 729Check valves, 641, 691, 697, 711, 712Chemical conditioning of sludges

addition of chemicals, 500alum, 493automatic feeding systems, 501centrifuges, 469–472, 500chemical requirements, 493, 494, 500dissolved air flotation (DAF) thickeners, 460, 500dosages, chemicals, 494–499, 500equipment, 499ferric chloride, 493, 495gravity thickening, 500jar tests, 494, 496lime, 495, 499mannich reaction polymer, 494mixing equipment, 501plans and specifications, 575, 576polymers, 493, 494, 495, 496, 500pressure filters, 500, 509, 512seasonal chemical requirements, 493solution preparation, 499troubleshooting, 500, 501typical chemical requirements, 500vacuum filtration, 500, 518, 523

Chemical contamination, 14, 15Chemical oxygen demand (COD), 199Chemical solution preparation, 499Chemical stabilization of sludges

chlorine stabilization, 490, 491, 492lime stabilization, 490, 491operation

chlorine stabilization, 490, 491, 492lime stabilization, 490, 491

pHchlorine stabilization, 490, 491lime stabilization, 490, 491

slurry, lime, 491troubleshooting

chlorine stabilization, 491, 492lime stabilization, 490, 491

Chlorine stabilization of sludges, 490, 491, 492Chronic health effect, 14Ciliates, 191, 192, 193Cipolletti weir, flowmeters, 725, 728Circuit breakers, 653, 654, 655, 656–659Clarification, activated sludge, process control, 205Clarification, fixed growth processes

combined processes, 90, 97rotating biological contactors (RBCs), 79trickling filters, 56

Cleaning plugged pipes, pumps, and valvescosts, 723cutting tools, 724digested sludge lines, 723equipment, 723, 724high-velocity pressure units, 724

methods of unplugging, 723, 724pipes, 723pressure cleaning methods, 723, 724pumps, 689, 723, 724scum lines, 723sludge lines, 723temperature, 723valves, 723, 724

Cleaning pumps, 689, 723, 724Clinkering, 558Closed impeller, 621Coagulation, 493Coke wastes, 21Colloids, 309Combined processes, fixed and suspended growth

activated biofilter, 90aeration basin, 90, 91, 96aeration equipment, 90biofilter/activated sludge, 93biotower, 88, 96calculations, 117clarification, 90, 97components, 88contact channel, 90, 96control guidelines, 92data sheet, 113description, 88, 91filter pump station, 90maintenance, 97operation, 90–96process control, 96–97reaeration, 97, 98roughing filter/activated sludge, 93trickling filter, 88trickling filter/activated sludge, 93trickling filter/solids contact, 93troubleshooting, 97, 99

Complete mix, activated sludge, 160, 162, 169Components

combined processes, fixed and suspended growth, 88rotating biological contactors, 65–73sequencing batch reactors, 259trickling filter, 36upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) systems, 372–377

Composite sample, 81Composting

anaerobic conditions, 532, 534, 538balling, 534, 538blending, 532, 534, 536, 537, 538bulking material, 532climatic conditions, 537description, 532dimensions of stacks, 532, 535factors affecting performance, 534frequency of turning stacks, 536mechanical, 532moisture content, 532, 534, 537, 538


Composting (continued)odors, 532, 534, 538operation, 537performance, 534, 537polymers, 534pug mill, 532reduced volume sludge, 532sludge type, 534, 537static pile, 532, 533temperature, 532, 538time for composting, 534, 537troubleshooting, 537, 538turning stacks, 534, 536variables, 534windrow, 532, 535

Concentration factor, sludge, 449, 459, 460Concentrators, gravity, sludge, 444Conditioning of sludges

chemical conditioning, 460, 493–501Also see Chemical conditioning of sludges

coagulation, 493elutriation, 493flocculation, 493purpose, 493thermal conditioning, 501–504wet oxidation, 504–507

Conditioning tank, UASB (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket) system, 372

Conductivity, 209Conductors, 649Confined space ventilation, plant safety equipment, 720Coning, 220, 450Connecting rods, 693, 696, 697Constant differential, flowmeter type, 725, 726, 728Contact channel, 90, 96Contact stabilization, activated sludge, 154, 160, 166, 169Contacts, starters, 668–671Contamination

biological, 14, 15chemical, 14, 15radioactive, 14

Contract service, maintenance, flowmeters, 730Controllers, flow, 727, 728Controls, level, 633, 698Conventional-rate operation, waste activated sludge (WAS)

control, 173, 176Conversion instruments and controls, flowmeters, 727, 730Cooking water, uses of water, need to treat, 14Corrosion

anaerobic reactors, 375, 418fixed growth plant problems, 110

Costspreventive maintenance, 607repair, 607unplugging pipelines, 723

Couplings, 614, 627, 640, 704, 705, 706Cover, rotating biological contactors, 65Cross connections, 688

Current, electrical, 648, 649, 651, 652, 653, 654, 658, 659Cutting tools, plugged pipes, 724Cyanide, 196Cyclone separator, 549

D

DAF thickenersSee Dissolved air flotation (DAF) thickeners

Dairy wastesactivated sludge, 238aerated lagoon, 236characteristics, 233equalization, 233filamentous bacteria, 235, 237flow equalization, 233, 235hydraulic loads, 233lagoon, aerated, 236nutrient deficiencies, 233organic loads, 232pH, 233pretreatment, 234–237sources, 232spills, 236toxins, 234, 236treatment, 16, 232–240waste reduction, 240

Data sheetcombined process, 113rotating biological contactor, 114

Dateometer, 701Decanters, SBRs (sequencing batch reactors), 259, 260Decibel, 151Dedicated land disposal, sludge, 561, 566, 574Dehumidifiers, 720Denitrification

clarifier operation, 56, 168gravity thickener operation, 447nitrogen removal, 315, 316, 322–327

Density, 439Detention time

aerobic digester, 482, 483, 486, 489, 490centrifuge, 468gravity thickeners, 446, 448thermal conditioning, 501wet oxidation, 504, 505

Dewatering sludgebelt filter press, 513–518centrifuge, 523plate and frame filter press, 509–513pressure filtration, 509–518purpose, 509sand drying beds, 525–528summary, 531surfaced sludge drying beds, 528–531vacuum filtration, 518–523

Dial indicators, alignment, 705, 706Diaphragm bulb, level measurement, 633

Index 819

Diaphragm flowmeter, 725Differential producers, flowmeter type, 725, 727, 728Diffused aeration, 146, 147Diffusers, 147, 154, 157, 158, 159, 164, 269Digested sludge handling, unplugging pipelines, 723Digested sludge, pumps, 611Digester, UASB (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket) system, 372,

374Digestion

aerobic, 480anaerobic, 479

Digital readout, 649Direct current (DC), 648Discharge, pump, 611, 617, 640, 641, 642, 644, 697Disc-nozzle centrifuge, 463, 466, 467, 468, 469, 474Disconnect switch, 654Displacement units, flowmeter type, 725, 727, 728Disposal of sludges

agricultural reclamation, 561, 568, 569, 571dedicated land disposal, 561, 566, 574lagoons, 571, 572land disposal, 561, 562, 563–568monitoring, 559, 561, 573–575need, 439on-site dedicated land disposal, 566regulations, 559, 573–575sanitary landfill, 566utilization, 562

Dissolved air flotation (DAF) thickenersage of sludge, 456air to solids (A/S) ratio, 456, 457, 460biological flotation, 456biological sludges, 454, 456blanket thickness, 458, 460chemical conditioning, 460, 500concentration factor, 459, 460dispersed air flotation, 454efficiency, 459effluent, 460factors affecting performance, 456float characteristics, 460guidelines, operation, 456, 459hydraulic loading, 456, 459observations, 460operating guidelines, 456, 459operation, 454, 458performance, 459plans and specifications, 575, 576pressure flotation, 454primary sludge thickening, 456recycle rate, 458rising sludge, 456shutdown, 459sludge blanket, 458solids loading, 456, 459solids recovery, 459start-up, 459thickened sludge characteristics, 458

troubleshooting, 460, 461vacuum flotation, 454variables, 456visual inspection, 460withdrawal of sludge, 456

