Indus Valley Civilization_Ajay

8/3/2019 Indus Valley Civilization_Ajay

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ANCIENT AND MEDIVIALPERIOD

Settlement of Indus Valley

Civilization

(also knows as Harappan Civilization)33001300 BCE

SUBMMITED BY AJAY YADAV

ROLL NO- _ _ _ _ _MURP , SEMESTER

HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTELEMENT-111


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Contents

Introduction of IVC

Highlights

Chronology

City Structure Art and Craft

Religion

Language

Burial

Collapse


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Introduction

The Indus Valley Civilization, also known asHarappanculture, is among the world's earliestcivilizations, contemporary to the Bronze Agecivilizations of Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt.

This Indus Valley civilization flourished around3300-1300 BCE; mature period 26001900 BCE

It flourished along the Indus River in what ispresent day are now Pakistan and western India.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Civilt%C3%A0ValleIndoMappa.png


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Civilt%C3%A0ValleIndoMappa.png


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Highlights

Area:1,260,000 km Extensions:

Pakistan- from Balochistan to Sindh

India- Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana, and Punjab

Surrounded with rich agricultural lands beingsurrounded by highlands, desert, and ocean

Main cities:Harappa, Mohenjo-daro(city of thedead)

Economy based on the cultivation of wheat, barleyand peas, and on trading with the Mesopotamiansand others to the west.

No remains of royal tombs, palace, or large public

art work.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan


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Chronology

Ancient Indus Chronology

Yrs. (B.C.E.) Phase ERA

3300-2800 Harappan 1 (Ravi Phase)RegionalizationEra2800-2600

Harappan 2 (Kot Diji Phase, Nausharo I,

Mehrgarh VII)

2600-2450 Harappan 3A (Nausharo II)

Integration Era2450-2200 Harappan 3B

2200-1900 Harappan 3C

1900-1700 Harappan/Late Harappan TransitionalLocalisation Era

1700-1300 Late Harappan (Cemetery H)

Two terms are employed for the periodization of the Indus valleycivilization: phases & Eras.The Early Harappan, Mature Harappan, and Late Harappan phasesare also called the Regionalisation, Integration, and Localisationeras


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Early Harappan(3300 BCE until 2800 BCE.)

The Early Harappan Ravi Phase, named afterthe nearby Ravi River, lasted from circa 3300BCE until 2800 BCE.

the Kot Diji Phase (2800-2600 BCE,Harappan 2), named after a site in northernSindh, Pakistan, near Mohenjo Daro.

Kot Diji (Harappan 2) represents the phaseleading up to Mature Harappan, with the

citadel representing centralized authority andan increasingly urban quality of life. Anothertown of this stage was found at Kalibangan inIndia on the Hakra River.


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Contd

Trade networks linked this culture with relatedregional cultures and distant sources of rawmaterials, including lapis lazuli and othermaterials for bead-making.

Villagers had, by this time, domesticatednumerous crops, including peas, sesame seeds,dates, and cotton,

Domestic animals also used, including the waterbuffalo.

Mud brick for building.


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e arappan - n egra onEra

2600-1900 BC By 2500 BCE, communities had been turned intourban centers (integration).

Six such urban centers have been discovered,

including: Harappa, Mohenjo Daro and Dicki inPakistan, along with Gonorreala, Dokalingam in

India.

In total, over 1052 cities and settlements havebeen found, mainly in the general region of theGhaggar-Hakar River and its tributaries.

Irrigation used to increase crop production and

mud brick structures.


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Late Harappan-Cemetery H

1700-1300 BC

Cremation of human remains. The bones werestored in painted pottery burial urns. This iscompletely different to the Indus civilization wherebodies were buried in wooden coffins.

Reddish pottery, painted in black with antelopes,peacocks etc., sun or star motifs, with differentsurface treatments to the earlier period.

Expansion of settlements into the east. Rice became a main crop.

Apparent breakdown of the widespread trade ofthe Indus civilization, with materials such asmarine shells no longer used.

Continued use of mud brick for building.


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City Structure

Aerial View of Mohenjo-Daro

The quality of municipal town planningsuggests the knowledge of urban planningand efficient municipal governments which

placed a high priority on hygiene

Advance sewerage and drainage system


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Streets and Buildings

The city was built on a grid pattern in rectangularblock; buildings were made of standard size mudor baked bricks; had sewage and drainagesystems

large streets Residence house constructed around the

courtyard; up to three stories (estimates had35,000 inhabitants; located on the East side of thecity )

Granaries and citadel on the West side Within the city, individual homes or groups of

homes obtained water from wells. From a roomthat appears to have been set aside for bathing,waste water was directed to covered drains, which

lined the major streets. Houses opened only toinner courtyards and smaller lanes.

