Indoor Air Quality Investigation Indoor Air Quality Investigations
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A study of Indoor Air Qualityin
indoor spaces/environments
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Acceptable indoor air quality refers to air in which
there are no known contaminants at harmful
concentrations as determined by the public health
authorities, and with which a substantial majority of
the people exposed do not express dissatisfaction.
Indoor air refersto the air inside a building, including air which is within a
room and air which is removed from a room by mechanical means.
Outdoor air refersto the air in the external surroundings.
Building-related illness refers to any illness which occurs directly as a
result of human exposure to a specific health hazard present in the
building.
Glossary
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Air-conditioningrefers to the process of treating air to meet
requirements of a conditioned space by controlling its
temperature, humidity, cleanliness and distribution.
Air temperature refers to the dry-bulb
temperature of the air surrounding the occupant.
Sick building syndrome refers to an excess of work-related
irritations of the skin and mucous membranes and other
symptoms (including headache and fatigue) reported by
occupants in modern office buildings.
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Indoor environmental quality (IEQ)
It refers to the quality of the air and environment inside
buildings, based on pollutant concentrations and conditions that
can affect the health, comfort and performance of occupants--
including temperature, relative humidity, light, sound and other
factors.
Good IEQ is an essential component of any building.
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Ventilationrefers to the process of supplying and removing air by natural
or mechanical means to and from any space. Such air may or may not
be conditioned.
ACMV system refers to the air-conditioning and mechanical ventilation
system of the building.
Contaminantrefers to an unwanted airborne constituent that may reduce
acceptability of the indoor air quality.
voc-(volatile organic compounds): volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
are chemicals used to manufacture and prepare many building
materials, interior furnishings, textiles, office equipment, cleaners,
personal care supplies, and pesticides.
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Why is Indoor Air Quality Important?
Indoor air quality is a major concern to businesses,
building managers, tenants, and employees
because it can impact the health, comfort, well
being, and productivity of building occupants.
Good indoor air quality is important to human health
because people spend a significant fraction of their
time indoors (Bernestein et al. 2008).
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Indoor air quality has become a huge concern over the past
decade.
The EPA has acknowledged indoor air quality as one of the topfive environmental health risks.
This is compounded further by the fact that we spend the
majority of our time indoors: whether we are in school, at work,
or at home.
These indoor environments often emit and harbor harmful
particles and vapors that frequently cause what is referred to as
"sick building syndrome".
Prolonged exposure to indoor environments often results in
occupants complaining about fatigue, headaches, nausea, andirritation- all due to the off-gassing of many common products
such as carpeting, household cleaners, and furniture.
significance of iaq
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Air pollution has become a major concern in India in
recent years both because it is now clear that largeparts of the Indian urban population are exposed to
some of the highest pollutant levels in the worldand
also because new studies around the world on the
health effects of air pollution have increased
confidence in estimates of the risks posed by air
pollution exposures .
Why now..
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Indoor Air is 2 to 5 Times More Polluted Than
Outdoor Air
Most of our exposure to environmental pollutants
occurs by breathing the air indoors. These pollutants
come from activities, products and materials we useevery day. The air in our homes, schools and offices
can be 2 to 5 times more polluted, and in some cases
100 times more polluted, than outdoor air.
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Office -definition
An officeis generally a room or other area in which
people work, but may also denote a position withinan organization with specific duties attached to it.
A workplace is any physical or virtual space where working
relationships exist, where employer-employee relations exist.
Office layout types
Open cell layout
Closed Cell layout
Hybrid Layout
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Office spaces
The main purpose of an office environment is to support its occupants in
performing their job - preferably at minimum cost and to maximumsatisfaction.
With different people performing different tasks and activities, however, it is
not always easy to maintain good iaq in office spaces.
Typologies of Offices:
Government /Public offices
Company owned offices/private offices
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Objective: Why good iaq is important in offices
Good IAQ in office buildings is an important component
of a healthy indoor environment.
It contributes to a favorable and productive environment for building
occupants, giving them a sense of comfort, health, and well-being.
Significant increases in worker productivity have also been demonstrated
when the air quality was adequate .
Research has also shown that workers in buildings with adequate air
quality have reduced rates of symptoms related to poor air quality .
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Research into economics
Benefits that result from improving air quality should be added
in
Less sick leave days
Less worker complaints
Change in workers comfort level
Increase in productivity
Increase in moral
Reduced healthcare costs Less maintenance costs
Less turnover of employees
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THE KEY ELEMENTS OF INDOOR AIR QUALITY:
VENTILATION
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Indoor air quality assessment in a school building in
Chennai City, India .