Distribution system, trickling filters, 41, 44Distributor speed, 56Dosing tanks, 47Downflow anaerobic filter, 365Draining pumps, 633, 643, 692Drinking water

protection, air gap system, 720, 721uses of water, need to treat, 12

Drive mechanismair drive systems, 86mechanical drive systems, 85rotating biological contactors, 65, 68

Drying beds, sludge, 525–531Also see Sand drying beds and Surfaced sludge drying beds

E

Eccentricpipe, 614pump, 693, 696

Eductor, 491, 500Efficiency

pump, 691residual solids management, 441, 459, 476

Effluent, 11Effluent pumps, 611Effluent recycle, anaerobic, 387Ejectors, 626, 630, 697Electric motors, 633, 661–683, 699–701Electrical controls, 633Electrical equipment maintenance, 646–661Electrical system

control, 653starters, 668–671switch gear, 653

Electricitycircuit breakers, 653, 654, 655, 656–659circuits, 646, 648, 650, 651, 652, 654, 658, 659fuses, 654, 656hazards, 646meters, 649–653starters, 668–671terms, 648testers, 649–653tools, 649–653

Electrode switches, 633, 698Electrolysis, 270Elutriation, sludge

definition, 507guidelines, operation, 507, 508operation, 507, 508process description, 507

Emergency systems, pulp and paper, 212


Employers, operators, 7, 21Emulsified fats and greases, 195Endogenous respiration, 185, 483Energy requirements, pumps, 617, 640, 644Enhanced biological treatment

alkalinity and pH, 315, 317, 334–336Bardenpho process, 330–332bulking, 329, 337definition of terms, 300description of process, 299foam control, 337microbial population, 301multiple processing objectives, 328, 329nitrogen and phosphorus removal, 330operating strategy, 302optimizing process, 334priorities, 328process control, 328reactions, 317review of plans and specifications, 339–344SVI (sludge volume index) control, 337, 338, 344sequencing batch reactors (SBRs), 332sludge bulking, 329, 337solids management, 301strategy, 302troubleshooting, 320, 326, 337

Entrain, 68, 340Equalization, flows

brewery wastes, 219dairy wastes, 233, 235

Equalization tank, UASB (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket) system, 372

Equipmentrecords, 607, 608, 683, 684, 685service card, 607, 608

Equipment inspection, RBCs (rotating biological contactors), 80

Extended aerationactivated sludge, 166, 173, 176intermittent cycle, 270–279

F

F/M (food/microorganism) ratio, 173, 175, 214FOG (fats, oils, and grease), 219, 238Facultative bacteria, 17, 139, 360Facultative sludge lagoons, 559, 571, 572, 573, 574Failure, motors, 664, 665, 678–683Feeler gauge, alignment, 673Fermentation, anaerobic, 359Fermentation wastes, 18Filamentous organisms

activated sludge, 142, 190–193, 205, 227brewery wastewaters, 221, 226, 227dairy wastes, 235, 237enhanced biological treatment, 299, 337residual solids, 447, 485, 489trickling filter, 49

Filter mediarotating biological contactors, 65trickling filters, 36, 38

Filter pressbelt, 513plate and frame, 509sludge dewatering, 509types, 509

Filter pump station, 47, 90Fire extinguishers, 720Fire triangle, 551First-aid kit, 720Fish, uses of water, need to treat, 15Fixed film, anaerobic, 369, 370Fixed film reactor, biological nitrogen removal, 322Fixed growth processes

combined processes, 88–99description, 35rotating biological contactors (RBCs), 65–87solving problems, 100–112trickling filters, 36–65troubleshooting, 100–112

Flagellates, 191, 192, 193Flammable oils, 195Flies, public health vectors, land disposal, solids, 574, 575Float control, 633, 689, 698Float mechanism, level measurement, 633, 689, 698Float switches, 633, 689, 698Floc, 139Flocculation, 204, 493Flow equalization

brewery wastes, 219dairy wastes, 233, 235

Flow formula, 725Flow measurement, 724Flow nozzles, flowmeters, 725, 728Flow segregation, 199Flowmeters

accuracy, 725, 727calibration, 727, 730chart, recording, 728, 729Cipolletti weir, 725, 728constant differential, 725, 726, 728contract service, maintenance, 730controllers, 727, 728conversion instruments and controls, 727, 730diaphragm, 725differential producers, 725, 727, 728displacement units, 725, 727, 728flow formula, 725flow measurement, 724flow nozzles, 725, 728flumes, 725, 726, 728gases, 724, 725, 727good housekeeping, 728, 730head area, 725, 726, 728importance, 725indicating receiver, 728

Index 821

Flowmeters (continued)liquids, 724–727location, 727magnetic, 725, 726, 728magnetic flow transmitter, 727, 728maintenance, 724, 728, 730maintenance contract service, 730manufacturer’s responsibility, 730mechanical, 726, 727, 730multipurpose receiver, 728nozzles, flow, 725, 728operator responsibility, 725orifice, 725, 727, 728Palmer-Bowlus flume, 725, 726, 728Parshall flume, 725, 726, 728pen, recorder, 728performance, 730piston, 725pitot tube, 726propeller, 725, 726, 728proportional weir, 725, 728readout instruments and controls, 727, 730receivers, 728recorders, 728recording pen, 728recording receiver, 728rectangular weir, 725, 726, 728responsibility, 725, 730rotameter, 725, 726, 728sensors, 728shuntflow, 725, 728totalizers, 728totalizing receiver, 728transmitters, 727troubleshooting, 731types, 725use, 724velocity meter, 725, 726, 728Venturi tube, 725, 728V-notch weir, 725, 728weirs, 725, 726, 728

Fluidized bed reactors, 363, 366, 543Flumes, flowmeters, 725, 726, 728Foam control

aerobic digestion, 488, 489brewery wastewaters, 226enhanced biological treatment, 337fixed growth process, 111pulp and paper, 210

Foaming, aerobic digestion, 485, 486, 488, 489Food processing wastes, 228–230Food/microorganism (F/M) ratio, 173, 175, 214Foot valves, 691Freeboard, 267Friction wheel, RBC (rotating biological contactor), 109, 110Fruit wastes, 18Fulling wastes, 20Fuses, 639, 654, 656

G

Gas collection and handling, anaerobic treatment, 395Gas detection, 720Gas meters, 724, 725, 727Gasification, 56, 446, 503Gaskets, maintenance

gate valves, 708, 709pumps, 626, 693

Gate valves, 708–711Gear reducer, 693Generators, 731Gland

pumps, 616, 639, 642, 644valves, 711

Good housekeeping, sensors, 728, 730Grab sample, 81Granular sludge, anaerobic, 371Gravity belt thickener

belt speed, 475, 476belts, 475blinding, 477cake, 477efficiency, 475, 476factors affecting performance, 475guidelines, operation, 476hydraulic loading, 476, 477operation, 475, 476performance, 477polymers, 476, 477schematic drawing, 475sludge type, 477solids loading, 476solids recovery, 477troubleshooting, 477variables, 475washing out, 475, 477

Gravity sludge thickeningage of sludge, 446anaerobic, 446baffle, 444–446blanket depth, sludge, 446, 448, 450, 452, 453, 454bound water, 446concentration factor, sludge, 449coning, 450denitrification, 447description, 444detention time, 446, 448effluent, 450factors affecting performance, 446filamentous organisms, 447gasification, 446, 450, 452guidelines, operation, 447, 449hydraulic loadings, 446, 447liquid surface, 450nitrifying bacteria, 446observations, 450operation, 447, 448, 449


Gravity sludge thickening (continued)overflow rate, 447performance, 449plans and specifications, 575, 576rising sludge, 444, 446sampling, 448scum removal equipment, 444–446septicity, 451short-circuiting, 444, 446shutdown, 448sludge/volume (S/V) ratio, 448, 451solids loading, 446, 447start-up, 448surface loading, 447temperature, 446troubleshooting, 450, 454variables, 446withdrawal rates, 447, 452, 453, 454

Grease removal, industrial waste, 195, 200Greasing, pump, 697Grit

pumps, material handled, 611removal, industrial waste, 196, 200residual solids management, 573

Ground, electrical equipment, 659Grounds, maintenance, 609Groundwater protection, 567, 568, 574Growth rate, Y, sludge, 441, 442

