Indonesian Youth Values and Corruption: A Descriptive StudyPaper Youth Values and Corruption

1st NCBMA (UniversitasPelitaHarapan, Indonesia)

“Bridging The Gap Between Theory and Practice”

19 March 2015, Tangerang.

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INDONESIAN YOUTH VALUES AND CORRUPTION: A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY

Sabrina O. Sihombing1)

, Rudy Pramono2)

1)FakultasEkonomiUniversitasPelitaHarapan Tangerang 2)LPPMUniversitasPelitaHarapan Tangerang

1)e-mail: [email protected]

2)e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

The concept of value is an important concept for many disciplines such as psychology, sociology,

consumer behavior, and others. Values are principle foundation of the people behavior. Specifically, values

provide guidelines to live in and how to behave in a society. Many researches have conducted to predict the

relationship between values and behavior. However, little research has been devoted to understand current

Indonesian youth values. One research conducted by Sihombing (2014) found 9 dimensions of Indonesian youth

values: mutual assistance, religion, democracy, kinship, hospitality, western culture, religious fanaticism,

selfish, and corruption.Corruption is the most problem that Indonesian people face nowadays. Moreover,

corruption increase highly and complicated. Not only that, corruption in Indonesia is like evolution and

regeneration.

Youth is one of the greatest assets of any nations as agent of change. Specifically, youth have

important roles in fighting corruption. This study aims to explore why some Indonesian youth hold corruption

as their values by understanding one important factor, i.e. mass media, which affects youth values. This study

also proposes a model that describes the relationship between mass media, youth values, and life style.

Keywords: Youth Values, Corruption, Life Style, Mass Media.

I. Introduction

Understanding and predicting people

behaviors are always attract researchers in

many disciplines. Many factors are

believed to influence people’s behaviors.

Those factors can be divided into external

(e.g., culture, reference groups,

demographic, and others) and internal

factors (e.g., motivation, perception,

attitude, and others). One important factor

that leads people to behave is their

personal values (Blackwell et al., 2006;

Vinson et al., 1977; Rose, 1956). Values

are beliefs about life and acceptable

behavior (Blackwell et al., 2006).It is a

guiding principle ofpeople’s livesin a

society (Blackwell et al., 2006).

Extensive research has been conducted to

understand the influence of value on

people behavior. For example, values

influence people’s behaviors in decision

making (e.g., Karacaeret al., 2009;

Fritzshe& Oz, 2007; Fritzshe, 1995;Badret

al.,1982), political choice (e.g., Schwartzet

al., 2010; Capraraet al., 2006), public

opinion (Kilburn, 2009), knowledge

transfer (e.g., Ardichviliet al., 2006;

Hawkie, 2006), conflict management

strategy (Kaushal&Kwantes, 2006),

education (e.g., Manikuttyet al., 2007;

Demmert, 2005; Hwang et al., 2003; Lin

et al., 2002; Yoo&Donthu, 2002),

economic (Guisoet al., 2006), adoption of

innovation (Singh, 2006), purchase

behavior (Mueller et al., 2011;

Davis&Lindridge, 2008; Kacen&Lee,

2002), post-purchase behavior

(Tsoukatos&Rand, 2007), and other

people behavior.

A few researches have been conducted to

understand current youth values, especially

in Indonesian context. On the other hand,

understanding youth values are important

for several reasons. First, the future of the

nation will be shaped by its youth. Youth




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is one of the greatest assets of any nation

that will whether determine a nation can be

a great or worst one. Youth is the main

source of future leaders in many parts such

as economics and social politics. Second,

youth play important role as agent of

change such as agents of behavioral

change in society with their constructive

ideas. The importance of youth was

pointed out by Soekarno, founding father

of Indonesia, stated that “A thousand of

old men are just able to dream, but a

young man is able to change the world!”

A study conducted by Sihombing (2014)

found that Indonesian youth hold current

values such as mutual assistance, religion,

democracy, kinship, and hospitality.

However, that study also found that

western culture, religious fanaticism,

selfish, and corruption are also parts of

non-positive current values of Indonesian

youth. Therefore, this paper aims to

describe youth values especially in

focusing youth values and corruption as

corruption is one of major problems faced

by Indonesian people for a long time. The

objective of this study is to describe the

relationship between mass media, youth

values, and life style.

II. Literature review

Values

Value is a word perceived differently

varies by many people. Some people may

think that value is associated with

numbers. Some people may refer value as

related to price and quality while others

may refer value as a standard of judging

something such as judging self and others

behaviors.

