INDIA’S SPACE ENTERPRISE – A CASE STUDY IN STRATEGIC ... · 1 india’s space enterprise – a...

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INDIA’S SPACE ENTERPRISE – A CASE STUDY IN STRATEGIC THINKING AND

PLANNING

DR K NARAYANAN ORATIONAUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

AUSTRALIA SOUTH ASIA RESEARCH CENTRECANBERRA, JULY 20, 2006

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“We cannot and ought not halt movement in the trajectories of our modern progress. Factories will and must rise, satellites must and will soar to the heavens, and dams over rivers will rise to prevent floods, generate electricity

and irrigate dry lands for cultivation. But that should not cause ecological and environmental devastation and the uprooting of human settlements, especially of tribals and the poor. Ways and methods can be found for countering the harmful impact of modern technology on the lives of the common people. I believe that the answer to the ill-effects of science and technology is not to turn our back on technology, but to have more science and technology that is directed to human needs and for the betterment of the human condition.”

Holistic Approach to Science and Technology

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Motivations for Space EnterpriseOctober 4, 1957: Launch of USSR Sputnik - New Dimensions to Cold War

January 31, 1958: Launch of US Explorer - Scientific objective with implicit goals for establishing international legal principles

November 21, 1963: Launch of first Sounding Rocket from India -sole objective of scientific research in geo-physics and astro physics

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• Extraordinary for realism and pragmatism, unique for deep insights into socio-economic context, extensive details and identification of different dimensions besides display of conviction

• Withstood test of time for over four decades

• Recognised potential of space for direct benefits to society and intangible benefits to economic development and security

• Envisaged a new culture of synergizing interdisciplinary technologies and teams

• Defined space applications for mass communication including developmental communication, resources monitoring and meteorology

• Provided for strong user linkages with emphasis on self-reliance

• Addressed organisational structures and role of humans in space

• Evaluated concepts and sharpened the vision over a period of nearly a decade with less than one percent of Indian space budget spent till 2006

India’s Space Enterprise – Vision of Dr Vikram Sarabhai

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Indian Space Systems• Began in the 60s with the establishment of Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station • Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) formed in 1969

The primary objective:• Self-reliance in space technology and evolve application programmes

to meet national developmental needs

GSLV Mk IIIGSLV

PSLV

IRS

INSAT

SROSS-C2

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INSAT-1A, 1B, IC & 1D

INSAT-2A, 2B

INSAT-2C, 2D

INSAT-2DT

INSAT-2E

INSAT-3B

GSAT-1

INSAT-3C

KALPANA-1INSAT-3A

GSAT-2INSAT-3E EDUSAT HAMSAT

INSAT-4A

INSAT-4B

GSAT-4

INSAT-4C

INSAT-4D/GSAT-5

INSAT-4E

INSAT-3D

INSAT SatellitesIndian National Satellite (INSAT) System established in 1983, is a multipurpose system for telecommunications, television

broadcasting and radio networking, meteorology and disaster warning.Mission

CompletedCurrently in Operation

Forthcoming

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INSAT ApplicationsTELECOMMUNICATIONS TV BROADCASTING SATELLITE NEWS GATHERING

AND DISSEMINATION

• More than 700 telecommunication terminals

• More than 7000 two-way speech circuits• More than 25000 VSAT terminals

• Covers over 90 per cent of the Indian Population and 65 per cent of the Indian land mass

• 28 Doordarshan TV channels and 32 private TV channels

• On the spot real-time news coverage

METEOROLOGICAL SERVICES

TELE MEDICINE TELE EDUCATION SEARCH & RESCUE

• Meteorological data for weather forecasting

• 300 Data Collection Platforms • Cyclone warning services

through 300 receivers in coastal regions

• Visible thermal infrared and, in future, Sounder

• Indian is a Member of international

• COSPAS-SARSAT Indian Mission Control Centre located at Bangalore

• Two Local User Terminals (LUTs) at Bangalore and Lucknow

• Super specialty hospitals in major cities connected to hospitals at rural and remote areas

• Configured for audio-visual medium, employing digital interactive classroom multimedia, multi-centric system

• Sustainable Distance Education Service

• School, college and higher levels of education

• Non-formal education

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Indian Remote Sensing SatellitesIndia has established the largest constellation of remote sensing

satellites providing data in a variety of spatial resolutions and spectral bands for different applications.