H

Harness, safety, 720Head area, flowmeter type, 725, 726, 728Header, 146Health effect

acute, 14chronic, 14

Heavy metals, 196Heterotrophic, 53, 105Heterotrophs, 301High-rate filters, 53High-rate operation, waste activated sludge (WAS) control, 173,

176High-rate UASB (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket) system, 371,

378High-velocity pressure units, 724Hindered settling, 301Hybrid anaerobic reactors, 362, 363, 367, 368, 369Hydraulic loading

aerobic digestion, 484, 489belt filter press, 516, 517centrifuges, 463dissolved air thickeners, 456, 459gravity belt thickener, 475, 476, 477gravity thickeners, 446, 447sand drying beds, 526, 527thermal conditioning, 502

Hydraulic residence time (HRT), anaerobic treatment, 382, 387Hydrolysis, 300, 359, 360

I

ICEASSee Intermittent cycle extended aeration system (ICEAS)

Imbalance, voltage, 666, 668Impellers, 611, 617, 619, 620, 621, 622, 624, 640, 642, 691Impingement scrubber, multiple-hearth furnace, 549, 550Incineration, multiple-hearth furnace

air flow, 548, 552, 554alarm systems, 556ash handling systems, 551autogenous burn, 558auxiliary fuel, 552bearings, 549burner, 551burnout, 556cake feed rate, 552clinkering, 558combustion, 551, 554combustion zone, 552conditions in furnace, 557controls, 551cooling zone, 552cyclone separator, 549, 550description, 542, 543draft, 551, 552drying zone, 552emergency bypass damper, 549, 550fire triangle, 551flame, 553, 554fluidized-bed reactors, 542, 543fuel, 551furnace zones, 544, 552hearths, 545, 546impingement scrubber, 549, 550instrumentation, 551lute cap, 546, 547moisture content, 552off-gas system, 544, 549, 550operation, 552, 556, 557oxygen analyzer, 551, 554oxygen demand, 554precooler, 549, 550process description, 542, 543protective clothing, 558rabbling, 543, 544, 547refractory, 543rotary kilns, 542, 543safety, 558sand seals, 543, 547shaft, 543shutdown, 557sludge, 542, 558smoke, 553, 558

Index 823

Incineration, multiple-hearth furnace (continued)start-up, 557temperature, 551, 552, 557troubleshooting, 558Venturi scrubber, 549, 550volatile content, 552

Incline screw pumps, 626, 627Indicating receiver, 728Industrial use of water, 12, 13Industrial waste treatment

BOD (biochemical oxygen demand), 16, 198brewery wastewaters, 217–228COD (chemical oxygen demand), 199clarification, 205contaminants, 195dairy wastes, 16, 232–240factors affecting biological treatment, 195–206flow segregation, 199foam, 210food processing wastes, 228–230grease, 200grit, 200impacts on unit processes, 196influent wastes, 198neutralization, 204nitrification, 206nutrients, 197, 199, 205, 210oil removal, 200operational strategy, 196petroleum refinery wastes, 230–232pH, 198, 210pretreatment, 199–203pulp and paper mill wastes, 209–217restart, 203return activated sludge (RAS), 205screening, 200segregation, flow, 199start-up, 203strategy, 196, 197suspended solids, 198temperature, 198toxic wastes, 197, 199waste activated sludge (WAS), 205

Industrial wastesbiological, 15chemical, 15coke, 21dairy, 16dissolved, 12fermentation, 18fruit, 18fulling, 20industrial, 12inorganic, 15meat packing, 17metal finishing, 21need to treat, 12, 16

oxygen-consuming, 15petroleum, 20pulp and paper, 16reasons for treatment, 12, 16suspended, 12tannery, 16textile, 20uses of water, 12, 16vegetable, 18

Inhibitory pollutantsaerobic digestion, 482anaerobic digestion, 481

Inorganic matter, 439Inspection

facilities, 609rotating biological contactors (RBCs), 80

Instrumentationauxiliary, 73rotating biological contactors (RBCs), 73

Insulationmaterials, 664, 665motors, 664, 665types and specifications, 664, 665

Insulators, 649Interface, water/gas, UASB (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket)

reactor, 375Intermediate-rate filters, 52Intermittent cycle extended aeration system (ICEAS)

biological buildup and stabilization, 273daily operating checks, 275flow schematic, 272, 274manual operation, 275operating checks, 275operation, 275–278plant layout, 272, 274process description, 270process performance, 273review of plans and specifications, 279routine operational testing, 276testing, 276troubleshooting, 278weekly operating checks, 275

Irrigation, sludge disposal, 572

J

Jar test, 265, 494, 496Jobs for operators

duties, 7, 10locations, 7opportunities, 21

Jogging, electric motor, maintenance, 681

K

Kiln dryer, 539, 540Kjeldahl nitrogen, 402


L

Lab proceduresanaerobic treatment, 397–402sequencing batch reactors (SBRs), 283–286

Lagoonsaerated, 236facultative sludge storage, 559, 571, 572, 573, 574groundwater contamination, 574odors, 573permanent, 572sludge storage, 559

Land disposal, solidsagricultural reclamation, 561, 568, 569, 571alternatives, 561, 562birds, public health vectors, 574, 575cadmium, 561, 568dedicated land disposal, 561, 566disposal options, 561–573flies, public health vectors, 574, 575flooding, 569, 572groundwater, 567, 568, 574high-rate dedicated land disposal, 569lagoons, facultative sludge, 559, 573, 574landfilling, 567monitoring, 559, 561, 573–575nitrogen requirements, 568odors, 572on-site dedicated land disposal, 566options, 561, 562public health, 574regulations, 559ridge and furrow, 569, 572rodents, public health vectors, 574, 575sanitary landfill, 566sludge type, 439stabilized sludge

dewatered, 566liquid process, 568

storage of sludge, 568subsurface injection, 569, 570, 572surface runoff, 567, 574transportation of sludge, 569trenching, 567utilization options, 561vectors, public health, 573, 574, 575

Landscaping, 609Lantern ring, 689, 691Let’s Build a Pump, 612Library, plant, 610Lift stations, 731Lime, 495, 499, 522Lime slaking mechanism, 312Lime slurry and mixing, 313Lime stabilization of sludges, 490, 491Liquid flow measurement, 724–727Livestock watering, uses of water, need to treat, 15

Load ratio, activated sludge, 189Lockout tag, 646, 647, 689, 690Low-rate filters, 52Lubrication, 614, 626, 632, 633, 640, 675, 678, 689, 697, 699,

701, 703, 705, 711Luxury uptake of phosphorus, 303–314Lysimeter, 561

M

MCRT (mean cell residence time), 173, 177, 191MLVSS (mixed liquor volatile suspended solids) control, 173,

180MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet), 635, 723Macronutrient, 381, 389Magnetic flow transmitter, 727, 728Magnetic, flowmeters, 725, 726, 728Magnetic starters, 668Maintenance

Also see Mechanical equipment, Mechanical maintenance, Meter maintenance, and Treatment plant maintenance

anaerobic treatment, 418biological phosphorus removal, 312–313combined processes, 97electric motors, 633, 661–683, 699–701electrical equipment, 646–661flowmeters, 724, 728, 730mechanical seals, 626, 631, 642, 689motors, 635, 661–683, 699–701pumps, 687rotating biological contactors, 85sensors, 728, 730sequencing batch reactors (SBRs), 269trickling filters, 61valves, 691, 693, 696, 697, 708, 711, 712–717

Maintenance contract service, flowmeters, 730Maintenance contracts, flowmeters, 730Maintenance program, pump, 688Mannich reaction polymer, 494Manual operation, intermittent cycle extended aeration system

(ICEAS), 275Masking agents, 108Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS), 635, 723Mean cell residence time (MCRT), 173, 177, 191Meat packing wastes, 17Mechanical aeration, 142–146Mechanical composters, 532Mechanical drive systems, RBCs (rotating biological

contactors), 67, 85Mechanical drying

description, 539operation, 539performance, 539sludge type, 539troubleshooting, 541, 542types of dryers, 539variables, 539