Value is a central concept in the social

sciences and has been employed across all

social science disciplines such as

anthropology, sociology, political science,

organizational behavior, marketing,

consumer behavior, and others (Schwartz,

2006; Vinson et al., 1977). The term value

is a generic one and has a number of

definitions (Fritzshe & Oz, 2007; Rohan,

2000; Rokeach& Ball-Rokeach, 1989).It

can be stated that no consensus in the

literature about the definition of value

(Gursoy et al., 2013; Narasimhanet al.,

2010; Lan et al., 2009; Lombaert, 2003;

Meglino&Raylin, 1998).This research

applies personal values as personal beliefs

that guide the way people to select actions,

evaluate people and events, and explain

their actions and evaluations (Schwartz,

1999).

As a personal beliefs, values are an

integral part of human life (Yuan & Dong,

2006; Klamer, 2003). Human being is a

social animal, therefore value is the core

element in socialization process which

guides people to live in a society in a

normal and acceptable behavior (Yuan &

Dong, 2006; Blackwell et al., 2006).

Furthermore, value is an indicator for

human practice which provides an internal

reference to select and justify behavior

(Yuan & Dong, 2006; Fraj & Martinez,

2006).

Values are beliefs about what is ‘desirable

and undesirable’, ‘right and wrong’,

‘acceptable and unacceptable’, and ‘good

and bad’ (Okafor, 2014; Gursoy et al.,

2013).Schwartz (2006) identifies six main

important features of values. Those

features are as follows:(1) values are

beliefs linked inextricably to affect, (2)

values refer to desirable goals that motivate

action, (3) values transcend specific actions

and situations, (4) values serve as standards

to guide the selection or evaluation of

behavior, people, and, (5) values are

ordered by importance relative to one

another, and (6) the relative importance of

multiple values guides action.These six

features show that values as desirable,

trans-situational goals, varying in




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importance,that provide a guiding

principles in people’s lives.

Value is one core element of culture

(Yuan& Dong, 2006). Therefore, different

cultures will provide different values

(Evans et al., 2009; Yuan & Dong, 2006).

For instance, Western values tend to hold

an independent view of the self that

emphasize in uniqueness of individuals

and separateness. On the other hand, non-

western values are more interdependent

which stresses on connectedness and

relationship (Evans et al., 2009). Table 1

provides values differences for several

countries.

Table 1. Values differences

Country Values

United Kingdom*

France*

Italy*

Spain*

Germany*

America**

Australia***

China****

Thailand*****

Malaysia*****

Indonesia******

singularity, difficult to express feelings, not tactile

search for quality of life/well being

religious idealism, community, curiosity

human interaction, sharing, harmony

tangible reality, concrete pleasure

achievement and success, activity, efficiency and practicality,

progress, material comfort, individualism, freedom, external

conformity, humanitarianism, youthfulness, fitness and health

respect for democracy, s strong sense of justice, a sense of fairness,

tolerance, care for others, a powerful sense of egalitarianism, a less

selfish society, freedom of self-determination

family orientation, guanxi, yuan, mianzi, renqing, reciprocity

ego orientation, grateful relationship orientation, smooth interpersonal

relation orientation, flexibility adjustment orientation, religiosity

orientation, education competence orientation, interdependence

orientation, fun-leisure orientation, achievement-task orientation

valuing time, perseverance, pleasure of working, dignity of simplicity,

character, kindness, influence of examples, obligation of duty,

wisdom of economy, patience, improvement of talent, joy of

originating

mutual assistance, religiosity, hospitality, harmony,democracy,

religious fanaticism, individualism Sources: * Evans et al., (2009) **Schiffman and Kanuk (2010,*** Blackwell et al. (2006), ****Sian et al.

(2007),******Komin (1995, in Rachman, 2007),*** ***Sihombing (2013)




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Generation and personal values

Generation is one element of national

subculture that reflects common

characteristics

ofagroupofindividuals,mostofwhomarethes

ameapproximateage,havingsimilarideas,

problems, attitudes, and values (Egri&

Ralston, 2004). Each generation is shaped

by different social experiences in their

formative years (Sun & Wang, 2010).

Understanding generation is important

because generation reflects the

evolutionary process of culture change.

Specifically, generation reflects values

emphasized during a particular period (Sun

& Wang, 2010; Egri& Ralston, 2004).

