Indian Experience of Road Safety Audits
Transcript of Indian Experience of Road Safety Audits
Indian Experience of Road Indian Experience of Road Safety AuditsSafety Audits
byby
R K R K BajpaiBajpai
CCentral entral RRoad oad RResearch esearch IInstitutenstitute
New DelhiNew Delhi
byby
Road Safety Audit Is a Road Safety Audit Is a Positive ProcessPositive Process
►►Road safety audit Road safety audit –– the earlier, the the earlier, the better better –– safer, cheapersafer, cheaper
►►Road safety audit may be the only Road safety audit may be the only time that road safety is explicitly time that road safety is explicitly considered in a project.considered in a project.
Road Safety Audit Is a Road Safety Audit Is a Positive ProcessPositive Process
►►Road safety audits are a small part of Road safety audits are a small part of the design cost (1the design cost (1--2% of total design 2% of total design costs)costs)costs)costs)
►►Road safety audits offer great Road safety audits offer great benefits … First year Rate of Return benefits … First year Rate of Return of 120% if audit recommendations of 120% if audit recommendations had been followed.had been followed.
Initial StepsInitial Steps
►►Manual for Safety in Road Design for Manual for Safety in Road Design for Highway Engineers (MORTH Highway Engineers (MORTH -- 1998)1998)
►►Manual for Road Safety Audit Manual for Road Safety Audit
(MORTH (MORTH -- 2003) 2003) (MORTH (MORTH -- 2003) 2003)
Design Stage AuditsDesign Stage Audits
►►NHNH--2 Agra2 Agra––Dhanbad (NHAI)Dhanbad (NHAI)
►►NHNH--28 Lucknow28 Lucknow--Muzaffarpur (NHAI)Muzaffarpur (NHAI)
►►NHNH--3 near Indore (SMEC)3 near Indore (SMEC)
Chittorgarh Bypass (NHAI)Chittorgarh Bypass (NHAI)►►Chittorgarh Bypass (NHAI)Chittorgarh Bypass (NHAI)
PrePre--opening Stage Auditsopening Stage Audits
►►NHNH--3 Bypass near Indore (SMEC)3 Bypass near Indore (SMEC)
►►DND Flyway (NTBC)DND Flyway (NTBC)
Operational Stage AuditsOperational Stage Audits
►►Mumbai Mumbai PunePune Expressway (MSRDC)Expressway (MSRDC)
►►Western Transport Corridor (NHAI)Western Transport Corridor (NHAI)
►►DelhiDelhi--GurgaonGurgaon Access Controlled Access Controlled NHNH--8 Section (NHAI)8 Section (NHAI)NHNH--8 Section (NHAI)8 Section (NHAI)
►►NHNH--4 and NH4 and NH--7 near Bangalore 7 near Bangalore (NHAI)(NHAI)
NH 2 Road Safety AuditNH 2 Road Safety AuditGeneral ItemsGeneral Items
►►Safety Culture In IndiaSafety Culture In India
►►Detail Design DrawingsDetail Design Drawings►►Detail Design DrawingsDetail Design Drawings
►►EmbankmentsEmbankments
►►Safety BarriersSafety Barriers
Safety Culture in IndiaSafety Culture in India
►►Fatality Rate 6 times UKFatality Rate 6 times UK
►►More People Die in India than any other More People Die in India than any other
country country country country
Safety Culture in IndiaSafety Culture in India
►►Drivers Poorly DisciplinedDrivers Poorly Disciplined
►►Traffic Mix of Motor Vehicles, NMVs, Traffic Mix of Motor Vehicles, NMVs,
Pedestrians & Animals Pedestrians & Animals
►► Big Speed DifferentialsBig Speed Differentials
Safety Culture in IndiaSafety Culture in IndiaBAD NEWSBAD NEWS
►►Poorly Maintained RoadsPoorly Maintained Roads
►►EncroachmentEncroachment
►►Ribbon DevelopmentRibbon Development►►Ribbon DevelopmentRibbon Development
►►Too Many AccessesToo Many Accesses
►►Poor Traffic EngineeringPoor Traffic Engineering