Author(s):S. M. Shiva Nagendra & P. Sri Harika
Abstract:
During recent years, concerns over the effects of poor indoor air
quality (IAQ) have been increased and wide spectrums of
symptoms/illnesses are related to indoor air pollution in many urban
centers of the world.
In India, it is estimated that about half a million women and children
die per year due to indoor air pollution.
Therefore, maintaining an acceptable IAQ is important in places
such as schools, corporate office buildings, hospitals and houses.
Desktop study -1
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It is hypothesized that the higher indoor pollutant concentrations of
the buildings located near busy traffic roads are mostly influenced by
elevated outdoor vehicular pollutant concentrations.
In this paper an attempt has been made to analyze the indoor air
quality of a naturally ventilated school building, Kendriya Vidyalaya,
located in the Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Chennai,
India.
This building is located close to an urban road with heavy traffic flow,
within a range of 100 m from the busy traffic junction.
Desktop study -1
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The indoor pollutants, namely carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon
dioxide (CO2), along with meteorological parameters such as
temperature and relative humidity, have been measured inside the
school building.
The vehicular pollutant CO has also been measured at the road side
to develop the indoor and outdoor CO relationship.
Desktop study -1
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the vehicular pollutant CO has also been measured at the road side to
develop the indoor and outdoor CO relationship.
Further, a questionnaire survey has also been conducted to evaluate the
general environmental conditions (sick building syndrome) of the school
building. The result indicated that hourly the CO2 concentration inside the
school room is 927 ppm during morning working hours (10.00a.m).
This concentration is close to standard value of 1000 ppm specified by theNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), USA.
The measured concentrations inside the school building are within the
standard.
Desktop study -1
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Productivity and Indoor Air Quality
Olesen, Bjarne
International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy
Technical University of DenmarkNils Koppels Alle, Build. 402, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
ABSTRACT
People spend in industrialized countries more than 90 % of there lives in an artificial indoor
environment (home, transportation, work).
In typical office buildings the cost of people is a factor 100 higher than energy costs, which
make the performance of people at their work significantly more important than energy
costs.
Studies on people sick leaves show a very high loss of work time and performance, which
have significant economical consequences for companies.
Recent studies in offices and schools show that comfortable room temperatures,increased
ventilation above normal recommendation, reduction of indoor pollution sources and more
effective ventilation increases the performance of people.
The results indicate increase of productivity of 5-10 %. KEYWORDS: health, comfort, productivity, indoor
Desktop study -2
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Negative effects of poor Indoor Air Quality:
Pollutants may contribute to short-term and long-term health
problems, like asthma, respiratory tract infections, allergic reactions,
headaches, congestion, eye and skin irritations, coughing, sneezing,
fatigue, dizziness and nausea.
Indoor air pollutants can cause uneasiness or discomfort, and
reduces attendance and productivity.
Recent data conveyed that poor IAQ could reduce a persons skill to
complete particular mental tasks requiring concentration, calculation,
or memory.
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Indoor air pollutants accelerate building degradation. For example,
uncontrolled moisture can result in mold growth of mold or fungi that
leads to the architectural decay of building components. Poor indoor air quality causes stress in relationships among
employees, family members, parents, teachers, students, and
school administrations.
Indoor air quality problems can also lead to liability issues, lawsuits,
or disputes.
Negative effects of poor Indoor Air Quality:
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IAQ Standards are given by:
Ashrae- American society of Heating, Refrigerating,
and Air Conditioning Engineers
Oshaoccupational safety and health administration
Niosh- National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health.
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NIOSH found that the primary sources of indoor air quality
problems are:
Inadequate ventilation 52%
Contamination from inside
building16%
Contamination from outsidebuilding
10%
Microbial contamination 5%
Contamination from
building fabric4%
Unknown sources 13%
RECOMMENDED VENTILATION RATES
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RECOMMENDED VENTILATION RATES.
The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers
(ASHRAE) established recommended ventilation rates for indoor environments in
1973.
ASHRAE amended this standard in 1975 to specify the minimum value of 5 cubic
feet per minute (CFM) of outdoor air per person be used in building design. This
standard has been incorporated into the building codes of many cities and states.
The 62-1989 standard recommends a minimum of 15 CFM of outdoor air per person
for offices (reception areas) and 20 CFM per person for general office space with a
moderate amount of smoking.
Sixty cubic feet per minute per person is recommended for smoking lounges withlocal mechanical exhaust ventilation and no air recirculation.