IRS-P3

CARTOSAT OCEAN SAT-2

RISAT

IRS-1D

OCEANSAT

TES

CARTOSAT-2IRS-1A & 1B

IRS-1C

IRS-P2

RESOURCESAT

Mission Completed

Currently in Operation

Forthcoming

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Agriculture• Crop Acreage and yield estimate for all major crops• Forecasting Agricultural Output using Space, Agro-meteorology and Land-

based Observation• 95/95 accuracy in estimates• Agricultural drought monitoring during June-Sept sessions based on

vegetation index

Wasteland Inventory• Identified 64 million hectares of wasteland in 13 categories of which 50

million hectares reclaimable• Water Logged and Saline areas mapped

Drinking water• Hydro-geomorphological maps for 10 states on 1:50,000 scale generated• Over 2,00,000 bore wells drilled with over 90% success rate• Over 7,000 water recharge structures constructed

IRS Applications

(Condt…)

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Coastal Studies • Coastal zone mapping for entire country carried out• Coastal zone regulatory maps generated • Potential fishing zone forecast issued to 287 major fish landing stations. 1.5 to

2.00 times increase in fish catch per unit effort reported

Other Applications• Disaster Management Support, Environment, Integrated Mission for

Sustainable Development, National Resources Information System, Landuse/Landcover, etc

IRS Applications (Condt…)Forest• Biennial forest survey conducted. As per year 2003 estimates, there are

• Dense forest 3,90,564 sq km • Open forest 2,87,000 sq km • Mangrove 4,461,000 sq km• Biodiversity characterization at landscape level carried out for major regions

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Space Sciences

Astronomical observatories, Giant Meter Wave RadioTelescope, National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL), etc. Balloons, Sounding Rockets and Satellite Platforms

• First scientific mission to Moon, Chandrayaan-1• ASTROSAT, a multi wavelength astronomy satellite • Participation in international scientific campaigns

UDAIPUR SOLAR OBSERVATORY

MESOSPHERE-STRATOSPHERE-TROPOSPHERE RADAR FACILITY

BALLOON EXPERIMENT

SOUNDING ROCKETSfor atmospheric research

RH-200 RH-300 RH-300 Mk II

RH-560 Mk II

ASTROSAT

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MISSION TO MOON

Chandrayaan-1Expanding scientific knowledge about the moon, upgrading India’s technological capability and providing challenging opportunities for planetary research for the

younger generation

Scientific Objective:High resolution remote sensing of the moon in visible, near infrared, low energy X-ray and high energy X-ray regions for: Preparing 3-dimensional atlas of the lunar surface Chemical mapping of entire lunar surface

Indian Scientific Terrain Mapping Camera (TMC)Payloads : Hyper-Spectral Imager (HySI)

Lunar Laser Ranging Instrument (LLRI) High Energy X-ray Spectrometer (HEX) Moon Impact Probe (MIP)

ESA Payloads: Compact Imaging X-ray Spectrometer Smart near Infrared SpectrometerAtom Reflecting Analyser

US Payloads: Miniature Synthetic Aperture Radar Moon Mineralogy Mapper

Bulgarian Payload: Radiation Dose Monitor

Spacecraft: Physical : 1.5m cuboid-shaped main body with a weight of 590 kg in lunar orbit

Mission Life : 2 years

• International collaboration

LUNAR ORBITINSERTION

MANEUVER (LOI)

FINAL ORBIT100 km

LUNAR CAPTURE1000 km

LUNAR TRANSFERTRAJECTORY (LTT)