Index 825

Mechanical equipmentAlso see Mechanical maintenance and INDUSTRIAL WASTE

TREATMENT, Volume I, Chapter 12, “Instrumentation”axial flow pumps, 617, 624centrifugal pumps, 611, 617, 619–625, 641, 688electric motors, 633, 661–683, 699–701electrical controls, 633flowmeters, 726, 727, 730incline screw pumps, 626, 627lubrication, 614, 705multistage pumps, 617operation, 632, 640piston pumps, 617, 644, 693, 696pneumatic ejectors, 626, 630, 697positive displacement pump, 617, 644, 693, 696progressive cavity pumps, 626, 628, 629, 644, 697propeller pumps, 617, 623, 624, 697pump-driving equipment, 633radial flow pumps, 617, 624reciprocating pumps, 617, 644, 693, 696repair shop, 611screw-flow pumps, 626, 628, 629, 644shutdown, 633, 640, 642, 644single-stage pumps, 617, 625sludge pump, 617, 644, 693, 696start-up, 617, 632, 639, 640, 643submersible pump, 617, 622troubleshooting, 635–640, 703turbine pumps, 617, 625vertical wet well pump, 617, 625wet well pump, 617, 622, 625, 641, 642

Mechanical maintenanceair chamber, 693, 696air gap separation systems, 720, 721alignment, 614, 640, 672, 673, 674, 675, 689, 705, 706ball valves, 693, 696bearings, 689, 697, 699, 701belt drives, 701–702, 703, 704capacity, pump, 617, 691centrifugal pumps, 641, 688chain drives, 702, 703change oil, 693, 703check valves, 641, 691, 697, 711, 712cleaning pump, 689connecting rods, 693, 696, 697controls, 689conversion instruments, 730couplings, 614, 627, 640, 704, 705, 706dehumidifiers, 720draining pump, 633, 643, 692eccentric, 693, 696efficiency, pump, 691ejectors, 626, 630, 697electric motors, 633, 661–683, 699–701electrode switches, 698equipment service card, 607, 608float switches, 689, 698

flowmeters, 724, 725, 728, 730frequency of service, 607gaskets, 693gate valves, 708–711gear reducer, 693greasing, 697impeller, 691lantern ring, 689, 691lubrication, 614, 626, 632, 633, 640, 675, 678, 689, 697,

699, 701, 703, 705, 711mechanical seals, 689noises, 640, 693, 699, 703, 705oil change, 693, 703packing, 628, 639, 640, 644, 688, 689, 691, 692, 694–695,

696, 697, 708, 709piston pumps, 693, 696plug valves, 711, 713–717plunger pumps, 693, 696pneumatic ejectors, 626, 630, 697positive displacement pumps, 693, 696preventive maintenance, 688, 723progressive cavity pumps, 697propeller pumps, 697pumps, general, 688readout instruments, 730reciprocating pumps, 693, 696reducer, gear, 693rings, pump, 615, 619, 640, 642, 689, 691rods, 693, 696, 697safety equipment, 720seals, 626, 631, 640, 641, 642, 643, 688, 689, 691sensors, 728, 730service record card, 607, 608shear pins, 693, 707sludge pump, 693, 696sluice gates, 711, 718, 719stuffing box, 616, 619, 689, 708, 709, 710switches, 633, 689, 698total dynamic head (TDH), 691troubleshooting, 635–640, 703valve chamber gasket, 693valves, 691, 693, 696, 697, 708, 711, 712–717variable-speed belt drives, 703vibrations, 641, 643, 675, 699, 705water seal, 689, 691wearing rings, 615, 619, 640, 642, 691

Mechanical seals, 626, 631, 689Media materials, fixed film, anaerobic, 370Media, vacuum filters, 522, 523Megger, 635, 652Megohm, 635, 652Mesophilic bacteria, 363, 380Metabolism, 233, 265, 306Metal finishing wastes, 21Metals, 196Meter maintenance, 724, 728Meters, electrical, 649–653


Methane production rate, anaerobic, 382Methanogenesis, 359, 360Methanol, 322, 324, 327Microbial population, 301Microbiologically induced corrosion (MIC), 110, 112Micronutrient, 381, 390Microorganisms, activated sludge, 190–193Mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) control, 173,

180Monitoring

anaerobic treatment system, 395flow control, biological treatment of industrial wastes, 200odors, 573solids disposal, 559, 561, 573–575

Motor control center, 660Motor protection devices, 654, 658, 659Motors

alignment, 672, 673, 674, 675contacts, 668–671electric, 633, 661–683, 699–701failure, 664, 665, 678–683humming, 699induction, 682insulation, 664, 665lubrication, 675, 678maintenance, 635, 661–683, 699–701performance, 676–677, 679–680, 682pump, 643, 661records, 683, 685rotation, 675safety, 672starters, 668–671temperature limits, 643, 664troubleshooting, 678–683types, 661vibrations, 675, 699, 705

Moving average, 175Multimeter, 649, 650Multiple processing objectives, 328, 329Multiple-hearth incineration

See Incineration, multiple-hearth furnaceMultipurpose receiver, 728Multistage pumps, 617

N

Nameplate, 80, 648, 661Natural purification, 7Neutralization, industrial wastes, 204Nitrification

activated sludge, 177aerobic digestion, 488bacteria, 446biological, 315–320denitrification, 447industrial wastes, 206

microorganisms, 447RAS (return activated sludge) flow rate, 166temperature effects, 177trickling filter, 53

Nitrifying bacteria, 446Nitrogen and phosphorus removal, 265, 266, 267, 330Nitrogen removal, sequencing batch reactors (SBRs), 265, 266,

267Also see Biological nitrogen removal and Enhanced biological

treatmentNitrogenous food, 318Nocardia, 106Noise, mechanical maintenance

chain drive, 703electric motor, 699pump, 640, 693

Non-body-contact water recreation, uses of water, need to treat, 15

Nonvolatile matter, 439Nozzles, flow, flowmeters, 725, 728Nutrient deficiencies, anaerobic, 407Nutrient removal

See Enhanced biological treatmentNutrient requirements, anaerobic, 378, 389, 390Nutrients

activated sludge, 210addition, calculations, 220brewery wastewaters, 220dairy wastes, 233industrial wastes, 197, 199, 205, 210

O

OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Act), safety, electricity, 646

OUR (oxygen uptake rate), 181, 186–190Obligate aerobes, 301Observations

aerobic digestion, 486, 488centrifuge thickeners, 472dissolved air flotation (DAF) thickeners, 460gravity thickeners, 450rotating biological contactors, 83–84

Odors and odor controlanaerobic treatment, 396fixed growth processes, 108monitoring, 573olfactometer, 573olfactory fatigue, 396solids disposal, 572, 573thermal conditioning, 503wet oxidation, 505, 506, 507

Ohmmeter, 652Ohm’s Law, 648Oil change, pump, 693Oil removal, industrial waste, 195, 200

Index 827

Olfactory fatigue, 396Open impeller, 621Operating guidelines

activated sludge process, 166–193aerobic digestion, 483, 485anaerobic treatment, 381–390belt filter press, 514centrifuge, dewatering, 523centrifuge thickeners, 463, 469dissolved air flotation (DAF) thickeners, 456, 459elutriation, 507, 508gravity belt thickener, 475, 476gravity sludge thickeners, 447, 448, 449plate and frame filter press, 509sand drying beds, 526thermal conditioning, 503vacuum filtration, 520wet oxidation, 507

Operationactivated sludge, 166–193aerobic digestion, 483, 485anaerobic treatment, 380–417belt filter press, 516biological nitrogen removal, 316–319, 322biological phosphorus removal, 309–312centrifuges, 468, 469chemical conditioning, 493–501chlorine stabilization, 491combined processes, 90–96composting, 537dissolved air flotation (DAF) thickeners, 454, 458elutriation, 507, 508gravity belt thickener, 475, 476gravity sludge thickeners, 447, 448, 449incineration, 557intermittent cycle extended aeration system (ICEAS),

275–278lime stabilization, 490, 491mechanical drying, 539multiple-hearth furnace, 556, 557plate and frame filter press, 512pumps, 632, 640rotating biological contactors, 80–86sand drying beds, 527sequencing batch reactors (SBRs), 262, 267sludge thickeners, 448, 449, 458, 468, 476surfaced sludge drying beds, 528thermal conditioning, 503trickling filters, 57–59vacuum filtration, 522wet oxidation, 507