Streets and Buildings


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Plan of Harappa


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The great bath was a specialplace in the Indus Valley. Itwas used for baptizingbabies.

The bath is made from tightly

fitted bricks which had tar on

The Great Bath

The tank measures approximately 12 meters north-south and 7 meters wide, with a maximum depth of2.4 meters.

Two staircases lead down into the tank from the

north and south and small sockets at the edges ofthe stairs are thought to have held wooden planksor treads.

the inside of the bath.

At the foot of the stairs isa small ledge with abrick edging that extendsthe entire width of the

pool.
http://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.sewerhistory.org/images/w/wam/loth_wam12.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.sewerhistory.org/grfx/wh_region/indus2.htm&h=504&w=800&sz=86&hl=en&start=4&um=1&tbnid=lcX1658133EjaM:&tbnh=90&tbnw=143&prev=/images?q=the+indus+valley+Drainage+System&svnum=10&um=1&hl=en&safe=vss&sa=Nhttp://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.sewerhistory.org/images/w/wam/loth_wam12.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.sewerhistory.org/grfx/wh_region/indus2.htm&h=504&w=800&sz=86&hl=en&start=4&um=1&tbnid=lcX1658133EjaM:&tbnh=90&tbnw=143&prev=/images?q=the+indus+valley+Drainage+System&svnum=10&um=1&hl=en&safe=vss&sa=N


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Streets

At Mohenjo-Daro narrowstreets and alleyways areoff of the major streets,leading into more private

neighborhoods.

Many of the brick houseswere two stories high,

with thick walls and highceilings to keep the roomscool in the hot summermonths.


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Wells

Private wells were rebuilt overmany generations for largehouseholds and neighborhoods.

This well in DK G area atMohenjo-daro stands like achimney because all of thesurrounding earth has beenremoved by excavation. A large public well and

public bathing platformswere found in the southernpart of Mound AB atHarappa.

These public bathing areasmay also have been used

for washing clothes as iscommon in many traditional


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Granary

The "granary" of Harappa is found on Mound F. It is a brick structure that was built on a massive

brick foundation over 45 meters north-south and45 meters east-west.

Two rows of six rooms that appear to befoundations are arranged along a centralpassageway that is about 7 meters wide andpartly paved with baked bricks.

Each room measures15.2 by 6.1 meters andhas three sleeper wallswith air space betweenthem.


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Harappa: Mound E and ET

Inside the city is an area that has been identifiedas a crafts quarter.

Large quantities of manufacturing debris havebeen found in this area indicating the presence of

workshops for making stone beads, shellornaments, glazed faience ornaments, stone toolsand possibly even gold working.

Mound E Gateway ArtistsConception

by Chris Sloan, courtesy of JM Kenoyer


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Science

The people of the Indus valley civilizationachieved great accuracy in measuring length,mass, & time.

They were among the first to develop a system of

units, weights & measures.

approximately 28 grams,similar to the EnglishImperial ounce or Greekuncia, and smaller objectswere weighed in similarratios with the units of 0.871

These chert weights were in a ratio of 5:2:1 withweights of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50,100, 200, and 500 units, with each unit weighing
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_unitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_units


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Harappans evolved some new techniques inmetallurgy and produced copper, bronze, lead,and tin.

In 2001, archaeologists studying the remains of

two men from Mehrgarh, Pakistan, made thediscovery that the people of the Indus ValleyCivilization, from the early Harappan periods,had knowledge of proto-dentistry.

Eleven drilled molar crowns from nine adults

were discovered in a Neolithic graveyard inMehrgarh that dates, from 7,500-9,000 yearsago.

A touchstone bearing gold streaks was found inBanawali, which was probably used

for testing the purity of gold (such a technique is

Contd


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http://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.chennaimuseum.org/draft/gallery/08/01/images/iseal1.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.chennaimuseum.org/draft/gallery/08/01/civil4.htm&h=234&w=156&sz=18&hl=en&start=24&tbnid=flEYrB5bHCxniM:&tbnh=109&tbnw=73&prev=/images?q=models+of+the+indus+valley&start=20&gbv=2&ndsp=20&svnum=10&hl=en&safe=vss&sa=N


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Models
http://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.chennaimuseum.org/draft/gallery/08/01/images/iseal1.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.chennaimuseum.org/draft/gallery/08/01/civil4.htm&h=234&w=156&sz=18&hl=en&start=24&tbnid=flEYrB5bHCxniM:&tbnh=109&tbnw=73&prev=/images?q=models+of+the+indus+valley&start=20&gbv=2&ndsp=20&svnum=10&hl=en&safe=vss&sa=Nhttp://www.pitt.edu/~asian/week-1/indus-figure-big.gif


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Seals


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Toys
http://www.diafrag.dk/art/throwingthedice.htm


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Pottery


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Ornaments

This collection of gold and agateornaments includes objects found at bothMohenjo-Daro and Harappa.

