Industrial Revolution

The Agrarian Revolution

• In 1750, most people still worked in small villages and made their own clothing and tools

• In the century that followed, dramatic changes took place in the ways people lived and worked

The Agrarian Revolution• Change in the methods of farming• Technology– Dutch built levees and developed better fertilizers– British discovered ways to produce more food– Seed drill sped up planting process

Agrarian Revolution

• Enclosure Movement– Landowners found a new purpose for enclosure,

taking over and fencing off land that once had been shared by peasant farmers

– The purpose of the enclosure movement was to replace the many small strip farms with larger fields

– What impact does this movement have on farming?

Agrarian Revolution

• Population Explosion– The Agrarian Revolution led to rapid population

growth– With a better diet, women had healthier and

stronger babies– Improved medical care and sanitation helped

people live longer– During the 1700s, Europe’s population increased

from 120 million to about 190 million

The Industrial Revolution

• The Industrial Revolution– In the second half of the 19th century, it was the

fundamental change in the way goods were produced through the use of machines, capital, and the centralization of work forces in factories. It completely altered the social, economic, and political structure of most of Europe, Japan, and the United States.

Industrial Revolution• The Industrial Revolution starts in Great Britain

Geography

• Great Britain had plenty of iron ore and coal needed for Industrialization

• As an island, Great Britain had many natural harbors for trade and was protected from invasion

• Rivers served both as a means of transportation and as a source of power for factories

• Growth in population due to Agrarian Revolution led to more available workers

• Because of the enclosure movement, fewer farmers were needed

• People moved to the cities where they could work in factories

Population Growth and Change

• The British overseas empire had made the economy strong

• The middle class had the capital to invest in mines, railroads, and factories and the commercial and financial skills to manage investment

Capital for Investment

• Great Britain had experienced an energy revolution

• In the 1700s, giant water wheels were used to power new machines

• Coal was used to power steam engines, which would become an important power source for machines

Energy and Technology

Industrial Revolution Essay PracticeTheme: The Industrial Revolution wasa major technological, socioeconomic, and cultural change in late 18th and early 19th century that began in Britain and spread throughout the world. Prior to its start, there were many factors that led to industrialization in Great Britain.

Task: Using the notes and your knowledge of Social Studies, write a fully developed essay that discusses the circumstances surrounding the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. You must:• Identify 2 major causes of the industrial revolution• Explain how these 2 causes contributed to the start of the Industrial

Revolution

1. What do you notice geographically about Great Britain?

2. Where are most of the major cities located?

1. How does the size of the British Empire impact its ability to industrialize?

Industrial Revolution• Factory System and Mass Production– The textile industry was the first to use the inventions

of the Industrial Revolution– The first factories were created because the machines

that spun cotton into thread were too big to keep at home

– First located near rivers to use the water for power– Later, these machines were powered using steam

engines– Factories promoted mass production , meaning that

goods were produced in huge quantities at lower cost!

Effects of the Industrial Revolution• Laissez Faire Economics– Prior to the Industrial Revolution, governments

predominately followed policy of Mercantilism• Government, tariffs, favorable balance of trade

– Laissez Faire• Businesses should be allowed to operate free of

government regulation• Adam Smith – Wealth of Nations• Capitalism became the prevailing economic system during

the Industrial Revolution– Economy governed by the natural forces of supply and demand

and competition among businesses

Effects of the Industrial Revolution• Rise of Big Business– New technology meant the need for investment of

large amount of money in businesses– Business owners sold stocks, or shares in their

companies, to investors– Allowed businesses to form corporations

Effects of the Industrial Revolution• New Class Structure– Two classes in medieval Europe• Nobles and peasants• Later, a middle class

– The Industrial Revolution added more complexity• Upper class – very rich industrial and business families• Upper middle class – high standard of living

– Lawyers, doctors

• Lower middle class – teachers, office workers, shop-owners• Poor class – factory workers and peasants