Operation and maintenance manual, 610Operational strategy

brewery wastewaters, 217enhanced biological treatment, 302industrial wastes, 196

Operatoradministrator, 10duties, 7, 10employers, 7, 21employment, 7, 21job

duties, 7, 10locations, 7opportunities, 21

pay, 7public relations, 10qualifications, 8, 9safety, 11training, 8, 22

Optimizing enhanced biological treatment, 334Organic loading, anaerobic, 381Organic matter, 439Organic matter stabilization test, 189Organic removal efficiency, anaerobic, 382Organic toxicants, 196Orifice, flowmeters, 725, 727, 728Overfeeding, anaerobic, 405Overflow rate, gravity thickeners, 447Overload protection, 654Oxidation, 139Oxygen, aerobic digestion, 482, 483, 485, 486, 488Oxygen uptake rate (OUR), 181, 186–190Oxygen-consuming wastes, 15

P

PLC (programmable logic controller), 255, 261, 263, 269, 670POTW (Publicly Owned Treatment Works), 9, 12Packing

gate valves, 708, 709pumps, 628, 639, 640, 644, 688, 689, 691, 692, 694–695,

696, 697Paint, building and equipment, 608Pall rings, 370Palmer-Bowlus flume, flowmeters, 725, 726, 728Pan test, trickling filter, 62Parshall flume, flowmeters, 725, 726, 728Part 503 Sewage Sludge Regulations, 560Pay for operators, 7Pen, recorder, 728Personal training, 8Petroleum refinery wastes

activated sludge, 230ammonia, 232characteristics of wastewater, 230lab tests, 230phenols, 232sampling, 230sulfide shock, 232types of industrial wastes, 20wastewater characteristics, 230


pHanaerobic treatment, 385, 406biological nitrogen removal, 317control

activated sludge, 210dairy wastes, 233industrial wastes, 198, 210pulp and paper, 210

extremes, anaerobic treatment, 406Phenols, petroleum refinery wastes, 232Phosphorus removal, sequencing batch reactors (SBRs), 265,

266, 267Also see Biological phosphorus removal and Enhanced

biological treatmentPhostrip process, 303–314Pin floc, 192, 193Piping, maintenance, 723Piston, flowmeters, 725Piston pumps, 617, 644, 693, 696Pitot tube, flowmeters, 726Plans and specifications

biological nitrogen removal, 344biological phosphorus removal, 313, 343centrifuges, 575, 576chemical conditioning, 575, 576dissolved air flotation, 575, 576electrical systems, 732enhanced biological treatment, 339–344equipment, 731gravity thickening, 575, 576lift stations, 731maintenance, 731O & M (Operation and Maintenance)

centrifugation and filtration, 575, 576chemical conditioning, 575, 576dissolved air flotation, 575, 576equipment, 575gravity thickening, 575, 576repairs, 575thermal conditioning, 575, 576treatment process, 575

plate and frame filter presses, 575, 576pump stations, 731sequencing batch reactors (SBRs), 279thermal conditioning, 575, 576

Plant, appearance, public relations, 609, 610Plate and frame filter presses

cake, 509, 513chemicals, 509, 512cleaning media, 509, 511, 512conditioning of sludge, 509, 512, 513description, 509, 510factors affecting performance, 509filter cloth, 509, 512, 513filter yield, 509

guidelines, operation, 509operation, 509, 512performance, 512plans and specifications, 575, 576precoat, 509, 512, 513pressure, 511, 513solids loading, 511solids recovery, 512time of filtration, 511, 513troubleshooting, 513variables, 509yield, 509

Plug flow, 90, 221, 267Plug valves, 711, 713–717Plunger pumps, 693, 696Pneumatic ejectors, 626, 630, 697Pole shader, 681Pollution

solids, 15visible, 15water, 9

Polyelectrolyte, 493Polymer

activated sludge, neutralization, 204belt filter press, 514, 517centrifuge

dewatering, 524thickening, 469, 470, 471, 473

chemical conditioning, 493–500composting, 534gravity belt thickener, 475, 476, 477luxury uptake of phosphorus, 303mannich reaction, 494safety, 494

Polysaccharide, 501Portable generators, 731Positive displacement pumps

sludge, 617, 644, 693, 696wastewater, 617, 644, 693, 696

Potable water, 720Power

outage, 731pump, 617, 640, 644requirements, 649supply, 676–677

Pre-aeration, 110Precoat, 509, 512, 513Pressure cleaning pipelines, 723, 724Pretreatment

Also see PRETREATMENT FACILITY INSPECTION in this series of operator training manuals

brewery wastewaters, 219dairy wastes, 234–237industrial wastes, 12, 199–203meat packing, 17

Index 829

Preventive maintenanceprogram, 607, 688, 723records, 607sensors, 728, 730variable-speed AC motors, 635

Primary sludge production, 441Prime, centrifugal pump, 615, 616, 633, 640, 641, 643Priorities, enhanced biological treatment, 328Process control

anaerobic, 380combined processes, 96–97enhanced biological treatment, 328options, activated sludge, 166rotating biological contactors, 78sequencing batch reactors (SBRs), 261, 269trickling filters, 53–57

Production of sludges, 441Programmable logic controller (PLC), 255, 261, 263, 269, 670Progressive cavity (screw-flow) pumps, 626, 628, 629, 644, 697Propeller

flowmeters, 725, 726, 728mixers, 341pumps, 617, 623, 624, 697

Proportional weir, flowmeters, 725, 728Protection devices, motor, 654, 658, 659Protective clothing, 558, 720Proteinaceous, 501Protozoa, 190–193Prussian blue, 711Public health vectors, 574–575Public relations

appearance of plant, 609, 610operator’s responsibility, 10

Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW), 9, 12Pug mill, 532Pulp and paper mill wastes

emergency systems, 212foam, 210nutrients, 210pH control, 210recordkeeping, 209safety, 214shutdown, 212–214start-up, 212–214treatment, 16, 209–217

Pump capacity, 617, 691Pumping stations, 731Pumps and pump parts

air chamber, 693, 696alignment, 614, 640, 689, 705, 706axial flow, 617, 624ball valves, 693, 696bearings, 611, 614, 619, 620, 622, 623, 625, 626, 627, 632,

633, 643, 689, 692, 697belts, 640, 701–702, 703, 704

capacity, 617, 691casing, 611, 615, 619, 620cavitation, 618centrifugal, 611, 617, 619–625, 641, 688circuit breakers, 653, 654, 655, 656–659cleaning pump, 689connecting rods, 693, 696, 697coupling, 614, 627, 640, 704, 705, 706cross connections, 688description, 611discharge, 611, 617, 640, 641, 642, 644, 697drain, 633, 643, 692draining pumps, 633, 643, 692driving equipment, 633eccentric, 693, 696electric motors, 634, 661–683energy, 617, 640, 644friction, 617fuses, 639gasket, 693gear reducer, 693general, 611, 688gland, 616, 639, 642, 644greasing, 697head, 616impeller, 611, 617, 619, 620, 621, 622, 624, 640, 642, 691incline screw, 626, 627lantern ring, 689, 691Let’s Build a Pump, 612lubrication, 614, 626, 632, 633, 640, 689, 697, 711maintenance, 687motor, 643, 661multistage, 617noisy, 640, 693oil change, 693operation, 632, 640packing, 628, 639, 640, 644, 688, 689, 691, 692, 694–695,

696, 697plunger, 693, 696pneumatic ejectors, 626, 630, 697positive displacement, 617, 644, 693, 696power, 617, 640, 644prime, 615, 616, 633, 640, 641, 643progressive cavity, 626, 628, 629, 644, 697propeller, 617, 623, 624, 697pump-driving equipment, 633radial flow, 617, 624reciprocating, 617, 644, 693, 696records, 683, 684reducer, gear, 693repair shop, 611rings, 615, 619, 640, 642, 689, 691rods, 693, 696, 697rotation, 633, 640rotor, 626, 628, 634