There are several generation types

(traditionalists, baby boomers, generation

X, generation Y, generation Z)

(www.wmfc.org). Traditionalist are people

who born before 1946, baby boomers

refers to people who born in 1946 – 1964,

and generation X covers people born

between the mid 1960’s and the early

1980’s. Furthermore, generation Y covers

people born between the 1980’s and the

year 2000, and generation Z is the

generation of children born after the Year

2000.

Each generations has distinct values

(Gursoy et al., 2013; Sun & Yang, 2010).

Specifically, each generation has its own

influences that affect their personal values.

This study focus on generation Y because

this generation represent youth. Youth is

defined as people with their age between

15-30 years old (www.ti.or.id). Table 1

shows characteristics of generation Y.

Table 1. Characteristics of generation Y and Z

Generation Y

(Echo boomers, Millennials, Why

Generation, Net Generation, Gen Wired,

We Generation, DotNet, Ne(x)t

Generation, Nexters, First Globals, iPod

Generation, iYGeneration)

Birth years

Current age

View of technology

Communications media

Major influences

Money is...

1981 – 2000

15 – 34

Employ it

Internet

Picture phones

E-mail

Music

Media & sport stars

Grunge

Today’s payoff




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Formative experiences

Core values

Globalization

Internet access made available

World Trade Center, Pentagon attacked

Achievement

Avoid consumers

Civic duty

Confidence

Diversity

Extreme fun

High morals

High tolerant

Hotly competitive

Like personal attention

Socialability

Members of global community

Extremely techno savvy

Extremely spiritual

Now!

Optimism

Realism

Street smarts Source:www.wmfc.org (2015), Gaylor (2014), Williams et al. (2010)

The table shows that generation Y is raised

and playing with technology. Specifically,

internet is one main technology that many

youth cannot live without. They are almost

24 hours connected to technology

especially their smartphone and computer.

They are becoming depended on their

smart phones, instant messaging, e-mails,

and many other interactive social media.

Many youth seem to have more activities

in the digital world rather than in the real

world. As a result, youth have different

values compares to other population

segments such as the adults and the elders.

Indonesian youth values and corruption

A study about current Indonesian youth

values has been conducted by Sihombing

in 2014. The findings of that research

showed that there were 9 dimensions of

Indonesian youth values: mutual

assistance, religion, democracy, kinship,

hospitality, corruption, western culture,

religious fanaticism, and selfish. It can be

stated that the results revealed two types of

values: positive and negative values.

Corruption is one non-positive Indonesian

youth values. Corruption is a global

pervasive phenomenon (Hodgson & Jiang,

2007; Cameron et al., 2005). Furthermore,

Cameron et al. (2005) also pointed out that

corruption is a troubling phenomenon in

many developing countries because of its

negative impact on economic growth.

Corruption is defined as the abuse of

public office for private gain (Drury et al.,

2006). The term corruption covers a broad

range of human actions including bribery,

nepotism, theft, and many other

misappropriate behavior (Drury et al.,

2006).

Corruption is one word that daily appears

in many mass media in

Indonesia.Specifically, corruption cases in

many areas in Indonesia appears daily. Not

only that, daily news is about many

http://www.wmfc.org/




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formergovernmentofficialssuch

asformerministers, governors, regents,

mayors and others imprisoneddue to

corruption.Corruption flourishes in

Indonesia and there is no sanction from

Indonesian government and society to

punish corruptor to make them afraid.

Corruptor still can do anything they like

from the prison such as having a special

places to live and going outside the prison

with for personal reasons.

Corruption in Indonesia has become a

systemic phenomenon and deeply rooted

as socio-political problem rooted.

Corruption is not only in urban areas but

also in rural areas and looks “normal” in

people daily life. Corruption activities

include “petty corruption” (i.e.,

thecorruptions which are done on the small

scale) to systematic corruption. Corruption

also include people in many range of age.

Specifically, Indonesian corruptors are

becoming younger. In one decade ago,

corruptor in Indonesia are about 45-50

years old. However, Indonesian corruptors

nowadays are people with younger age

such as Nazarudin and Angelina Sondakh

from Democrat Party and FadhRafiq from

Golkar Party. Those young politicians

were in their age of 27 to 35 when they

were arrested (Kompas, 2013). It can be

stated that corruption has evolved and

regenerated.

It can be understood when Indonesian

youth hold corruption has their non

positive values. This is because Indonesia

is known as being a corrupt country. A

report about corruption in many countries,

i.e. Corruption Perception Index, shows

that Indonesia is a corrupt country. The

CPI scores and ranks countries based on

how corrupt a country’s public sector is

perceived to be. The CPI is the most

widely used indicator of corruption

worldwide (www.transparency.org, 2015).

