INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Definition The Industrial Revolution consisted in

changes in economy , society and culture, perhaps the most important changes in Human History.

These changes first took place in England after 1750 and then spread to Europe.

FACTORS OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

It consisted in : Improvement of agricultural methods: Crop rotation

instead of a fallow year. This method was called Norfolk four-course system.

Invention of new machines which helped improve labor like the horse-pulled hoe or the Seed Drill.

New plants for feeding the cattle. Enclosures- the bigger landowners “enclose” their land

instead of the open field system in order to improve the yield.

Agricultural Revolution

Norfolk four-course systemMethod of agricultural organization established in Norfolk county, England, and in several countries before the end of 17th century; it was characterized by an emphasis on fodder crops by absence of a farllow year.

Consequences of the Agricultural Revolution

Landowners earn more money and they invest in industry and in the stock market

The stock of labor moves workers from lands to industry

Demographic Revolution It consisted in : - decrease of death rates

- high birth rates

d

Thanks to:- Disappearance of

epidemics- Invention of vaccines- Improved Hygiene

Consequences: Increase of hand-

workers Increase of

consumers. Increase of demand

for products and food

Demographic Revolution

New mentality, new ideas Economic Liberalism- started in Scottish

Universities with Adam Smith. According to Economic Liberalism “work” was considered a positive value. Protestantism encouraged hard work.

Universities start scientific studies, very important for the new inventions in agriculture and Industry.

Economic Liberalism Its an economic philosophy that promotes

The “Laissez faire, laissez passer”

Phases in Industrial Revolution First Industrial Revolution: From 1750

onwards.

Second Industrial Revolution: From 1870 onwards.

First Industrial Revolution Great Britain- 2nd half 18th CenturyWest Europe- first half 19th Century

Before Industrial Revolution Workshops Craftsmen that make

handiwork No fixed working hours Human or animal workforce The craftsman makes the

whole product, from beginning to end

Sources of energy: wind, water, men, animals

After Industrial Revolution. Factories Workers who use machines to

make a product Long, fixed working hours Machines Assembly-line work

New source of energy: coal

Great Britain, craddle of Industrial Revolution Great Britain had better conditions than other countries: Growing population. Agricultural advances A big market and capital for investment thanks to the Colonial

Empire. Possibility to obtain cheap cotton. Universities which promoted scientific studies Abundant raw materials like coal, copper, and iron Invention of the Steam Engine

The most important industries were: Textile Industry Iron and Steel industry

The leading industries in the First Industrial Revolution

Steam Engine, by James Watt, 1763The most important invention of the Industrial Revolution because it caused many other developments to happen. The steam engine was used for extraction of coal, cotton mills, steam ships, trains, steam tractors…

Textile Industry

It was located in Lancashire.Cotton was brought from India and Egypt and then it was converted into clothes in the mills (factories)

The first invention was The Flying Shuttle,1733, (on the right) by John Kay, but many other inventions, like the Spinnig Jenny, accelerated cotton production

Spinning Jenny

The Steel Industry It uses coal as an energy source It produces iron and steel , used to produce

machines, trains, ships, railways … The Steel industry used the Steam Engine.

Transportation Revolution

The Steam Engine was applied to transportation and it sparked a revolution in this area:

The Steamboat was invented in 1807 by Fulton. In 1847 it was possible to cross the Atlantic

Ocean in 15 days

Transportation Revolution

Because of the Suez Canal the trip from London to India became 40% shorter

On the right , one of the first steamboats

Transportation Revolution: The Train The Steam Engine was applied to the train

locomotive, invented by Stephenson in 1814 1830- First railway from Manchester to Liverpool. Consequences: trips were shorter,safer and cheaper

and it was possible to transport more products and people could travel greater distances. It meant more labour for industry and bigger cities.

A lot of products from far places were brought by train.

The train stimulated the Steel Industry. The train spread through all Europe in the following

years.

The Train locomotive

Consequences of Transportation Revolution Bigger Markets

Specialization of world economy: countries which have Industry and countries which sell raw materials

Diet became better and as a result, death rates decreased

Migrations Growth in active population.

From 1870 onwards there was a new phase in Industrialization lead by Great Britain but shared with new industrial powers as the USA, Japan or Germany.