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Volatile organic compounds are found in a number
of products including:
Furniture ,Paint ,Paint strippers ,Adhesives/glues ,
Solvents ,Upholstery , Contaminated water Draperies ,
Carpet, Spray cans ,Clothing
Cleaning products ,Copy machine toners ,
Felt-tip markers/pens ,Correction fluidCarbonless (NCR) copy paper ,Building materials
Aerosol sprays ,Disinfectants ,Fuels,Tobacco smoke
Air fresheners/deodorizers
Pesticides ,Mothballs ,Dry-cleaned clothing
Hairsprays ,Perfumes ,Nail polish ,Fabric softeners
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TVOC (Total Volatile Organic Compounds)
Less than 0.20 mg/m - No irritation or discomfort
expected
0.20-3.0 mg/m - Irritation and discomfort may be
possible
3.0-25.0 mg/m - Discomfort expected and headache
possible
Greater than 25 mg/m - Toxic range where other
neurotoxic effects may occur
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Carbon Dioxide-NIOSH recommendations:
250-350 ppm normal outdoor ambient concentrations
600 ppm minimal air quality complaints
600-1,000 ppm less clearly interpreted
1,000 ppm indicates inadequate ventilation; complaints such as
headaches, fatigue, and eye and throat irritation will
be more widespread; 1,000 ppm should be used as
an upper limit for indoor levels
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Concentrations and Emission Rates of VOCs for Common Materials
Building Material VOC Concentration, mg/m3 VOC Emission Rate,
mg/m2h
Concrete with water-based
form-release agent
0.018 0.003
Acrylic latex paint 2.00 0.43
Epoxy, clear floor varnish 5.45 1.3
Felt carpet 1.95 0.080
Gypsum board N/A 0.026Linoleum 5.19 0.22
Particle board N/A 2.0
Plastic silicone sealer 77.9 26.0
Plywood paneling N/A 1.0
Putty strips 1.38 0.34
PVA glue cement 57.8 10.2
Sheet vinyl flooring 54.8 2.3
Silicone caulk N/A
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Standards and Guidelines for IAQ
There is no legislation regulating indoor air quality.
The standard most widely used was produced by theAmerican
Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE).
Thisstandard defines acceptable indoor air quality as air inwhich....a substantial majority (80% or more) of the
people exposed do not express dissatisfaction.
Recommendations include:
temperatureof 20 - 23.5 degrees Celsius in
winter and 23 - 26 degrees Celsius in summer
relative humidity (measure of moisture in the air)
between 30% - 60%. carbon dioxide levels can be measured to see if
the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
(HVAC) system is working properly.
Q ( Q)
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Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) is enhanced by utilizing materials that meet the
following criteria: Low or non-toxic: Materials that emit few or no carcinogens, reproductive toxicants, or irritants
as demonstrated by the manufacturer through appropriate testing.
Minimal chemical emissions: Products that have minimal emissions of Volatile Organic
Compounds (VOCs). Products that also maximize resource and energy efficiency while
reducing chemical emissions.
Low-VOC assembly: Materials installed with minimal VOC-producing compounds, or no-VOCmechanical attachment methods and minimal hazards.
Moisture resistant: Products and systems that resist moisture or inhibit the growth of biological
contaminants in buildings.
Healthfully maintained:Materials, components, and systems that require only simple, non-
toxic, or low-VOC methods of cleaning.
Systems or equipment: Products that promote healthy IAQ by identifying indoor air pollutants
or enhancing the air quality.
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Indoor Air Quality
In the news since the energy crisis of the 70snecessitated tighter construction
Same time frame more workers become whitecollar due to the computer revolution
More people in tighter environment
Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) is born
The Importance of Indoor Air Quality in Office Buildings
Si k b ildi d
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Sick building syndrome:
Workers become ill at workplace and get better at
home.
NIOSH(National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health )uses the term Indoor environmental quality
(IEQ) to describe this.