Pumps and pump parts (continued)screw-flow, 626, 628, 629, 644seal cage, 616seals, 626, 631, 640, 641, 642, 643, 688, 689, 691shaft, 611, 612, 619, 620, 639, 640shear pin, 693, 707shutdown, 633, 640, 642, 644single-stage, 617, 625sleeves, 612sludge pump, 617, 644, 693, 696start-up, 617, 632, 639, 640, 643stator, 626, 628, 644stuffing boxes, 616, 619, 689submersible pump, 617, 622suction, 611, 614, 617, 640, 642, 644troubleshooting, 639turbine pumps, 617, 625valve chamber gasket, 693vanes, 611vertical wet well, 617, 625vibrations, 641, 643volute, 611, 641, 642, 643wearing rings, 615, 619, 640, 642, 691wet well pumps, 617, 622, 625, 641, 642

Pure oxygen, 146Putrefaction, 205

Q

Qualifications for jobs, 8, 9Quantities of sludges, 441, 442

R

RASSee Return activated sludge (RAS)

RBCsSee Rotating biological contactors (RBCs)

Rabbling, 543, 544, 547Radial flow pumps, 617, 624Radioactive contamination, 14Raw sludge, pumps, 611Raw wastewater, pumps, 611Reactions

biological nitrogen removal, 317biological phosphorus removal, 335

Reactor, 299Reactor/digester, UASB (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket)

system, 362, 372, 374Readout instruments, 727, 730Reaeration, 97, 98Reagent, 277Recalcination, 312Recarbonation, 311Receiver mechanisms, 728Receiving water, 8Reciprocating pumps, 617, 644, 693, 696Recirculating, rotating biological contactors (RBCs), 79

Recirculation rates, 53Recorders, 728Recording pen, 728Recording receiver, 728Recordkeeping

brewery wastewaters, 228electrical equipment, 683, 684, 685motors, 683, 685preventive maintenance, 607pulp and paper, 209pumps, 683, 684

Recreation, uses of water, need to treat, 15Rectangular weir, flowmeters, 725, 726, 728Recycle, effluent, anaerobic, 387Reducer, gear, 693Refinery wastes

See Petroleum refinery wastesRefractory furnace, 543Regulations, solids disposal, 559, 573–575Respiration rate, 181–186Restarting, anaerobic treatment, 417Return activated sludge (RAS)

calculations, 170, 171control, 166, 168flow diagram, 167flow rate control, 168process control options, activated sludge, 166purpose of returning, 166return rates, 171sludge volume index (SVI), 171, 172standard operating procedures, 169

Review of plans and specificationsbiological nitrogen removal, 344biological phosphorus removal, 313, 343centrifuges, 576chemical conditioning, 576dissolved air flotation, 576electrical systems, 732enhanced biological treatment, 339–344equipment, 731gravity thickening, 576lift stations, 731maintenance, 731O & M (Operation and Maintenance)

centrifugation and filtration, 575, 576chemical conditioning, 575, 576dissolved air flotation, 575, 576equipment, 575gravity thickening, 575, 576repairs, 575thermal conditioning, 575, 576treatment process, 575

plate and frame filter presses, 575, 576pump stations, 731sequencing batch reactors (SBRs), 279thermal conditioning, 576

Rings, pump, 615, 619, 640, 642, 689, 691Rising sludge, 444, 446, 456, 463

Index 831

Rodents, public health vectors, land disposal, solids, 574, 575Rods, pump, 693, 696, 697Rotameter, flowmeters, 725, 726, 728Rotary kiln dryers, sludge, 542Rotating biological contactors (RBCs)

abnormal operation, 84air drive systems, 66, 86baffles, 65, 67black appearance, 83calculations, 116clarification, 79components, 65–73cover, 65daily inspection, 80daily observations, 83–84data sheet, 114description of process, 65dissolved oxygen, 81drive mechanism, 68effluent piping, 68effluent values, 81equipment inspection, 80filter media, 65friction wheel, 109, 110influent, 81influent/effluent piping, 68inspection, equipment, 80instrumentation, 73laboratory testing, 81maintenance, 85mechanical drive systems, 67, 85modes of operation, 73–78observations, daily, 83–84operation, 80–86pH, 83pre-aeration, 110process control, 78process description, 65process diagram, 75recirculation, 79rotational speed, 79secondary clarifier, 79shafts, 65shutdown, 84sloughing, 83, 87snails, 87, 100staging, 74, 79start-up, 80tankage, 65temperature, 81trains, 74, 79troubleshooting, 86, 87white appearance, 83

Rotationmotors, 675pump, 633, 640

Rotational speed, RBCs (rotating biological contactors), 79Rotifers, 190–193

Rotor, 626, 628, 634, 701Roughing filter/activated sludge, combined processes, fixed and

suspended growth, 93Roughing filters, 35, 53

S

SBRsSee Sequencing batch reactors (SBRs)

SCF (Standard Cubic Feet), 505SCFM (Standard Cubic Feet per Minute), 457S/V (sludge/volume) ratio, 448, 451SVI (sludge volume index), 171, 265, 337SVI (sludge volume index) control, 337, 338, 344Safety

activated sludge, 163, 214aeration tanks, 163air distribution system, 164air filters, 163air headers, 164anaerobic treatment, 418biological phosphorus removal, 309blowers, 163, 720chemicals, 723clarifiers, 163diffusers, 164electricity, 646incineration, multiple-hearth furnace, 558library, plant, 610Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs), 635, 723motors, 672OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Act), 646operator, 11polymer, 494pulp and paper mill waste treatment, 214surface aerators, 163warning tag, lockout, 646, 647, 689, 690

Safety equipmentair gap device, 720, 721blowers, 720eye protection, 635fans, 720fire extinguishers, 720fire-fighting equipment, 720first-aid kit, 720gas detectors (portable), 720harness, 720lockout tag, 646, 647, 689, 690protective clothing, 558, 720safety harness, 720tag, lockout, 646, 647, 689, 690

Safety hazardscompressed air, 635confined spaces, 720cross connections, 688electrical, 646incineration, multiple-hearth furnace, 558surfaced sludge drying beds, 528, 530


Samplingaerobic digestion, 485gravity thickeners, 448petroleum refinery wastes, 230surfaced sludge drying beds, 530

Sand drying bedsapplication of sludge, 525blinding, 525cake, 527chemical requirements, 525climatic conditions, 525, 526conditioning, 525covered, 526description, 525factors affecting performance, 525guidelines, operation, 526loading rates, 526, 527operation, 527performance, 524, 527plugged media, 527, 528removal of dried sludge, 525, 526, 527solids recovery, 527troubleshooting, 527type of sludge, 525variables, 525

Sanitary landfill, sludge disposal, 566Screening, industrial wastes, 200Screw-flow (progressive cavity) pumps, 626, 628, 629, 644, 697Scroll centrifuge, 461, 464, 465, 468, 471, 473Scum

problem, 633removal equipment, baffle, gravity thickening, 444–446unplugging pipes, 723

Seal cage, pump, 616Seals, pump, 626, 631, 640, 641, 643, 688, 689, 691Secondary clarifier, 47, 79Secondary treatment sludge production, 441Segregation, flow, 199Selector, 300Selector recycle, 328Sensors, maintenance, 728, 730Septic, trickling filters, 58Septicity, residual solids management, thickening, 451Sequencing batch reactors (SBRs)

centrifuge test, 286comparison of batch and continuous processes, 256components, 259control, 262, 269decanters, 259, 260description, 255diffusers, 269enhanced biological treatment, 332flow diagrams, 257jar test, 265lab procedures, 283–286maintenance, 269

nitrogen and phosphorus removal, 265, 266, 267operation, 262, 267plans and specifications, 279process control, 261, 269process description, 255programmable logic controller (PLC), 255, 261, 263, 269review of plans and specifications, 279sequencing control, 262settleability test, 284settleometer test, 285sludge volume index (SVI), 265sludge wasting, 259, 266software programs, 261stages, 262start-up, 268types, 267wasting, 259, 266