►►Lack of Design for Vulnerable Road UsersLack of Design for Vulnerable Road Users
Safety Culture in IndiaSafety Culture in IndiaBAD NEWSBAD NEWS
►►Lack of Enforcement on Rural Roads Lack of Enforcement on Rural Roads
►►Limited Road Safety EducationLimited Road Safety Education
►►Difficult Weather ConditionsDifficult Weather Conditions
Safety Culture in IndiaSafety Culture in IndiaGOOD NEWSGOOD NEWS
►►Growing Awareness of Importance of Road Growing Awareness of Importance of Road SafetySafety
MOST Road Safety ManualMOST Road Safety Manual►►MOST Road Safety ManualMOST Road Safety Manual
►►World Bank InitiativesWorld Bank Initiatives
►►GRSP BangaloreGRSP Bangalore
►►NHAI Rehabilitation ProgrammeNHAI Rehabilitation Programme
Safety Culture in IndiaSafety Culture in IndiaGOOD NEWSGOOD NEWS
►►Modern Standards of DesignModern Standards of Design
►►Modern Standards of ConstructionModern Standards of Construction
►►Corridor ManagementCorridor Management
►► NHAI Rehabilitation ProgrammeNHAI Rehabilitation Programme
Safety Culture in IndiaSafety Culture in IndiaBAD NEWSBAD NEWS
NH2NH2
►►Increase in VehiclesIncrease in Vehicles
►►Same mix of TrafficSame mix of Traffic►►Same mix of TrafficSame mix of Traffic
►►Increase in Top SpeedsIncrease in Top Speeds
►►Increase in Accidents?Increase in Accidents?
►►Increase in Severity?Increase in Severity?
►►Problems at CommunitiesProblems at Communities
Safety Culture in IndiaSafety Culture in IndiaRECOMMENDATIONSRECOMMENDATIONS
NH2NH2
►► Liaison with CommunitiesLiaison with Communities►► Liaison with CommunitiesLiaison with Communities
►► Education & PublicityEducation & Publicity
►► Traffic CalmingTraffic Calming
►► Targeted EnforcementTargeted Enforcement
Safety Culture in IndiaSafety Culture in IndiaRECOMMENDATIONSRECOMMENDATIONS
NH2 CORRIDOR MANAGEMENTNH2 CORRIDOR MANAGEMENT
►►Increased MaintenanceIncreased Maintenance
►►Increased Traffic PoliceIncreased Traffic Police
►►Control of Control of
Ribbon DevelopmentRibbon Development
EncroachmentEncroachment
AccessesAccesses
Detailed Design DrawingsDetailed Design Drawings
►► 15 Different Sections15 Different Sections
►► 5 Different Teams of Consultants5 Different Teams of Consultants
Lack of UniformityLack of Uniformity
Specific ProblemsSpecific Problems
Detailed Design DrawingsDetailed Design Drawings
Specific ProblemsSpecific Problems
►►Poor Traffic Engineering:Poor Traffic Engineering:
Major JunctionsMajor JunctionsMajor JunctionsMajor Junctions
Minor JunctionsMinor Junctions
Pedestrian FacilitiesPedestrian Facilities
TransitionsTransitions
Service RoadsService Roads
Signs & markingsSigns & markings
Detailed Design DrawingsDetailed Design Drawings
Specific ProblemsSpecific Problems
►►Inadequate Details:Inadequate Details:►►Inadequate Details:Inadequate Details:
Guard RailsGuard Rails
Construction Safety & ManagementConstruction Safety & Management
General Notes to Contractor General Notes to Contractor
EmbankmentsEmbankments
1:2 Side Slopes1:2 Side Slopes1:2 Side Slopes1:2 Side Slopes
No Guard RailsNo Guard Rails
EmbankmentsEmbankmentsRecommendationsRecommendations
1:4 Side Slopes1:4 Side Slopes
Add Guard RailsAdd Guard Rails
EdgelinesEdgelines, Warning Signs, Delineators, Warning Signs, Delineators
Guard RailsGuard Rails
Behind Kerbing (No!)Behind Kerbing (No!)Behind Kerbing (No!)Behind Kerbing (No!)
Instead of Parapets Instead of Parapets
(No!)(No!)