MOON AT LAUNCH

MID-COURSECORRECTIONTRANSFER

ORBIT (GTO)

ELLIPTICALTRANSFER

ORBIT(ETO)

Mission Profile

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Antrix• Earth Observation Data and Services• Remote Sensing Satellites• Telecommunication Satellites• Launch Services• Mission Support• Consultancy and Training• Satellite Components,

Ground Systems and Other Services• Telemedicine Services

IRS International Ground Stations (IGS) Network

• Establishing symbiotic partnership with industry • Linkages with academia

• HUGHES SPACE COMMUNICATIONS • MATRA MARCONI SPACE • CNES• DLR • EADS

• BRAZILIAN INDUSTRY• SPACE IMAGING• MDA• ALENIA • RESTEC

CUSTOMER PROFILE

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Evolving Strategies

• Systematic and phased approach to building knowledge, technological capability and organizational systems to ensure efficient application of sophisticated technologies for national development.

• Three distinct phases of evolution

• Proof of concept

• End-to-end experimental systems

• Current operational systems

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Proof of Concept• The strategy adopted during the proof of concept phase was to use foreign

space systems, configuring the ground systems to suit national needs and conditions as well as working closely with the potential user community

• Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE)o Conducted during 1975-76 using US Application Technology

Satellite, ATS-6 o Largest sociological experiment ever carried out in the world. o Over 2,500 Indian villages coveredo Telecast included educational programmes on health, family

planning, agriculture, teachers training, etc

• Satellite Telecommunication Experimental Project (STEP)o Conducted during 1977-79 using Franco-German Symphonie satelliteo Telecommunication experiments conducted

• Remote Sensing Applicationso Conducted during late 70s, using US satellite, Landsato Establishment of data reception station at Hyderabado Several end-users involved o Experience of integrating space based data with conventional

aerial and ground based data

• Enabled short turn around time and low cost strategy for evaluating the concepts, the systemic issues including technologies and the institutional frameworks.

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End-to-end Experimental Systems• Identified with strategy to derive end-to-end

experience in realizing space systems as a follow-up to the proof of concept phase

• Strategy took due cognizance of the fact that space systems are inherently complex, carry high risks and are investment intensive.

• Strategy helped to create heritage in hardware, human resources, methodologies and confidence for developing operational systems

• Building of indigenous APPLE communication satellite

• Building of indigenous remote sensing satellite, Bhaskara

• Building of experimental Satellite Launch Vehicles like SLV-3 and Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV) towards Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle and Geo-synchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle

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• Unique strategies for decision making and establishing institutional frameworks

• In the early operational phase, exercised the build/buy options in establishing operational satellites communication system by deciding to procure the first generation INSATs from abroad

• Decision driven by the timeframe for indigenous system

• At the same time decision taken to build subsequent generation of satellites indigenously.

• In the case of remote sensing satellites, decided for indigenousdesign and development recognizing the peculiar needs of resource management in the country and factors arising from costand strategic considerations

• Decision was also taken to procure foreign launch services for early operational satellites considering the timeframe for development of our own launch vehicles capable of launching these satellites.

Current Operational Systems

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Strategy for Institutional framework• Institutional framework to ensure integration of space based

communication capabilities with ground based systems facilitated through creation of a structure called INSAT Coordination Committee (ICC) representing Secretaries of user departments such as Communication, Information and Broadcasting, Meteorology and Information Technology and chaired by the Head of the Space Organization.

• The counterpart of this for remote sensing was the creation of a body called National Natural Resource Management System (NNRMS) underPlanning Commission and represented by Secretaries of the line Ministries dealing with Resources Management.

• In the case of Space Science, an Advisory Committee on Space Science (ADCOS) was set up to guide in planning Space Science Missions.

• At the apex level, India’s Space Programme is overseen by Space Commission, a body reporting directly to Prime Minister and chaired by the Head of the Space Organization and with members from the highest levels of bureaucracy and eminent technocrats.