CPI report uses score from 0 – 100. The

value of 0 means that a country is

perceived as highly corrupt and a 100

means that a country is perceived as very

clean. Furthermore, a country's rank

indicates its position relative to the other

countries included in the index. CPI score

for Indonesia is 32 in 2012 dan 2013.

Though the score increases to 34 for

Indonesia in 2014, still the score indicates

that Indonesia is corrupt country. The table

shows that Singapore is the most clean

country especially in Asean regions.

Table 2. CPI scores (2012-2014)

Country CPI

Score

(2012)

Rank CPI

Score

(2013)

Rank CPI

Score

(2014)

Rank

Singapore

Brunei Darussalam

Malaysia

Thailand

Philippina

Indonesia

Vietnam

Myanmar

87

55

49

37

34

32

31

15

5

46

54

88

108

118

123

172

86

60

50

35

36

32

31

21

5

38

53

102

94

114

116

157

84

NA

52

38

38

34

31

21

7

NA

50

85

85

107

119

156 Source: www.transparency.org(2015)

Other reports show how corruption is

being perceived by Indonesian youth

(Table 3). According to those reports,

corruption is being perceived by youth as

domestic problems. In other words, youth

assess corruption as problems in

http://www.transparency.org/

http://www.transparency.org/




1073

themselves, family, and friends. They do

not refer corruption as public problems

(e.g., bussiness, economic, and country

development). Three reports show below

how youth deals with corruption and their

attitude toward “grey conditions”.

Table 3. Youth Perception toward Corruption

Youth Integrity Survey

(2012)

Youth Perception

toward Integrity and

Corruption

(2013)

Youth Perception

toward Corruption

(2014)

City

Sample size

Results

Jakarta

1012 (16-30 years old)

Youth experienced with

corruption when:

1. Avoiding police

ticketed

2. Applying for a

document/permit

(i.e., driving

licenci, )

3. Passing an exam

When there is a “grey”

condition, there is a

permissive tendency from

respondents towards those

attitudes:

1. 30% of youths

consider the

willingness to break

the law when it is a

form of solidarity

and support for

family and friends as

the characteristic

ofintegrity.

2. 50% of youth

consider lying or

cheating is still an

attitude of integrity when

it is done in a costly

situation for him/her.

Almost half of

respondents (47%) not

make reports when they

confronted with corrupt

Aceh, Kupang, Surabaya

1556 (15-30 years old)

Youth experienced with

corruption when:

1. Avoiding police

ticketed

2. Applying for a job

3. Applying for a

document/permit

4. Bribery to make

business well

Youth in these three cities

understand about integrity

practices. However, they

are willing to compromise

their integrity when they

are faced with four main

situations above.

Jakarta

933 (17-21 years

old)

85% of youth

perceived coruption

in Indonesia was

worst compared to

2013.

Youth believes that

money is important

factor that can make

many things easier.

Youth do not make

reports when they

confronted with

corrupt act because

(1) reports on

corruption are not

effective and (2)

afraid that there will

be negative effects to

them.




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act. Two major reasons

are : (1) “not my

business” and (2) reports

on corruption are not

effective. Source: Transparency International Indonesia (2013)

The table above shows that two activities

that youthmost deal with corruption. First,

they prefer to chose “damai” (“peace”, i.e.

giving money to police to avoid fine) with

thepolice when they have problems with

their (usually) motorcycle, such as not

bring the driver licence and not using

helmet. Second, they agree to give extra

money when they try to have permits or

documents such as driving licence and

other documents. This two main activities

lead to youth perception that worse

national administration offices are offices

relate to document services such as

driving licence, passport, and others

(Transparency International Indonesia,

2013). The table above also shows that

what is worrying is that despite knowing

corruption is wrong, many youths believe

they need to compromise their values to

succeed.

Youth deals with corruption in their daily

lives. They read, see, and hear about

corruption almost everyday from internet,

news paper, television, and others.

Moreover, some Indonesian youth have

experience with corruption.It appears that

corruption is becoming a value because

many people deal with corruption. It seems

that corruption is not a “big” problem for

their daily lives. People more tolerance

toward corruption that leads youth and

other people more permissive toward

corruption activities and corruptor

(www.tempo.co).