New power sources and industries appeared as a result.

The 2nd Industrial Revolution

Energy sources: electricity ELECTRICITY

applied to:

All kind of machines Transports : train,tram Communications: telephone, telegraph Urban Lighting.1879 Thomas Edison invented a light bulb. After 1900, electric domestic inventions(oven, vacuum

cleaner…)

New energy sources: electricity

Energy sources : oil or petrol Internal combustion engine, used for cars Ships and planes( first flight : Wright

brothers in 1903)

New industries Steel Industry- Bessemer

converter: the Bessemer process was the first inexpensive industrial process for mass-production of steel.

New metals such as aluminium

Chemical Industry- originally based on synthetic dyes and aspirin, then fertilizers, concrete, plastics, dynamite…

New materialsConcrete, glass and elevators made it possible to build skyscrapers like this one in Chicago.

New industrial organization Mass production. To achieve this goal Henry

Ford invented the assembly line which eliminated unnecessery human motions in the process.

The savings from mass production methods allowed the price of model T (on the photo) to decline from $786 in 1910 to $360 in 1916.

How to understand what an assembly-line is ,watching “Modern Times” by Charles Chaplin

New industrial organization This is the era of High Capitalism. Companies needed

more capital and they could obtain it by: the growth of banking and share-holding

New society: a class-based society The estate-based society

dissapeared after the French Revolution

With industrialisation new social groups appeared:

Industrial bourgeoisie Industrial proletariat Characteristics of a class-

based society: dynamic, open, legal equality, based on wealth

New social groups: the bourgeoisie With industrialization the

power of bourgeoisie increased because they were the main protagonists.There were three groups:

- High bourgeoisie- they owned the Banks and main Industries

Middle bourgeoisie- liberal professions as lawyers, doctors, journalists, engineers

Low bourgeoisie- small commerce, employments…

New social groups: proletariat or working class. The proletariats sell their

workforce for a wage. They work under unhealthy

conditions , with no vacations, miserable wages.

Long working hours Child/women labor was

usually used in factories and

mining.

Liberty leading the people- Eugene DelacroixDelacroix illustrated the 1830 Revolution in Paris, the last time that bourgeoisie and workers fought together. From 1830 onwards they will fight against each other.

WORKERS´MOVEMENT Due to the bad conditions in their jobs,

workers began to organise themselves in order to obtain improvements and a more fair system than Capitalism.

The beginnings of workers´movement Luddism- workers destroyed the machines,because

they consider them the cause of their problems. The English government had to implement strict laws, including the death penalty, in order to stop this movement.

Trade Unions- group of workers from the same industry that demanded better conditions.

Chartism- workers that participate in political society to obtain better conditions from the parliament.

Marxism, Communism and Socialism In 1848 Marx and Engels

wrote “The Communist Manifesto”.

They wanted a clasess society.

Marx believed that Liberalism was a dictatorship of bourgeoisie because this class exploited the proletariat.

Marx: what did he propose? Marx thought that History is always a class struggle

between the dominant class and the dominated class; at his time this meant between the bourgeoisise and proletariat. The only way to change this society would be a revolution.

The revolution would lead to a socialist society through the dictatorship of the proletariat.

The final step would be a classless society or a communist society with equal opportunities for everybody.

Anarchism The main thinkers were Kropotkin,

Bakunin and Proudhon. Individual freedom, rejection of all

types of authority, free association in which society would organise from bottom up.

They don´t participate in political life.

The most radical anarchists used terrorism and violent methods.

Other groups created unions in order to improve working

conditions.

Marxism and Anarchism

against

Capitalism and

bourgeoisie power

marxism anarquismo

Communist and Socialists parties 1864, London. Meeting of European and US

representatives. They formed “The first International”, the main leader was Marx but he didn´t agree with Bakunin and the anarchists who were expeled.

1889, Paris, Second International. The marxists were divided between Communist(they just wanted the revolution and no political participation in parliaments), and Socialists :while they were waiting for the revolution they participated in Parliaments and they acheived many improvements in working conditions.

Traballo realizado por Nuria Castelo

FernándezProfesora do IES Leiras Pulpeiro -

Lugo 4º da ESO