Indo-Aryan Migrants
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Transcript of Indo-Aryan Migrants
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Indo-Aryan MigrantsIndus Valley
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The Migration 1750 B.C.- Indo-
European tribes crossed the Hindu Kush Mountains came for rich pasture land
• Vedas- Indo-Aryan works of religious literature written in Sanskrit
• From 1500 B.C. to 1000 B.C. is known as the Vedic Age
• Brahmins- Priests of the Vedic faith
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The Vedas• Rig-Veda consists of 1028
hymns dedicated to the Aryan gods
• Gods mentioned in the Vedas identified with natural elements (fire, rain, sun, etc.)
• New stories created in the Epic Age (1,000 to 600 B.C.)
• Mahabharata, which contains the Bhagavad Gita, and Ramayana were created during the Epic Age
Indra, god of Thunder
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Society• Settlements
formed small states led by rajas- military leaders, lawmakers, and judges
• Lighter skinned Aryans were at top of social order, darker natives at the bottom
• Warriors and later priests were at the top
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Caste System• Caste system-
complex form of social organization
• Divided into four varnas or social classes
• Top-rulers and warriors
• Second-Brahmins and scholars (Brahmins eventually become first)
• Third-merchants, farmers
• Fourth-peasants
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A Fifth Class• Pariahs or
“untouchables”• Could only do unclean
jobs like skinning animals and preparing the dead for burial
• Untouchables have designated wells, streets, homes and have NO contact with other castes
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Society• Rules in the Vedas
governed and limited marriage among the social orders
• Usually arranged marriages
• Marriage by purchase or capture or marriage of love were permitted
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Traditional Indian Wedding
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Economy• Irrigation was used
for growing rice• Bartered until
around 500 B.C. when coins began to be used
• Poor transportation hindered long-term continuous trade
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Southern India• Unification between
northern and southern India was difficult due to geography
• Society was divided into diverse social groups
• Most were farmers• Made contact with
Southeast Asia through trade
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Hind
uis
m
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Origins• 700 B.C.- religious
thinkers questioned Brahmin authority, traveled teaching their message
• Teachings collected into the Upanishads- explanations of Vedic religion
• Part of the teachings is called the Bhagavad Gita, most famous Hindu Scripture
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Hindu Religion• Divine essence called
Brahman fills everything in the world
• People have individual essence- Self or Attman
• Brahman and Attman are one in the same
• All things in the universe share the same essence as God
• Monism- unity between God and creation
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Salvation• The world we see is
an illusion called maya
• Those who believe the illusion is real, cannot be saved
• It may take many lifetimes to reject maya- reincarnation (soul is reborn over and over)
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What Goes Around…• Dharma-doing one’s
moral duty so the soul can advance to next life; Hindus refer to their faith as dharma, the moral path
• Karma-the good or bad force created by a person’s action
• Nirvana-perfect peace; the soul unites with Brahman
Not this Nirvana
This Nirvana
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Hindu Gods• Brahma-creator• Vishnu-preserver• Siva-destroyer• Original gods of
nature were changed to represent more abstract ideas, ex. Varuna
• Spirits of trees, animals, people, but all part of Brahman
• Polytheistic• Gurus- Hindu leaders
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Vishnu Child
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Other Hindu Work• Dancing Shiva:
page 58 in book• Kamasutra
written in the 4th century and referred to as “Laws of love”
• Intended to improve closeness and spirituality between husbands and wives
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Practices• Yoga
• Festivals• Cows viewed as
sacred because the provided power for plows and milk and butter
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Buddhism
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Origins• Founder-Siddhartha
Gautama became known as the Buddha, “The Enlightened One”
• Born 563 B.C. in Northern India
• Left palace at 29 and was shocked at the harshness of everyday life
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Great Renunciation• Left family and
home to attain truth
• After six years, while meditating under a tree, Siddhartha felt he understood the truth of life.
• Became the Buddha
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Teachings• Kept reincarnation and
other Hindu beliefs (Dharma, karma and nirvana)
• Salvation-knowing the “Four Noble Truths” and following the “Eightfold Path”
• Ethics, selflessness• Desire causes suffering• No gods; priests live
morally and in poverty
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Four Noble Truths• All human life
involves suffering• The desire for
pleasure and material gain causes suffering and sorrow
• Renouncing desire frees people from suffering and helps souls attain nirvana
• The Eightfold Path leads to denial of desire and attainment of nirvana
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Eightfold Path• Right Views-seeing life as it really is
• Right intentions-living a life of good will; striving toward perfection
• Right speech-avoiding lies and gossip• Right action-trying to be law-abiding and honest• Right living-avoiding work that harms others• Right effort-seeking to prevent evil• Right mindfulness-constant awareness of one’s
self• Right concentration-directing the mind in
meditation
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Spread of Buddhism
• Few followers during his lifetime but spread through missionary efforts
• Two branches: • Theravada-maintains traditional Buddhist
teachings, believe that Buddha was a great teacher (Burma, now Myanmar; Siam, now Thailand; Ceylon, now Sri Lanka)
• Mahayana-more elaborate ceremonies and believe that Buddha was a god and savior (China, Vietnam, Korea, and Japan)
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