Almost there is no severe punishment for

corruptors in Indonesia. There is no heavy

social sanction toward corruptor and their

families. Mass media shows that corruptor

live in “special” place in theprison. They

have facilities better than other common

prisoners. Not only that, some corruptors

can continue their master degree from

prison (Firdaus, 2014).

Mass media

Mass media is any form of communication

that simultaneously reach a large number

of people, including but not limited to

radio, television, newspapers, magazines,

billboards, films, books, and the internet

(Okafor, 2014). Mass media can be

divided in two types: traditional and new

media. Traditional media consists of

channels where all receivers receive the

same one-way messages from sender. On

the other hand, new media are online

channels, social networks, and mobile

electronic devices (Schiffman &

Wisenblit, 2015).

Mass media plays a significant role in

people’s daily lives, especially in the

acquisition of information and knowledge.

In related with youth, internet is an

integral part of everyday life for

generation Y obtain information and

knowledge.Social media is a form of

Internet-based applications that that allow

the creation and exchange of user-

generated content. However, social media

may exposes lots of things that influences

their personal values, attitudes, and

behaviors. Specifically, social media is a

major media that provides sources such as

‘good-bad’ things through blogs,

discussion boards and forums, and other

social networking sites. In other words,

internet is a source for many things that

related to pro-social and antisocial values.

When antisocial values such as corruption

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User-generated_content

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User-generated_content




1075

and fanaticism are more exposed to youth,

the more likely youth is to accept those

antisocial values as their personal values,

especially when family members of youth

being apart from each other in their daily

lives. Several researches show the

significant relationship between mass

media exposure and youth values (e.g.,

Austruma, 2012; Richards, 2010; Byfield,

2002).

Life style

Lifestyle isa pattern of consumption that

reflects a person’s choices of how to spend

his/her time and money (Solomon,

2013:493). Lifestyle relate closely to

people’s values. Specifically, lifestyle isa

symbolize of values (Austruma, 2012).

Furthermore, person’s values represent

internal states or characteristics whereas

lifestyle is behavior manifestation that

reflects a person’s activities, interests, and

opinions (AIOs) (Hoyer et al., 2010).

There are three main characteristics of

lifestyle (Sathish&Rajamohan, 2012).

First, lifestyle is a group phenomenon. A

person’s lifestyle exhibits the influence of

his/her participation in social groups and

of his/her relationships with others.

Second, lifestyle reflects a central life of

interest. Third, lifestyles vary according

demographic and psychological variables.

These characteristics of lifestyle are based

on people’s values. The relationship

between personal values and lifestyle has

been found significant in several

researches (e.g., Nowak, 2013; Pang et al.,

2013; Fraj & Martinez, 2006; Brunso et

al., 2004).

A proposed research model

Personal values lead people to behave in

accordance with their beliefs. Values are

shaped by family, society, mass media,

and others. Mass media is one influential

factor that shaped and formed youth

values. Those values then are represented

in youth lifestyle. The relationship

between mass media, youth values, and

youth lifestyle is shown in Figure 1 as

follows.

Figure 1. The relationship between mass media, youth values, and youth lifestyle

P1 P2

P3

Source: developed for this study (2015)

Proposition 1: there is a significant

relationship between mass media and

youth values.


relationship between youth values and

youth lifestyle.


relationship between mass media and

youth lifestyle

III. Conclusion

Youth is the greatest assest of many

nation. The future of the nation is shaped

by its youth. Furthermore, youth can

change the world. Therefore, youth should

have positive personal values that lead

them to behave positively and

appropriately in a society. Personal

positive values are foundation to develop a

great nation. However, some Indonesian

youth hold non positive values such as

Mass Media Youth Values Youth Lifestyle




1076

corruption and religious fanaticism. These

values can be shaped by mass media as

corruption is as one main topic that appear

daily in mass media.

Corruption is a major problem that faced

by Indonesian for decades (Robertson-

Snape, 1999). Corruption destroy value

system in a nation. Indonesian people

seem becoming tolerance toward

corruption activities and corruptor.

Therefore, value reorientation should be

done to emphasize of national values such

as hard work and mutual assistance among

Indonesian people especially the youth.

Specifically, efforts must be made to

ensure that corruption is not a common

part of Indonesian values. Therefore, three

main factors in reducing corruption, i.e.,

preventif factor (i.e., anti corruption),

action (repressive toward corruption) and

community participation, are responsibility

for all Indonesian people including

government, family, community, and

ourselves.Furthermore, youth should take

place as agent of changes in fighting

against corruption.

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