– Faced harsh living and working conditions in overcrowded cities

Effects of the Industrial Revolution• Urbanization– People moved from small villages to the towns and

cities where factories were located– Lived in crowded buildings– Without sewage or sanitation systems, garbage

rotted in the streets and disease spread

Effects of the Industrial Revolution• Working Conditions– Men, women, children worked 12 to 16 hours a day– Mass production methods led to work that was

boring– Many machines were dangerous

Effects of the Industrial Revolution• Changing Social Roles– Farming and artisan families that worked at home

now worked at factories

– Middle-class men worked in business and government and their wives worked at home• Middle-class children were most likely educated and had a

high standard of living

– Working-class• Men, women, and children worked long hours• Family life suffered as women worked twelve hour days

and were still expected to maintain the home

Effects of the Industrial Revolution• Improved

Transportation– The growth of industry

led to an improvement in transportation

• Roads and canals were built and improved• The steam locomotive

was invented and railroads grew• Steam engines powered

ships at sea

Effects of the Industrial Revolution• Rising Standards of

Living– Settlement patterns

shifted over time (see map)

– The rich vs. the poor– Over time, conditions

in cities improved– People ate more varied

diets and were healthier thanks to advances in medicine

Competing Philosophies• Laissez Faire Capitalism– Thomas Malthus• Argued that over-population could be addressed by

poor people having fewer children• Government should not be involved

• Social Darwinism– Darwin introduces his theory of evolution in 1859!– Later philosophers took Darwin’s ideas and

applied it to business and society• War• Economics

Competing Philosophies• Social Reformism– Socialists believed government should have direct

involvement in economy and society• Child labor regulations• Labor unions

• Socialism– Concentrated less on interests of individuals and

more on the interests of society• Claimed that capitalism created divide between rich

and poor• Property would belong to all the people, not individuals

Socialism• Utopian Socialism– Early socialists, called

utopians, sought to create self-sufficient communities

– Robert Owen establishes Scottish Utopian factory community

Socialism• Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels – The Communist Manifesto

Socialism• Marxist Socialism– History was a class struggle between wealthy capitalists

and the working class, or proletariat– In order to make profits, the middle class took advantage

of the proletariat– The proletariat society would take control of the means

of production and establish a classless, communist society, in which wealth and power would be equally shared

Reform and Change• Throughout the 1800s, reform movements

sought to address the negative impact of the Industrial Revolution

• Labor Unions– Helped to protect the rights of workers– Engaged in collective bargaining– Negotiated for higher pay– Fought for better working conditions– Illegal from 1799-1824

British Reform LawsDirection of Reform Laws Enacted

Toward Greater Human Rights •1884 – Slavery is outlawed in all British colonies

Toward Universal Suffrage •1829 – Parliament gave Catholics the right to vote and to hold most public offices•1867 – Reform Act gave vote to many working-class men•1884 – Laws extended voting rights to most farmers and other men•1918 – women won the right to vote

Toward More Rights for Workers •1825 – Trade Unions were legalized•1840s to 1910s – Parliament passed lawsLimiting child laborRegulating work hours for women and childrenRegulating safety conditions in factories and minesSetting minimum wagesProviding for accident and unemployment insurance

British Reform LawsDirection of Reform Laws Enacted

Toward Improved Education •1870 – Education Act set up local elementary schools run by elected school boards•1902 – Law created a system of state-aided secondary schools. Industrial cities, such as London and Manchester, set up public universities

•The Sadler Report• Led to Factories Regulations Act• Children under the age of 9 were not allowed to work

in textile factories• Limited working hours for children under 18

Education and the Arts• Advances in Education– Government set up public schools and required basic

education for all children– Basically the same system we have today

• Romanticism– From about 1750 to 1850, a movement known as

romanticism thrived– Appealed to emotion rather than reason– Opposed to the ideals set forth by the Enlightenment

• Realism– An artistic movement – Examined the harsh side of life– Charles Dickens• Critical of abuses of industrial society

Global Impact of Industrialization• A Wave of Migrations– Improvements in transportation, population

growth, and social and political conditions led to a wave of global migrations from about 1845 through the early 1900s• People flocked from all over the world to the US for

various reasons

• Movement toward Global Economy– By the mid-1800s the Industrial Revolution spread

outside of Great Britain– Steamships, railroads, then airplanes and

automobiles contribute to global trade network