At the top are fillets of hammered goldthat would have been worn around theforehead.

The other ornaments include bangles,chokers, long pendant necklaces, rings,earrings, conical hair ornaments, and

broaches.

These ornaments were never

buried with the dead, but werepassed on from onegeneration to the next.

These ornaments were hiddenunder the floors in the homes

of wealthy merchants or
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shiva_Pashupati.jpg


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Religion

Some Indus valley seals show swastikas, whichare found in other religions, especially in Indianreligions

Hindu Shiva lingam have been found in theHarappan remains. In view of figurines found in

the Indus valley, it is believed that the Harappanpeople worshipped a Mother goddess symbolizingfertility

There are no religious buildings found in

excavation

The so-called Shiva Pashupatiseal

Swastika Seals from the IndusValley Civilization
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IndusValleySeals_swastikas.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IndusValleySeals_swastikas.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shiva_Pashupati.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lothal_dock.jpg


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Economy-Trade

The first civilization to use wheeled transport.These advances may have included bullock carts ,as well as boats.

The Harappan civilization was mainly urban andmercantile.

Inhabitants of the Indus valley traded withMesopotamia, southern India, Afghanistan, andPersia for gold, silver, copper, and turquoise.

Such long-distance sea trade became feasiblewith the innovative development of plank-builtwatercraft, equipped with a single central mastsupporting a sail of woven rushes or cloth.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lothal_dock.jpg


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Language

The Indus (or Harappan) people used apictographic script.

Some 3500 specimens of this script survive instamp seals carved in stone, in molded terracotta

and faience amulets, in fragments of pottery, andin a few other categories of inscribed objects. In addition to the pictographic signs, the seals and

amulets often contain iconographic motifs, mostlyrealistic pictures of animals apparently worshipped

as sacred, and a few cultic scenes, includinganthropomorphic deities and worshippers. This material is important to the investigation of

the Harappan language and religion, whichcontinue to be major issues.


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Burial

The body was placed inside a wooden coffin (whichlater decayed) and entombed in a rectangular pitsurrounded with burial offerings in pottery vessels.

The man was buried wearing a necklace of 340

graduated steatite beads and three separatependant beads made of natural stone and threegold beads. A single copper bead was found at hiswaist.


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Contd

Burial of woman and infant, Harappa. This burial was disturbed in antiquity, possibly by

ancient Harappan grave robbers.

Besides the fact that the body is flipped and the

pottery disturbed, the left arm of the woman isbroken and shell bangles that would normally befound on the left arm are missing.

The infant was buried in a small pit beneath thelegs of the mother.
http://www.harappa.com/indus/73.htmlhttp://www.harappa.com/indus/73.html


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Four Theories of Collapse

Archaeologists have offered four explanations forthe collapse of the Harappan Civilization.

Three are based on ecological factors: intenseflooding, decrease in precipitation, and thedessication of the Sarasvati River.

The fourth hypothesis is that of the Aryan Invasion,proposed by Sir R. E. Mortimer Wheeler andStuart Piggott.

Fourth largely abandoned in the 1940s in favor ofa combination of factors from ecological disasters.


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Reference

www.harappa.com/har/har0.html www.harappa.com/indus-saraswati-geography.html

www.geocites.com/look4harappancollapse.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization

http://www.harappa.com/indus/indus1.html http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/Bernardo-

42882-Indus-Valley-Civilization-Theories-Decline-Discovery-Origins-ci-Education-ppt-powerpoint/

http://www.crystalinks.com/induscivilization.html http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=200608

