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Indoor&Environmental&Quality&(IEQ)&
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Performance&v&Produc7vity&
Owner&Occupier&Expecta7ons&
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Gary&Middlehurst&C.Eng&MIET&MCIBSE&MASHRAE&
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Research&Ques7on?&
“Do$we$today$really$understand$the$impacts$the$modern$commercial$office$environment$has$upon$occupant$performance,$and$how$effec:vely$can$we$predict$these$impacts$during$the$design$of$new$and$refurbished$workplace$environments$to$efficiently$and$effec:vley$design,$construct$and$operate$Intelligent$Buildings,$conscious$of$our$reducing$
natural$resources?”$&
The$answer$*$“Well$yes$we$do$to$an$extent!$
What&are&the&Issues&
! Sa7sfying&mul7ple&stakeholder&needs&
! Managing&a&sustainable&commercial&outlook&
! Acknowledge&short&term&strategies&are¬&sustainable&
! Revolu7onary&change&is&approaching&
! Technology&is&driving&alterna7ve&workplace&designs&
! Environmental&Management&is&No.2&on&many&agendas&
! Regula7ons&–&Local;&Regional;&Global&
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Defini7ons&
Performance&–&measured&
values&of&achievement&
against&known&defined&
values.&
Produc:vity&–&average&measure&of&the&efficiency&of&
produc7on&expressed&as&the&
ra7o&of&output&to&inputs&
used&in&a&produc7on&
process.&V&Performance$=$Mo>va>on$x$Ability$x$Opportunity$
What&Clients&or&End&Users&Want?&
Client&or&Customer&is&their&a&difference&
" Client:$a&person,&company&or&
organisa7on&that&seeks&the&advice&
of&a&professional&specialist&
" Customer:$A&person&of&a&specified&kind&with&whom&one&has&to&deal.&
Encapsula7ng&our&Research&
! Occupant&wellYbeing&at&the&core&
! Workplace&1st&the&building&2nd&&
! Performance&ahead&of&Produc7vity&
! Life&Cycle&Opex&v&Short&term&Capex&
! Strategic&&&Sustainable&TLC&modelling&
! Energy,&Carbon&and&Property&efficiencies&
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Building&Simula7on&&&Performance&Tools&
Building Study • Exis7ng&Civic&Centre&Building&
• &30%&Glazed&and&Concrete&Façade.&• &Centre&of&Reading&• &Limited&Facili7es&
• &1970’s&Design&–&Energy&Inefficient&
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• New&Loca7on&–&Sueon&Business&Park&–&Woodley&–&Reading.&
• Preferred&Architectural&Building&Design&Op7on:&
• &Ground&Y&Atrium&Recep7on;&Auditorium;&Mee7ng&&&Media&Rooms&
• &Level&1&Y&Open&Plan&Office;&Mee7ng,&AV&and&Media&Rooms.&
• &Level&2&Y&&Open&Plan&Office;&Mee7ng,&AV&and&Media&Rooms.&
• &Level&3&Y&Plant&Room&
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• Client&Brief&–&HVAC&Set&Points &Hea7ng&16&Y&Cooling&21o&
Building Orientation
• 8 separate simulations were conducted at 45o horizontal angular interval.
• Weather Data based upon London Heathrow.
• Building orientation performance achieved at 270o or 315o
Simulations • 24 separate simulations were conducted using IES Software Tool.
• Building design assessed for; Energy Consumption; orientation; carbon
emissions; Financial Impacts
• Energy Consumption ranged from 565Mwhrs to 611Mwhrs (46Mwhrs)
• Glazing Options at 30%; 50%; 100%
• Orientation developed using 30% base building model
Proposed Façade Types • Façade Construction developed against 2006 Building Regulations database.
• Wall construction common throughout all simulations.
• Glazing options using Double(base) and Triple(preferred) glazed window sections.
Proposed Façade Performance Criteria
• Triple Glazed option utilised to meet energy consumption target of base building model.
