Indian WarsChapter 20

Essential Question:

How did the Civil War and Reconstruction affect relationships between American Indians and settlers in Texas?

Settlements Under Attack-many settlements were left unguarded because men left to fight in the Civil

War

-Indians tried to stop westward expansion

-after war was over, federal troops tried to protect frontier and several peace treaties failed

-as settlers continued to move west, attacks continued

-as attacks continued, frontier line began moving back

east (instead of west)

-Quakers were appointed to act as agents (believed in non-violence) and tried to help Indians to make a living by farming but Indians still went hungry due to poor soil for farming and lack of supplies

Chapter 20 Section 2

Essential Question: How did life change for the Plains Indians on reservations?

:

Reservation Life-Indians began to attack settlements

-1871, Gen. Sherman was sent to investigate Texans’ complaints

-Sherman had Indian leaders arrested and sentenced to death-Lawrie Tatum, a Quaker Indian agent, feared this would cause problems

-Indian leaders then sentenced to life, and released on parole

U.S. Response to Indian Attacks

-U.S. war dept. planned attacks on Indians who refused to stay on reservations

-Col. Ranald Mackenzie led a campaign against Comanche group led by Quanah Parker

-Parker tried to rescue Comanche prisoners but was unsuccessful

-many Comanche abandoned life on the plains and moved back onto Indian reservations

Other Threats to Indian Way of Life

- As railroad companies built lines across the Great Plains, hunters killed 100s of buffalos to feed RR crews

-railroads made it easier

to ship buffalo hides

across country which led

to the beginning of the

buffalo hide industry in 1871

CHAPTER 20 SECTION 3 AND 4

Essential Question:

How did the buffalo hunters affect the Indians?

INDIAN’S RESPONSE

-Quanah Parker and other Indian leaders led a warto drive out buffalo huntersin 1874

-Indians began a widespread

attack in surrounding states

as well.

U.S. vs. Native Americans

-army began a major offensive known as the Red River War

-3000 troops and Texas Rangers fought against Indians

- Indians had no choice but to move back onto reservations

Fighting in other areas

-Apache began attacking Texas from Mexico

-U.S. Army ordered more troops to the Rio Grande

-many African American troops called Buffalo Soldiers

-raids did not stop till Mexican army began to help

Effect on Native Americans-Indians had to give up traditional way of life…buffalo hunting

-forced to learn how to farm

-had poor land, no farming experience, few supplies which caused them to face starvation

-federal government banned religious Indian practices

-many held their ceremonies in secret

-many Indians continued to speak their language as well as English

-Indians worked to preserve their customs, myths, and styles of dress despite the government’s efforts to eliminate them

-by the 1880s the Indian population had been greatly reduced

-many had been killed or moved out of state

-this opened land for farming and ranching for settlers

-settlers quickly moved onto lands Indians called home for 100s of years