Guard RailsGuard Rails
Approaches to BridgesApproaches to BridgesApproaches to BridgesApproaches to Bridges
Appropriate Stiffening & ConnectionAppropriate Stiffening & Connection
Appropriate Safe EndsAppropriate Safe Ends
Adequate MaintenanceAdequate Maintenance
MORE TO FOLLOWMORE TO FOLLOW--------MORE TO FOLLOWMORE TO FOLLOW--------
Consulting Services for Road
Safety Audit
Western Transport Corridor & Western Transport Corridor &
East – West Corridor
Location PlanLocation Plan
KISHANGARH
NH-8
JAIPUR
KISHANGARH
NASIRABADNH-79A
NH-79
NH-76NH-8
MANGALWARUDAIPUR
CHITTORGARH
Package A SectionsPackage A SectionsNo.No. SectionSection NH NH
No.No.LengtLengt
hhStatus of Status of SectionSection
Stage of AuditStage of Audit
11 Delhi to Jaipur Bypass Phase IIDelhi to Jaipur Bypass Phase II 88 177.2177.2 4 lanes4 lanes Existing RoadExisting Road
22 Jaipur Bypass Phase II & Phase IJaipur Bypass Phase II & Phase I 88 47.647.6 4 /6 lanes4 /6 lanes Existing RoadExisting Road
33 Mahapura (near Jaipur) to KishangarhMahapura (near Jaipur) to Kishangarh 88 91.191.1 6 lanes6 lanes Existing RoadExisting Road
44 Kishangarh to NasirabadKishangarh to Nasirabad 79A79A 36.236.2 4 lanes4 lanes Existing RoadExisting Road
55 Nasirabad to Bhilwara Bypass JnNasirabad to Bhilwara Bypass Jn 7979 106.0106.0 4 lanes4 lanes Existing RoadExisting Road
66 Bhilwara Bypass Jn to Chittorgarh Bypass JnBhilwara Bypass Jn to Chittorgarh Bypass Jn 7979 39.039.0 4 lanes4 lanes Existing RoadExisting Road
77 Chittorgarh BypassChittorgarh Bypass 7979 29.629.6 4 lanes proposed4 lanes proposed Detailed DesignDetailed Design
88 Chittorgarh Bypass Junction to MangalwarChittorgarh Bypass Junction to Mangalwar 7676 41.041.0 4 lanes4 lanes Existing RoadExisting Road
99 Mangalwar to Udaipur Bypass JunctionMangalwar to Udaipur Bypass Junction 7676 58.258.2 4 lanes4 lanes Existing RoadExisting Road
1010 Udaipur BypassUdaipur Bypass 88 10.610.6 2 lanes2 lanes Existing RoadExisting Road
1111 Udaipur Bypass JnUdaipur Bypass Jn to Kesariajito Kesariaji 88 62.962.9 4 lanes4 lanes Existing RoadExisting Road
1212 Kesariaji to RatanpurKesariaji to Ratanpur 88 48.548.5 4 lanes4 lanes Existing RoadExisting Road
TotalTotal 747.9747.9
The Audit ProcessThe Audit Process
►► Initial drive of entire route (5 days)Initial drive of entire route (5 days)
►► Conduct detailed audit inspectionsConduct detailed audit inspections
�� Teams of three auditorsTeams of three auditors
�� Record safety issues referenced by Record safety issues referenced by kilometrekilometre postsposts�� Record safety issues referenced by Record safety issues referenced by kilometrekilometre postsposts
►► Tabulate audit findings and develop proposed actionsTabulate audit findings and develop proposed actions
►► Conduct check auditsConduct check audits
�� Review safety issues and amend as necessaryReview safety issues and amend as necessary
►► Prepare estimates and Prepare estimates and prioritiseprioritise recommendationsrecommendations
Key Findings Key Findings
►► Issue:Issue: Roadside Safety Roadside Safety –– Side SlopesSide Slopes
►► Side slopes on fill embankments are too steepSide slopes on fill embankments are too steep
►► High fill slopes not adequately shielded High fill slopes not adequately shielded –– current standard current standard of installing crash barrier when fill height exceeds 3 of installing crash barrier when fill height exceeds 3 metres is not always followedmetres is not always followedmetres is not always followedmetres is not always followed
Key Findings Key Findings
►► IssueIssue: Roadside Safety : Roadside Safety –– Open DrainsOpen Drains
►► Open drains both on the left of the roadway and in the Open drains both on the left of the roadway and in the median are common roadside hazardsmedian are common roadside hazards
►► Drains are too deep and / or have steep side slopesDrains are too deep and / or have steep side slopes
Key Findings Key Findings
►► Issue:Issue: Roadside Safety Roadside Safety –– Fixed HazardsFixed Hazards
►► Poles, trees and sign support structures too close to the Poles, trees and sign support structures too close to the edge of the roadwayedge of the roadway
►► Unshielded culvert and bridge parapetsUnshielded culvert and bridge parapets
Key FindingsKey Findings►► Issue:Issue: Crash BarriersCrash Barriers
►► Inappropriate or lack of safe end terminalsInappropriate or lack of safe end terminals