Service record card, 607, 608Settleability, 170Settleability test, 284Settleometer test, 285Settling, hindered, 301Shaft, pump, 611, 612, 619, 620, 639, 640Shear pins, 693, 707Sheaves, 702Shock load, 108Short-circuiting, gravity thickeners, 444, 446Shuntflow, flowmeters, 725, 728Shutdown

anaerobic treatment, 417centrifuge thickeners, 468dissolved air flotation (DAF) thickeners, 459draining pump, 692gravity thickeners, 448incineration, 557multiple-hearth furnace, 557pulp and paper, 212–214pumps, 633, 640, 642, 644rotating biological contactors, 84thermal conditioning, 503trickling filter, 59vacuum filtration, 522, 523

“Silo” tank configuration, anaerobic filter, 369Single-stage pumps, 617, 625Sleeves, pump parts, 612Sloughing

fixed growth plants, 109rotating biological contactors, 83, 87trickling filters, 56

Sludgeaerobic digestion, 480anaerobic digestion, 479belt filter press, 513bulking, enhanced biological treatment, 329, 337centrifuges, 461, 523characteristics, 439

Index 833

Sludge (continued)chemical conditioning, 493chemical stabilization, 490composting, 532conditioning, 493dewatering, 509drying beds, 525–531

Also see Sand drying beds and Surfaced sludge drying bedselutriation, 507gravity belt thickener, 475growth rate, Y, 441, 442handling alternatives, 443incineration, 542lagoons, 559, 572mechanical drying, 539plate and frame filter press, 509pressure filtration, 509primary sludge production, 441production of sludges, 441quantities, 441sand drying beds, 525

Also see Sand drying bedssecondary sludge production, 441stabilization, 479surfaced sludge drying beds, 528

Also see Surfaced sludge drying bedsthermal conditioning, 501thickening, 444types of sludges, 439unplugging pipelines, 724vacuum filtration, 518volume reduction, 532volumes, 442wet oxidation, 504, 505Y, growth rate, 441, 442

Sludge age, activated sludge process, 173, 174Sludge blanket

fixed growth process, 168gravity thickeners, 446, 448, 450, 452, 453, 454

Sludge dewateringSee Dewatering sludge

Sludge disposalagricultural reclamation, 561, 568, 569, 571biological phosphorus removal, 312biosolids, 561, 568, 569, 571, 572dedicated land disposal, 561, 566, 574distribution and marketing (D & M), 561flooding, 569, 572grit, 573groundwater protection, 567, 568, 574high-rate dedicated land disposal, 569incineration, 561incinerator ash, 572irrigation, 572lagoons, 568, 571, 572, 573, 574land application and disposal, 561, 562, 563–568

landfilling, 561, 565, 566mechanically dried solids, 572monitoring, 559, 561, 573–575monofilling (sludge-only landfills), 561need, 439, 559odors, 573on-site dedicated land disposal, 566options, 561, 562reduced volume sludges, 572regulations, 559, 560, 561, 573–575ridge and furrow, 569, 572sanitary landfill, 566screenings, 573scum, 573subsurface injection, 569, 570, 572surface disposal, 561surface water protection, 574trenching, 567utilization, 562vectors, public health, 574–575

Sludge disposal regulations and monitoring, 559, 560, 561, 573–575

Sludge pumps, 617, 644, 693, 696Sludge volume index (SVI), 171, 265, 337Sludge wasting, sequencing batch reactors (SBRs), 259, 266Sludge/volume (S/V) ratio, 448, 451Sluice gates, 711, 718, 719Slurry, 309, 491Snails, 87, 100Software programs, sequencing batch reactors (SBRs), 261Solids, land application, 561Solids loadings

dissolved air flotation (DAF) thickener, 456, 459gravity belt thickener, 475, 476gravity thickener, 446, 447

Solids management, enhanced biological treatment, 301Solids pollution, 15Solids wasting, anaerobic treatment, 386Solution preparation, chemical, 499Specific gravity, 439Specifications, sequencing batch reactors (SBRs), 279Sphaerotilus natans, 226, 235Spills, dairy wastes, 236Squirrel cage induction motor (SCIM), 633, 661, 662Stabilization of sludges

activated sludge, 139aerobic digestion, 480anaerobic digestion, 479chemical stabilization, 490purpose, 479

Staffing needs, 21Starters, motors, 668–671Start-up

anaerobic treatment, 391centrifuge thickeners, 468dissolved air flotation (DAF) thickeners, 459


Start-up (continued)goals, pulp and paper, 214gravity thickeners, 448incineration, 557industrial waste treatment, 203multiple-hearth furnace, 557pulp and paper, 212–214pumps, 617, 632, 639, 640, 643rotating biological contactor, 80sequencing batch reactors (SBRs), 268thermal conditioning, 503trickling filter, 57vacuum filtration, 522water level controls, 698

Static pile composting, 532, 533Stator, 626, 628, 644, 701Step-feed aeration, activated sludge, 159, 161Step-feed technique, activated sludge, 166Stethoscope, electric motor maintenance, 699Straggler floc, waste activated sludge, 191, 192Straightedge, alignment, 705Strategy

brewery wastewaters, 217enhanced biological treatment, 302industrial waste treatment, 196, 197

Struvite controlanaerobic treatment, 418residual solids management, 474

Stuffing boxpump, 616, 619, 689valve, 708, 709, 710

Submersible pump, 617, 622Substrate, 48, 328, 363Suction, pump, 611, 614, 617, 640, 642, 644Sulfide shock, petroleum refinery wastes, 232Supervisory controls, 660Surface aerators, 163Surface disposal, sludge, 561Surface loading, gravity thickeners, 447Surfaced sludge drying beds

application of sludge, 530cleaning, 531description, 528layout, 528need, 528operation, 528removal of sludge, 531safety, 528, 530sampling, 530water-sludge separation, 531

Surfactant, 238Suspended growth anaerobic reactors, 362, 363, 364Suspended growth reactors, biological nitrogen removal,

316, 322, 325Suspended growth systems, 35Swing headers, 155Switch gear, electrical, 653Switches, level control, 633, 689, 698

T

TDH (total dynamic head), 691Tanks, maintenance, 609Tannery wastes, 16Temperature

aerobic digestion, 484, 486, 488anaerobic treatment, 406, 410biological nitrogen removal, 318composting, 532, 538gravity sludge thickening, 446incineration, multiple-hearth furnaces, 551, 552, 557industrial waste treatment, variables, 198limits, motor, 643, 664nitrification, 177rotating biological contactors (RBCs), 81scum lines, plugging, 723sludge, gravity thickeners, 446

Testers, electrical, 649–653Textile wastes, 20Thermal conditioning, sludge

acid flushing, 503, 504decant tank, 502, 504detention time, 502dewaterability, 501, 502, 504factors affecting performance, 502fuel supply, 503gasification, 503guidelines, operation, 502, 503heat exchanger, 503, 504heating requirements, 502hydraulic loadings, 502influent sludge, 501odor control, 503operation, 503performance, 502, 503plans and specifications, 575, 576pressure, 501, 502, 504pressure drop, 503reactor, 502shutdown, 503sludge dewaterability, 501, 504sludge types, 504solids loading, 502start-up, 503temperature, 502, 504troubleshooting, 504, 505variables, 502withdrawal of sludge, 502, 504

Thermophilic, 532Thermophilic bacteria, 363, 380Thermostats, motor protection devices, 659Thickening, sludges

alternative methods, 443centrifuges, 461dissolved air flotation (DAF) thickeners, 454gravity thickening, 444–454purpose, 444

Index 835

Thickness gauge, alignment, 705Thiothrix, 190Thrust block, 268Titrate, 398Tools, electrical, 649–653Total dynamic head (TDH), 691Total Kjeldahl nitrogen, anaerobic treatment, 402Totalizers, 728Totalizing receiver, 728Toxic

chemicals, 14gases, 195

Toxic substances, anaerobic treatment, 407Toxic wastes

dairy wastes, 234, 236industrial waste treatment, 197, 199

Toxins, 234Training for operators, 8, 22Transmitters, 727Treatment of industrial wastes

Also see Industrial waste treatmentfactors affecting biological treatment, 195–206need, 12reasons, 12solutions, 21

Treatment plant maintenanceAlso see Maintenance, Mechanical equipment, Mechanical

maintenance, and Meter maintenancebuildings, 608channels, 609costs, 607general program, 607grounds, 609inspection, 609landscaping, 609library, 610paint, 608preventive maintenance program, 607, 688, 723preventive maintenance records, 607public relations, 609, 610records, 607safety, 609tanks, 609