Examples include:
Legionellosis
Allergic reactions Mold and Fungus
Hypersensitivity
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NIOSH believes the problem is not just what
one breathes
Factors in Building-Related Illness
Job stress
Ergonomic stress
Lighting Noise
Temperature extremes
These factors may occur individually orcombined
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Symptoms of SBS
Itching, burning eyes
Irritated skin
Nasal congestion
Fatigue
Dry irritated throats
Nausea
headaches
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NIOSH found that high stress environments include:
Humidity problems
Unacceptable noise levels
Adverse ergonomic conditions
Improper temperature conditions
Inadequate ventilation
S f l d A i k i
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Seventy percent of employed Americans work in non-
agricultural, non-industrial environments
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Improving building environments
There are 89 million workers in the US who mainly work
indoors
Cleaner indoor environments could help an estimated 15million of them
There is no OSHA regulation regarding indoor air quality
in offices
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OSHAs recommendations
There is no mention of office standards
Inquiries are delegated to either NIOSH, EPA or ASHRAE
ASHRAE standards were set in 1973 and updated in 1975
Recommend an exchange rate of 5 cubic feet of outside air per
minute for every person working in a building
OSHA M j I d Ai C i
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OSHA Major Indoor Air Contaminants
Compound Source Health Effects
Acetic Acid Silicone caulk, x-ray equipment Mucous membrane irritant
Carbon Dioxide Unvented appliances, human respiration,
combustion
Loss of concentration, sleepy, quicker
respirations
Carbon Monoxide Tobacco smoke, improperly ventedexhaust or appliances Headache, nausea, cyanosis,cardiovascular effects, death
Formaldehyde Foam insulation, plywood, particle board,
paneling, carpeting, fabrics, glues
Allergic reactions, rashes, eye, respiratory,
and mucous membrane irritation, odor
Nitrogen Oxides Improperly vented exhaust or appliances,
tobacco smoke, welding
Irritation to mucous membranes
OSHA Major Indoor Air Contaminants
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OSHA Major Indoor Air ContaminantsSource: OSHA Technical Manual: Section III: Chapter 2, pp.2-3
Ozone Copy machinery, air cleaners, electrical
arcing, smog
Mucous membrane irritation,
aggravated chronic respiratory
diseases
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Copiers, glue, paint, asphalt, gasoline andtobacco smoke, cosmetics, glue, dried
floor drains, cleaning compounds
Dizziness, nausea, mucous membraneirritation, fatigue, headache
Ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide Microfilm, window cleaner, drain cleaners
blue-print equipment, tobacco smoke,
combustion products
Mucous membrane irritation, aggravated
chronic respiratory diseases
Synthetic Fibers Fibrous glass and mineral wool Dermatitis, eye, skin, lung irritant
Tobacco Smoke Pipe, cigar, cigarette smoking Respiratory system, eye and nasal
irritation, coughing, wheezing, sneezing,
headache, sinus problems, contains
several hundred toxic substances
Microorganisms and biological
contaminants
Air conditioning condensate, cooling
towers, water damaged materials, indoor
high humidity, hot water systems, plants,
animals, insects, food and food products
Allergic reactions, pneumonias, humidifier
fever, infections such as legionellosis.
Symptoms include chills, fever, aching
muscles, tight chest, cough, headaches,
diarrhea and nausea
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Smoking.
Smoking should be banned from inside buildings
Outside smoking areas should be kept away
from ventilation uptakes and away from doors or
windows
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Ventilation is key
Good ventilation moves a lot of air
Humidity should be kept low indoors to prevent
mold and fungus growth.
Moisture should not accumulate in drip pans and
there should be no water damage due to leakyroofs
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Molds
Biological threat to indoor air quality
Moisture either due to water damage orhigh humidity.
Mold will grow where it has food andwater.
Eliminating water from the indoor
environment will limit mold growth.
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Places mold loves
Leaking roofs
Substandard maintenance
Cold spots Localized flooding
Malfunctioning humidifiers
Leaky plumbing
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Mold
Mold is big business and business is thriving
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Mold in buildings can cause
Aggravation of asthma symptoms Headaches
Allergic reactions
Some molds are toxic Severity of symptoms
Depend on the ages of the individuals that areexposed
Length of exposure
Sensitivities that might already exist
R d
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Radon
Radioactive gas produced as radium decays
Present in almost all soils and in rocks
Migrates through groundwater and soil
Seeps into homes and buildings through the
foundations Second to smoking in causing lung cancer
EPA had success in homes now wants to test incommercial buildings
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Asbestos
Fibrous mineral found in rocks
Extruded into filaments that cannot be seen with the
naked eye
Under the right conditions can suspend in the air andbe inhaled
Causes asbestosis, lung cancer and mesothelioma
Can take up to 20 years after exposure to manifest
Asbestos
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Asbestos
More of a threat to maintenance workers because it
was used as insulation in boiler rooms and service
areas
If it is intact OSHA does not recommend moving it, just
monitoring
NIOSH advocates its removal in all cases and believes
there is no safe amount of asbestos
More of a danger during demolition or renovation
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Asbestos
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Asbestos
EPA estimates that friable (easily crumbled) asbestos
exists in 700,000 public and commercial buildings
EPA and NIOSH 5 facts about asbestos:
Asbestos is dangerous but only if airborne
Average amount in buildings is low making healthrisks low
Ill advised removal is more dangerous than
monitoring
Removal is only necessary in renovation or demolition
Sources of Indoor Air Pollutants
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Sources of Indoor Air Pollutants
1. Building Site or Location:
The location of a building can have implications for indoor
pollutants.