►► Unsafe transitions between WUnsafe transitions between W--beam crash barriers beam crash barriers and concrete barriers, particularly at bridge and and concrete barriers, particularly at bridge and culvert parapetsculvert parapets
►► Too many gaps in WToo many gaps in W--beam crash barriersbeam crash barriers►► Too many gaps in WToo many gaps in W--beam crash barriersbeam crash barriers
►► Delays in repairing damaged or stolen componentsDelays in repairing damaged or stolen components
Key Findings Key Findings
►► Issue:Issue: ShouldersShoulders►► Observed high incidence of Observed high incidence of
crashes involving trucks stopped crashes involving trucks stopped on the shoulderson the shoulders
►► Use of shoulders by trucks for Use of shoulders by trucks for activities for which they are not activities for which they are not intendedintendedintendedintended
►► Encroachment of parked trucks Encroachment of parked trucks into the adjacent traffic laneinto the adjacent traffic lane
►► Effective width of paved Effective width of paved shoulders reduced by Wshoulders reduced by W--beam beam crash barrierscrash barriers
Key Findings Key Findings ►► Issue:Issue: IntersectionsIntersections
►► Inadequate control at major intersections, particularly Inadequate control at major intersections, particularly in habitationsin habitations
►► Absence of sheltered right turn lanes at many Absence of sheltered right turn lanes at many locationslocations
►► Complex intersection with high number of potential Complex intersection with high number of potential conflict points, particularly where service roads existconflict points, particularly where service roads existconflict points, particularly where service roads existconflict points, particularly where service roads exist
Key Findings Key Findings
►► IssueIssue: Pedestrian Safety: Pedestrian Safety
►► Inadequate provision for Inadequate provision for pedestrians to safely cross the pedestrians to safely cross the Highway in town and villagesHighway in town and villages
►► High vehicle speeds put High vehicle speeds put pedestrians at riskpedestrians at risk
►► High vehicle speeds put High vehicle speeds put pedestrians at riskpedestrians at risk
►► Zebra crossings are ignored by Zebra crossings are ignored by driversdrivers
►► Pedestrian crossing obstructed Pedestrian crossing obstructed by crash barriers and fencingby crash barriers and fencing
►► Pedestrian crossings not Pedestrian crossings not continuous across both continuous across both carriagewayscarriageways
Key Findings & Key Findings & RecommendationsRecommendations
Urban Junction / Pedestrian
Zebra Crossing.
- May also include traffic
signals or a roundabout to
control traffic
Low profile speed reduction
device
S3
100m
Varies
S1
S2 S3
S2
S1
Kotpulti
Slow Down
- Or a speed limit sign for
the adjacent road section
Typical traffic calming treatment
Key Findings Key Findings
►► Issue:Issue: Accident Data and RecordsAccident Data and Records
►► Accident data are difficult to getAccident data are difficult to get
►► Reliability and accuracy of dataReliability and accuracy of data
are questionableare questionable
Recording format isRecording format is►► Recording format isRecording format is
inconsistentinconsistent
►► Analysis is difficultAnalysis is difficult
Other IssuesOther Issues►► Service Roads Service Roads –– TwoTwo--way service roads with narrow outer way service roads with narrow outer
separators create safety issues.separators create safety issues.►► Median Openings Median Openings –– Often poorly located because of lack of Often poorly located because of lack of
planning and understanding of local movements. Can result planning and understanding of local movements. Can result in wrong way traffic movements.in wrong way traffic movements.
►► Delineation Delineation –– Not Not consideredconsidered adequate for a National adequate for a National Highway network, particularly for night time driving.Highway network, particularly for night time driving.Highway network, particularly for night time driving.Highway network, particularly for night time driving.
►► Speed Limits and Speeding Speed Limits and Speeding –– Speed limits are poorly signed Speed limits are poorly signed and there is no visible enforcement. The development of a and there is no visible enforcement. The development of a speed management strategy for National Highways is speed management strategy for National Highways is recommended.recommended.