Trickling filterauxiliary equipment, 47calculations, 113, 116clarifier, 56combined processes, fixed and suspended growth, 88components, 36containment structure, 42, 46daily operation, 58description of process, 36distribution system, 41, 44distributor speed, 56dosing tanks, 47filter media, 38filter pump station, 47flow patterns, 37, 53

high-rate filters, 53intermediate-rate filters, 52low-rate filters, 52maintenance, 61modes of operation, 51–53nitrification, 53operation, 57–59pan test, 62parallel operation, 53, 55process control, 53–57process description, 36process diagram, 37pump station, 47recirculation rates, 53roughing filters, 35, 53secondary clarifier, 47, 50, 51series operation, 53, 55shutdown, 59sloughing, 56solids processing equipment, 48start-up, 57troubleshooting, 63underdrain system, 42, 45ventilation, 56

Trickling filter/activated sludge, combined processes, fixed and suspended growth, 93

Trickling filter/solids contact, combined processes, fixed and suspended growth, 93

Troubleshootingactivated sludge, 169, 172, 173, 214aerobic digestion, 488, 490anaerobic treatment, 405–416belt filter press, 517biological nitrogen removal, 320, 326centrifuge thickeners, 472, 473chain drive, 702, 703chemical conditioning, sludge, 500, 501combined processes, 97, 99composting, 537, 538dissolved air flotation (DAF) thickeners, 460, 461fixed growth plants

biological problems, 104cold weather, 104corrosion, 110dissolved oxygen, 109equipment, 100foam, 111odor, 108sloughing, 56, 109snails, 100solids settling, 112trickling filters, 63

fixed growth processes, 100–112flowmeters, 731gravity belt thickener, 477gravity sludge thickeners, 450, 454incineration, multiple-hearth furnace, 558intermittent cycle extended aeration system (ICEAS), 278


Troubleshooting (continued)lime stabilization, 491mechanical drying, 541, 542mechanical equipment, 635–640, 703meters, 731motors, 678–683plate and frame filter press, 513pumps, 639rotating biological contactors, 86, 87sand drying beds, 527thermal conditioning, 504, 505trickling filter, 63vacuum filtration, 523, 524variable-speed AC motors, 635–640waste activated sludge (WAS), 173water level controls, 698wet oxidation, 504, 507

Turbine aerators, 146Turbine pumps, 617, 625

U

UASB systemsSee Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) systems

Ultimate disposal, sludge solids, 559Unbalance, voltage, 666, 668Underdrain system, 42, 45Unhindered settling, 301Unplugging pipes, pumps, and valves

costs, 723cutting tools, 724digested sludge lines, 723equipment, 723, 724high-velocity pressure units, 724methods of unplugging, 723, 724pipes, 723pressure cleaning methods, 723, 724pumps, 689, 723, 724scum lines, 723sludge lines, 723valves, 723, 724

Upflow anaerobic filter, 365Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) systems

advantages, 378anaerobic treatment, 367, 368, 371–379biogas handling system, 375biomass handling system, 375chemical feed location, 374components, 372–377conditioning/equalization tank, 372description, 371digester, 374equalization tank, 372granular sludge, 371high-rate system, 371, 378hybrid, 368

process description, 371reactor/digester, 374upstream solids removal, 372

V

Vacuum filtrationblinding, 522, 523cake, 521, 522conditioning sludge, 500, 518, 523cycle time, 518, 521, 523depth of submergence, 518, 522description, 518dewatering, 520, 523drum speed, 518, 523factors affecting performance, 518filter loading, 520filter yield, 518, 520, 522guidelines, operation, 520loading, 520media, 522, 523operating schematic, 519operation, 522performance, 522plans and specifications, 575, 576rotary drum, 520shutdown, 522, 523sludge type, 518, 522solids recovery, 521, 522start-up, 522troubleshooting, 523, 524vacuum applied, 518, 522variables, 518yield, 518, 520, 522

Valve chamber gaskets, 693Valve parts

bonnet, 713, 715gear, 708, 713gland, 711packing, 708, 709plug, 713, 715rising stem, 708seal, 713seats, 708, 711, 713, 715stuffing box, 708, 709, 710threads, 708

Valvesball valves, 693, 696check valves, 641, 691, 697, 711, 712description, 708, 711foot valves, 691gate valves, 708–711location, 641maintenance, 691, 693, 696, 697, 708, 711, 712–717plug valves, 711, 713–717unplugging, 723, 724

Index 837

Vanes, pump, 611Variable-speed AC motors

description, 634preventive maintenance, 635troubleshooting, 635–640

Variable-speed belt drives, 703Vectors, 378, 573, 574Vegetable wastes, 18Velocity head, 726Velocity meter, flowmeter type, 725, 726, 728Ventilation, trickling filter, 56Venturi scrubber, multiple-hearth furnace, 549Venturi tube, flowmeters, 725, 728Vertical wet well pumps, 617, 625Vibrations

centrifuges, 473, 474motors, 675, 699, 705pump, 641, 643

Viscosity, 238, 314Visible pollution, 15Visual inspection

aerobic digestion, 488centrifuge thickeners, 472chain drive, 702, 703dissolved air flotation (DAF) thickeners, 460gravity thickeners, 450

V-notch weir, flowmeters, 725, 728Volatile acid to alkalinity ratio, 385Volatile acids

anaerobic treatment, 382, 397phosphorus removal, 303

Volatile solids, 439, 479Volatile solids inventory, 179Voltage, imbalance, 666, 668Volts, 648Volume reduction, sludge

composting, 532incineration, 542mechanical drying, 539multiple-hearth furnace, 543purpose, 532

Volumes of sludges, 442Volute, 151, 611, 641, 642, 643

W

WASSee Waste activated sludge (WAS)

WEF (Water Environment Federation), 560Warning tag, lockout, 646, 647, 689, 690Waste activated sludge (WAS)

adjustment of process, 173control of wasting, 173conventional rate, 173, 176extended aeration, 173, 176F/M (food/microorganism) control, 173

high rate, 173, 176industrial waste, 172–193, 205MCRT (mean cell residence time) control, 173MLVSS (mixed liquor volatile suspended solids) control, 173methods of wasting, 173microscopic examination, 190–193mixed liquor, 173sludge age control, 173troubleshooting, 173

Waste reduction, dairy wastes, 240Wastes

biological, 15chemical, 15coke, 21dairy, 16dissolved, 12fermentation, 18fruit, 18fulling, 20industrial, 12inorganic, 15meat packing, 17metal finishing, 21need to treat, 12, 16oxygen-consuming, 15petroleum, 20pulp and paper, 16reasons for treatment, 12, 16suspended, 12tannery, 16textile, 20uses of water, 12, 16vegetable, 18

Wastewateragricultural, 561, 568, 569, 571definition, 7effluent, 11pumps, 611, 617

Wasting, sludge, sequencing batch reactors (SBRs), 259, 266Water Environment Federation (WEF), 560Water hammer, 693Water level controls, 633, 698Water quality protector, 8Water, uses of, need to treat

aquatic vegetation, 15body-contact recreation, 15fish, 15non-body-contact recreation, 15pollution, 9receiving, 8uses by industry, 12, 13wildlife, 15

Watts, 649Wearing rings, pump, 615, 619, 640, 642, 691Weirs, flowmeters, 725, 726, 728West, Al, method, activated sludge process, 193


Wet oxidationair, 504, 505detention time, 505factors affecting performance, 505feed sludge, 504, 505guidelines, operation, 507odor control, 505, 506, 507operation, 507performance, 507pressures, 504, 505schematic, 506temperatures, 504, 505troubleshooting, 504, 507variables, 505

Wet well pumps, 617, 622, 625, 641, 642Wet wells, 641, 642

Wildlife, uses of water, need to treat, 15Windrow composting, 532, 535

X

(NO LISTINGS)

Y

Y growth rate, sludge, 441, 442“Y” wall, 153

Z

(NO LISTINGS)

INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT COURSE OUTLINE · INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT COURSE OUTLINE VOLUME II,...

Documents

Transcript of INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT COURSE OUTLINE · INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT COURSE OUTLINE VOLUME II,...