11005058AA6KwGh

http://www.ancient-wisdom.co.uk/Pakistanmohenjo.htm
http://www.harappa.com/har/har0.htmlhttp://www.harappa.com/indus-saraswati-geography.htmlhttp://www.geocites.com/look4harappancollapse.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilizationhttp://www.harappa.com/indus/indus1.htmlhttp://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/Bernardo-42882-Indus-Valley-Civilization-Theories-Decline-Discovery-Origins-ci-Education-ppt-powerpoint/http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/Bernardo-42882-Indus-Valley-Civilization-Theories-Decline-Discovery-Origins-ci-Education-ppt-powerpoint/http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/Bernardo-42882-Indus-Valley-Civilization-Theories-Decline-Discovery-Origins-ci-Education-ppt-powerpoint/http://www.crystalinks.com/induscivilization.htmlhttp://www.crystalinks.com/induscivilization.htmlhttp://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/Bernardo-42882-Indus-Valley-Civilization-Theories-Decline-Discovery-Origins-ci-Education-ppt-powerpoint/http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/Bernardo-42882-Indus-Valley-Civilization-Theories-Decline-Discovery-Origins-ci-Education-ppt-powerpoint/http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/Bernardo-42882-Indus-Valley-Civilization-Theories-Decline-Discovery-Origins-ci-Education-ppt-powerpoint/http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/Bernardo-42882-Indus-Valley-Civilization-Theories-Decline-Discovery-Origins-ci-Education-ppt-powerpoint/http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/Bernardo-42882-Indus-Valley-Civilization-Theories-Decline-Discovery-Origins-ci-Education-ppt-powerpoint/http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/Bernardo-42882-Indus-Valley-Civilization-Theories-Decline-Discovery-Origins-ci-Education-ppt-powerpoint/http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/Bernardo-42882-Indus-Valley-Civilization-Theories-Decline-Discovery-Origins-ci-Education-ppt-powerpoint/http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/Bernardo-42882-Indus-Valley-Civilization-Theories-Decline-Discovery-Origins-ci-Education-ppt-powerpoint/http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/Bernardo-42882-Indus-Valley-Civilization-Theories-Decline-Discovery-Origins-ci-Education-ppt-powerpoint/http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/Bernardo-42882-Indus-Valley-Civilization-Theories-Decline-Discovery-Origins-ci-Education-ppt-powerpoint/http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/Bernardo-42882-Indus-Valley-Civilization-Theories-Decline-Discovery-Origins-ci-Education-ppt-powerpoint/http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/Bernardo-42882-Indus-Valley-Civilization-Theories-Decline-Discovery-Origins-ci-Education-ppt-powerpoint/http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/Bernardo-42882-Indus-Valley-Civilization-Theories-Decline-Discovery-Origins-ci-Education-ppt-powerpoint/http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/Bernardo-42882-Indus-Valley-Civilization-Theories-Decline-Discovery-Origins-ci-Education-ppt-powerpoint/http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/Bernardo-42882-Indus-Valley-Civilization-Theories-Decline-Discovery-Origins-ci-Education-ppt-powerpoint/http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/Bernardo-42882-Indus-Valley-Civilization-Theories-Decline-Discovery-Origins-ci-Education-ppt-powerpoint/http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/Bernardo-42882-Indus-Valley-Civilization-Theories-Decline-Discovery-Origins-ci-Education-ppt-powerpoint/http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/Bernardo-42882-Indus-Valley-Civilization-Theories-Decline-Discovery-Origins-ci-Education-ppt-powerpoint/http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/Bernardo-42882-Indus-Valley-Civilization-Theories-Decline-Discovery-Origins-ci-Education-ppt-powerpoint/http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/Bernardo-42882-Indus-Valley-Civilization-Theories-Decline-Discovery-Origins-ci-Education-ppt-powerpoint/http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/Bernardo-42882-Indus-Valley-Civilization-Theories-Decline-Discovery-Origins-ci-Education-ppt-powerpoint/http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/Bernardo-42882-Indus-Valley-Civilization-Theories-Decline-Discovery-Origins-ci-Education-ppt-powerpoint/http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/Bernardo-42882-Indus-Valley-Civilization-Theories-Decline-Discovery-Origins-ci-Education-ppt-powerpoint/http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/Bernardo-42882-Indus-Valley-Civilization-Theories-Decline-Discovery-Origins-ci-Education-ppt-powerpoint/http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/Bernardo-42882-Indus-Valley-Civilization-Theories-Decline-Discovery-Origins-ci-Education-ppt-powerpoint/http://www.harappa.com/indus/indus1.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilizationhttp://www.geocites.com/look4harappancollapse.htmlhttp://www.harappa.com/indus-saraswati-geography.htmlhttp://www.harappa.com/indus-saraswati-geography.htmlhttp://www.harappa.com/indus-saraswati-geography.htmlhttp://www.harappa.com/indus-saraswati-geography.htmlhttp://www.harappa.com/indus-saraswati-geography.htmlhttp://www.harappa.com/har/har0.html


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