Industrial Trend of Semiconductor I (in Aspect of Display)

Grad. School of Management of TechnologyHoseo University

Hee-Woon Cheong

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Process of Social Development

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▪ ~2020 : Combination of industrial society and information society▪ 2020~ : Advent in “Conscious Technology”

What is Display?

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Definition A device that visualizes data as characters or figures

Role A terminal that provides information to human being

Purpose Transfer information from sources to human being through visual senses

interface interface

Display Tree

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Display

CRT FPD

Emissive Transmissive

PDP OLED LCD

CPT

CDT

Display History

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From lecture notes in “Display Engineering” by K. W. Whang, 2013

History of CRT Development

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B/W CRT (1897) CPT (1950) CDT (1980)

Karl Ferdinand Braun Edward W. Herold(RCA)

Eiichi Yamazaki(Hitachi)

History of PDP Development

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Mono-PDP (1927) AC PDP (1964) DC PDP (1969)

Frank Gray(Bell Lab.)

H. Gene Slottow& Donald L. Bitzer (Illinois)

W. S. Burroughs(Burroughs Co.)

50×50 lines,Ne discharge

History of LCD Development

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TN mode LCs (1962) TN mode LCDs (1968) IPS mode LCDs (1992)

Martin Schadt(Roche)

George H. Heilmeier(RCA)

G. Baur(Fraunhofer Institute)

Early History of FPD Industry in Korea

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From lecture notes in “Display Engineering” by S. T. Shin, 2014

History of OLED Development

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1st OLED (1987) 1st AMOLED (2002) AMOLED TV (2013)

Ching W. Tang(Kodak)

LG Display @ CES 2013Kodak Easyshare

History of 3-D Display Development

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1st 3-D display (1838) 1st holographic 3-D (1964) Full HD 3D TV (2010~)

Sir Charles Wheatstone

LG Display 55” (2011)

Leith and Upatnieks

Samsung Display 65” (2010)

3-D Market Forecast

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Shipments Revenues

Displaysearch, 2010Displaysearch, 2012

3-D Market Forecast (cont’d)

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3D Market by Devices 3D Market / Total Market

Displaysearch, 2010Displaysearch, 2010

History of Flexible Display Development

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Flexible e-paper (2008) E-reader (2010) Flexible screen (2012)

by E Ink Holdings Samsung DisplayPlastic Logic @ CES 2010

R&D Trend in Flexible LCD

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From lecture notes in “Display Engineering” by S. T. Shin, 2014

R&D Trend in Flexible OLED

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From lecture notes in “Display Engineering” by S. T. Shin, 2014

Trends and Variations

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Performance Comparisons

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CRTFPD

PDP LCD OLED

Pros

Cons

Size

Status

Application

Issue

Monitor / TV TVMonitor / TVLaptopMobile / Tablet

Monitor / TVLaptopMobile / Tablet

10” ~ 40” 32” ~ 150” 2” ~ 108” 2” ~ 77”

Image quality ↑Price ↓

Weight, thickness ↓Price ↓Power ↓Resolution ↑Enlargement ↑

Thickness ↓Price ↓Image quality ↑Response time ↓Enlargement ↑

Weight, thickness ↓Power ↓Resolution ↑Response time ↓

Weight, Vol. ↑Size ↓

Viewing angle ↓Response time ↑

Power ↑Temp. ↑

Price ↑Lifetime ↓Enlargement ↓

N/A High efficiency High resolution

Fast response timeFlexibility

Long lifetimeEnlargementMass production

Withdrawal Mass-producing(mature)

Mass-producing(mature)

Mass-producing(initial)

Performance Comparisons (cont’d)

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From lecture notes in “Display Engineering” by K. W. Whang, 2013

CRT평판 Display

TFT-LCD PDP 유기EL

두께 △ ◎ ◎ ◎

대형화 ○ ○ ◎ ×

중량 × ◎ ◎ ◎

색도 ◎ ○ ◎ ◎

휘도 ◎ ○ ◎ ◎

시야각 ◎ ○ ◎ ◎

응답속도 ◎ △ ◎ ◎

고정세 ◎ ◎ ○ ◎

소비전력 ○ ◎ △ ◎

신뢰성 ◎ ◎ ○ △

◎Excellent, ○Good, △Average, ×Poor

World’s Largest 152-inch 3D PDP

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Characteristics of PDP

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Non-linearity

Memory effect

Current flows when > by -process

Sustainable discharge by wall charges

X electrode

Y electrode

X electrode

Y electrode

Advantages

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Wide viewing angle

Long lifetime

Displaybank, 2004

Displaybank, 2004

Good dynamic image quality (motion blur)

Disadvantages

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Low luminous efficiency

Heavy weight

Structure

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Light Emission from PDP

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LG Display vlog, 2014.4

-process in plasma discharge

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▪ = (− )▪ = (− ) for inert gas

-process in plasma discharge

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Various reactions at surface Auger neutralization

-value of Alkaline Earth Metal Oxides

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Energy (eV) -values

Motoyama, Ph. D. dissertation

: electrons from cathode : electrons arriving cathode : electrode gap

= − ( − ) = − ( − )

Breakdown Condition

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For breakdown, − =

Driving Waveform

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Reset Address Sustain

Address

Sustain

• Ramp-up : Accumulation of wall charges (Y : anode)• Ramp-down : Elimination of wall chargesReset

• Selection of cells for picture display

• Picture display of selected cells

Reset, Address and Sustain in PDP

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W. J. Lee, DisplayZine, 2009

Gray Scale Using ADS (Address-Display Separation)

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▪ 256 (= ) gray scale can be realized in PDP

Gray Scale Using ADS : Case Study

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Intensity ofSF3 (= )

Intensity ofSF2 (= )

Intensity ofSF1 (= )Data Total

000

001

010

011

100

101

110

111

0

0

0

0

4

4

4

4

0

0

2

2

0

0

2

2

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

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▪ 8 (= ) gray scale can be realized with 3bit data

Gray Scale Using AWD (Address While Display)

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▪ Timely and efficient manner

History of Commercial PDP Development

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▪Mono AC PDP (60”) commercialized by Photonics (1988)▪ DC PDP (20”) commercialized by NHK (1988)

▪ DC PDP commercialized by Matsushita (early 1980s)▪ Start R&D for DC PDP (HD) in NHK (early 1980s)

1980s

▪ Start R&D in NHK, Hitachi, Fujitsu, Sony etc.