Highways or busy thoroughfares may be sources of
particulates and other pollutants in nearby buildings.
Buildings sited on land where there was prior industrial use
or where there is a high water table may result in leaching
of water or chemical pollutants into the building.
2. Building Design:
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u d g es g
Design and construction flaws may contribute to indoor
air pollution.
Poor foundations, roofs, facades, and window and Door
openings may allow pollutant or water intrusion.
Outside air intakes placed near sources where
pollutants are drawn back into the building (e.g., idling
vehicles, products of combustion, waste containers, etc.)
or where building exhaust reenters into the building can
be a constant source of pollutants.
Buildings with multiple tenants may need an evaluation to
ensure emissions from one tenant do not adversely
affect another tenant.
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3. Building Systems Design and Maintenance:
When the HVAC system is not functioning properly for any
reason, the building is often placed under negative pressure.
In such cases, there may be infiltration of outdoor pollutants
such as particulates, vehicle exhaust, humid air, parking
garage contaminants, etc.
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Also, when spaces are redesigned or renovated, the HVAC system may not
be updated to accommodate the changes.
For example, one floor of a building
that housed computer services may be renovated for offices.
The HVAC system would need to be
modified for office employee occupancy (i.e., modifying temperature, relative
humidity, and air flow).
3. Building Systems Design and Maintenance:
4 R ti A ti iti
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4. RenovationActivities:
When painting and other renovations are being
conducted, dust or other by-products of the
construction materials are sources of pollutants
that may circulate through a building.
5 L l E h t V til ti
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5. Local Exhaust Ventilation:
Kitchens, laboratories, maintenance shops, parking
garages, beauty and nail salons, toilet rooms, trash
rooms, soiled laundry rooms, locker rooms, copy
rooms and other specialized areas may be a source
of pollutants when they lack adequate local exhaust
ventilation.
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6.Building materials
Disturbing thermal insulation or
sprayed-on acoustical material, or the
presence of wet or damp structural surfaces
(e.g., walls, ceilings)or non-structural
surfaces (e.g., carpets, shades),may
contribute to indoor air pollution.
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7.Building Furnishings:
Cabinetry or furniture made
of certain pressed-wood products
may release pollutants into the
indoor air.
8 B ildi M i t
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8.Building Maintenance:
Workers in areas in which pesticides,
cleaning products, or personal-care
products are being applied may be exposed
to pollutants.
Allowing cleaned carpets to dry
Without active ventilation may promote
microbial growth.
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9. Occupant Activities:
Building occupants may be the
source of indoor air pollutants;
such pollutants include perfumes
or colognes.
Common Pollutant Categories
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Although there are numerous indoor air pollutants
that can be spread through a building, they typically
fall into three basic categories: biological, chemical,
and particle .
Biological
Excessive concentrations of bacteria, viruses, fungi,
dust mites, animal dander, and pollen may result
from inadequate maintenance and housekeeping,
water spills, inadequate humidity control,
condensation, or water intrusion through leaks in
the building envelope or flooding.
Ch i l
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Chemical
Sources of chemical pollutants (gases and
vapors)include emissions from products used in
the building (e.g., office equipment; furniture,
wall and floor coverings; pesticides; and
cleaning and consumer products), accidental
spills of chemicals, products used during
construction activities such as adhesives and
paints, and gases such as carbon monoxide,
formaldehyde, and nitrogen dioxide, which are
products of combustion.
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Particle (Non-biological)
Particles are solid or liquid, non-biological,
Substances that are light enough to be
suspended in the air.
Dust, dirt, or other substances may be
Drawn into the building from outside.
Particles can also be produced by activities
that occur in buildings such a construction,
sanding wood or drywall, printing, copying,
and operating equipment.
Category Air Pollutant Source
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Particles
Respirable particles Dust, soot, smoke particles, aerosols
Tobacco smoke Tobacco products
Asbestos Insulation, acoustic material, floor tiles
Allergens Pet dander, dust, pollen
Pathogens Mold, bacteria
Vapors and Gases
Carbon monoxide Combustion products from grills,
kerosene heaters, vehicle exhaustNitrogen oxides
Volatile Organic
Compounds (VOCs)
Formaldehyde Many building products such as
plywood, fabrics, insulation, furniture,
combustion, etc.
Benzene Photocopying material, office supplies,
cosmetic products, paints, cleaning
products, tobacco smoke, etc.Toulene
Phenols
Ammonia
Alcohols
P i id