U$–$value&Y&A&U&value&is&a&measure&of&heat&loss&in&a&building&element&such&
as&a&wall,&floor&or&roof.&It&can&also&be&referred&to&as&an&overall&heat&
transfer&coYefficient’&and&measures&how&well&parts&of&a&building&transfer&
heat.&This&means&that&the&higher&the&U&value&the&worse&the&thermal&
performance&of&the&building&envelope.&A&low&U&value&indicates&high&
levels&of&insula7on.&It&is&a&way&of&predic7ng&the&composite&behavior&of&an&
en7re&building&element&rather&than&relying&on&the&proper7es&of&
individual&materials.&
&&
R*value&Y&is&a&measure&of&resistance&to&heat&flow&through&a&given&
thickness&of&material.&In&theory,&the&higher&the&RYvalue,&the&greater&that&
resistance.&Thermal&resistance&provides&a&barrier&to&heat&loss&through&
conduc7on&and&heat&gain&from&the&external&environment.&
&&
Emissivity&Y&is&a&measurement&of&how&well&something&radiates&absorbed&
energy&either&inwards&or&outwards&from&a&building&from&a&material.&
&
g*$value&Y&The&ideal&g&value&for&a&window&is&one&that&is&high&enough&to&allow&solar&radia7on&gains&to&heat&a&room&effec7vely&in&winter,&reducing&
the&need&for&conven7onal&space&hea7ng,&but&low&enough&to&avoid&
overhea7ng&in&summer.&&
&
Glazing$TransmiJance,&or&daylight&transmieance,&is&the&percentage&of&
visible&light&striking&the&glazing&that&will&pass&through&the&glass.&&
Building Emissions • Target&Emissions&Ra7o&(TER);&the&minimum&performance&requirements&specified&
within&Regula7on&17B&of&the&2006&Building&Regula7ons,&and&is&the&amount&CO2&
emieed&per&year&per&square&meter&of&useable&(Net)&floor&area.&
&
& &TER&=&Cno7onal
&x&(1YImprovement&Factor)&x&(1YLZC&benchmark)&
& & & &&&&&&&&Net&m2&&
• Improvement&Factor&=&expected&%&emissions&improvement&
• LZC&Benchmark&=&benchmark&provision&for&low&or&zero&carbon&energy&sources&&
Financial Impacts
• £ 32k differential
• 15Mwhrs difference between best case and preferred option.
• £ 303k differential
Recommendation • 30% glazing option provides best solution.
• Preferred Architectural option meets building regulations requirements.
• Typical Industry Energy Performance = 226kwhrs/m2typical
• 30%Glazing Option = 201kwhrs/m2
• Preferred Option = 207kwhrs/m2
• Additional funding to offset life cycle costs could meet base build target.
• Further simulations required to resolve occupant PMV and PPD figures.
• Façade and occupation times to be developed to secure preferred design
Research&Content&&
What$are$we$inves>ga>ng:$&
• Indoor$Environmental$Quality$(IEQ)$Factors$• Workplace&Temperature&
• Air&velocity&
• Humidity&
• Illumina7on&–&ver7cal&
• Indoor&Air&Quality&–&CO2;&VOC’s;&Par7culates&
• Bacterial&Analysis&
&
• Physiological$Factors$• Respiratory&and&Heart&rates&
• Blood&O2&levels&
• Skin&temperature&
• Galvanic&Skin&Response&(GSR)&
• Metabolic&exchange&
Research&Methodology&
! Automa7c&IEQ&monitoring&Equipment&
! Manual&hand&held&monitoring&equipment&
! Physiological&measurements&
! Electronic&Ques7onnaire's&7&&&9&point&scales&
! Structured&Interviews&–&POE&Analysis&
! Analy7cal&Hierarchical&Process&modeling&
! Sta7s7cal&Analysis&–®ression;&probability&
Fig.&1.&Previous&researchers‟&aeempts&at&ranking&(higher&number&
indicates&higher&ranking)&of&importance&of&IEQ&factors&for&overall&
sa7sfac7on&(Frontczak&and&Wargocki,&2011)&
!"
Numbers&in&Perspec7ve&
Building$ Net$Internal$
Area$(NIA)$m2$
Annual$Building$Opera>ng$Cost$(£m)$
Staff$Density$Ra>o/m2$
Staff$Density$
Cost$Ra>o$$£/m2$
Comments$
135&Bishopsgate& 29,500& £47.5m& 1&:&8.1& £1,615& Occupancy&ra7o&is&
dependent&upon&
the&&GIA/NIA&
efficiency&
rela7onship&an&
IMPORTANT&factor&
to&consider&when&
comparing&
performance&
ra7o’s&
250&Bishopsgate& 25,300& £27.5m& 1&:&6.9& £1,070&
280&Bishopsgate& 23,100& £32.8m& 1&:&7.2& £1,414&
1&Princess&St& 6,200& £6.6m& 1&:&7.1& £921&
Thanet&Grange& 10,800& £8.5m& 1&:&5.1& £532&
440&Strand& 10,800& £14.0m& 1&:&8.1& £1,287&
Premier&Place& 18,400& £26.5m& 1&:&7.5& £1,401&
£163.4m&
Research&Ques7on&&&Output?&
Indoor&
Environmental&
Quality&(IEQ)&Indoor&Air&Quality&
Ligh7ng&&&Visuals&
Acous7cs&
Thermal&Comfort&
Space&(5th&dimension)&
PreYOccupa7on&
Survey&Tool&to&
inform&the&&
Client&Brief&
&
Empirical&
Physiological&
Research&within&
workplace&
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Occupant&
sa7sfac7on&a&
template&for&IEQ&
factors&
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UK&IEQ&Standard&
based&upon&new&
empirical&
measurements&
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Financial&Modeling&
linked&to&Occupant&
Scoring&matrix&of&
IEQ&Factors&&
&
Energy&ra7ng&linked&
directly&to&occupant&
sa7sfac7on&
requirements&
&
Op7misa7on&&
£&=&m2&
Performance&v&Produc7vity&!&$$
Thank&you&for&Listening……&&
Ques4ons&?&&
Gary&Middlehurst&Research&Engineer&