1970s

▪AC PDP (21”) commercialized by Fujitsu (1993)▪ Full color DC PDP (40” HD) commercialized by Fujitsu (1993)▪ PDP (30” XGA) commercialized by Plasma Co. (1993)

▪ 64-gray scale AC PDP commercialized by Photonics (1991)▪ 0.4mm-pitch AC PDP (22”) commercialized by Thomson Tube (1992)

1990s

▪ Start mass production of PDP in Samsung SDI, LG Electronics (2000)▪ Full color PDP (80” FHD) commercialized by Samsung SDI(2004)

2000s

History of Commercial PDP Development (cont’d)

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▪ Full Color AC PDP (103” FHD) commercialized by Samsung SDI (2005)▪AC PDP (65” FHD) commercialized by Matsushita (2005)▪AC PDP (32” XGA) commercialized by Samsung SDI, LG Electronics (2007)▪AC PDP (150”) displayed by Panasonic (2008)▪ Hitachi, Pioneer withdraw from PDP industry (2008)

2005~

▪AC PDP (3-D, 152”) displayed by Panasonic (2010)▪ Panasonic withdraw from PDP industry (2013)▪ Samsung SDI, LG Electronics are planning to withdraw from PDP industry (2014~)

2010~

World’s Largest 108-inch 3D LCD

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Light Emission from LCD

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LG Display vlog, 2014.4

Structure

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BLU (Back Light Unit)

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Direct-Lit Edge-Lit

Structure of Direct-Lit BLU

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Diffuser Plate in Direct-Lit BLU

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Roles

Lamp screening

Supporter of diffusion films

Excellent Poor

From lecture notes in “Display Engineering” by S. T. Shin, 2014

Diffusion Film in Direct-Lit BLU

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http://www.soken-ce.co.jp/

Binder resin

Base film

Antiblocking layer

Diffusion agent / Diffusion ↑ and Luminance ↑ by “Beads”

PET film / Straightness

Preventing electrification, adhesion to diffuser plate

Structure of Edge-Lit BLU

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Light Guide Panel (LGP) in Edge-Lit BLU

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▪ Transmit light to the diffusion film uniformly by light scattering

Light Scattering by Patterns in LGP

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Without patterns With pattern

Polarizing Filters

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Operation Principle

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Light does not transmits.Light transmits.

LC (Liquid Crystal)

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Characteristics of LC

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3-DLattice 1-D or 2-D N/A

OOrientation O X

SolidStatus Fluid Fluid

Various LC Modes

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Kristopher Kubicki, ANANDTECH, 2003

TN (Twisted Nematic) Mode

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▪ OFF : White▪ ON : Black

Pros and Cons of TN Mode

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Pros

Cons

▪ Low driving voltage, low cost▪ Fast response time (VA > IPS > TN)

▪ Narrow viewing angle (IPS > VA > TN)

IPS (In Plane Switching) Mode

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▪ LC rotates parallel to the glass substrate due to the external magnetic field.▪ Commercialized by LG Display, Sharp etc.

http://photohistory.tistory.com/12815

Pros and Cons of IPS Mode

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Pros

Cons

▪Wide viewing angle ← Parallel alignment▪ Fast response time (VA > IPS > TN) ← Low resistance Cu wiring▪ High color gamut (VA, IPS > TN) ← No optical films

▪ Low contrast ratio (VA > IPS > TN) ← Backlight bleeding

S-IPS (Super IPS) Mode

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▪ Improved response time

AH-IPS (Advanced High performance IPS) Mode

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▪ Brightness ↑ and power consumption ↓▪ “Ratina display” in Apple’s iPhone

VA (Vertical Alignment) Mode

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▪ OFF : LC is aligned vertically with respect to the glass substrate.▪ ON : LC is aligned in parallel with the glass substrate.▪ Commercialized by Samsung Display etc.

Pros and Cons of VA Mode

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Pros

Cons

▪Wide viewing angle (IPS > VA > TN)▪ High contrast ratio (VA > IPS > TN) ← LC alignment▪ High color gamut (VA, IPS > TN) ← High contrast ratio

▪ Slow response time (VA > IPS > TN)▪ Pressure-sensitive and poor restoring force → Trouble in smartphone use

MVA (Multi-domain VA) Mode

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A. Takeda, et al., SID 98

Operation Viewing angle : VA vs MVA

▪ Good viewing angle due to the symmetric LC domain.

PVA (Patterned-electrode VA), S-PVA Mode

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▪A substrate with patterned ITO slit increases the contrast ratio.▪ 8-Domain cell provides wide viewing angle, fast response time.

Performance Comparisons

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TN IPS VA

Viewing angle Poor Excellent Good

Response time Excellent Good Normal

Contrast ratio Normal Good Excellent

Color gamut Normal Excellent Excellent

Cost Excellent Normal Normal

Manufacturer Many others LG Display, Sharp Samsung Display

Development continues by Global Corporations

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