• The above organisational structures to manage the space programme have no parallel anywhere else in the world.

(Contd…)

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Strategy for Institutional frameworkORGANISATION (Contd…)

Prime Minister

Space Commission

Department of Space

ISRO

ICC

NNRMS

ADCOS

NRSA

PRL

NARL

NE-SAC

SCL

ANTRIX

VSSC

LPSC

SDSC SHAR

ISAC

SAC

MCF

RRSSCs

ISTRAC

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Strategy for Creating/Utilizing Industrial Base

• Farming out major and routine fabrication jobs to industries

• Upgrading industrial capability to compete in the technically advanced international market

• Enabled to progressively increase the strength of highly qualified professionals without increasing the size of the organization

• More than 500 large, medium and small scale industries involved

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Strategy for Decision Making

• Process spanned over four years and led to announcement by the Prime Minister on the national decision to enter the new era of planetary exploration

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Model for Space Development

Long Term Strategy• Defining operational systems.• Technology Development• Infrastructure and capacity

building• Industry development• Institutional mechanisms• Linkage with policy making

bodies / political leadership• Resource mobilisation

Need Assessment

Matching space potentials with short term goals

Defining Applications• Pilot scale • Operational scale

• Training / capacity building in ground systems and applications

• Make/ buy choices

Resource Mobilization • International cooperation-• Domestic resources

• Infrastructure build up (short term)

Evaluation, feedback for long- term goals &scale up plans

• Creating org. framework• linkage between users &

developers

ORGANISING

PLANNING

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Goals for NationalGoals for Nationaldevelopmentdevelopment

POLICY / STRATEGY EVOLUTION

Procuring or co-operative use of space segment

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Economic Aspects of Indian Space Programme

• By early 90s, all four major components of the space programme, namely, satellite communications, meteorology, earth observation and launch vehicles had entered operational stage. It was considered timely and appropriate to commission a study on economic aspects of Indian space programme through an independent professional institution

• The space expenditure of India as a percentage of Gross DomesticProduct (GDP) today is 0.09 percent. Compared to US $ 2.5 billion of Japan and US $ 1.5 billion of France, India’s current annual space budget is US $ 0.60 billion

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Methodology of Economic Asnalysis

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Conclusion - General

• Taking the international market prices as a benchmark for assessing the cost effectiveness of INSAT transponders, a detailed study on economic costing of transponders with 10% cost on capital and 5.5% discount factor on future returns, indicates 25% cost advantage compared to prevailing international prices.

• In the case of remote sensing, analysis shows that cost of Indian Remote Sensing Satellites is much lower than reported costs of similar LANDSAT and SPOT satellites.

• In the case of India’s PSLV and GSLV, the developmental cost is estimated at US $ 1.3 billion, while the corresponding figures for European Ariane-1 to Ariane-4 is around US $ 4 billion.

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Conclusion - Applications

Television• INSAT System has enabled expansion in television areas coverage from 14% in 1983 to

78% in 2005 with population coverage going up from 26% to 90%.

• Further, considering the unique geographical feature of India, satellite communications is the least-cost option for achieving 100% population coverage.

• Growth of satellite TV has also aided in the emergence of new economic activities like the manufacturing of TV sets, cable television, receiving antenna and other equipment and programme production.

• About 100,000 cable TV operators and about 35 million cable TV households in the country. The gross earnings of cable TV operators alone is nearly Rs 10 billion (250 million US $).

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Conclusion – Applications (Contd..)

Telecommunication• Example: Cost of connecting 393 remote areas currently served by INSAT by optical

fibres would be Rs 23.58 billion while the comparable cost for INSAT would be lessthan half of this cost.

• Satellite technology is also used as alternative media backup for terrestrial services, business communications (VSAT), portable terminals for disaster management, telemedicine and satellite aided search and rescue.

• In Andaman & Nicobar Islands (AN) off the eastern coast, rapid expansion of telecom since mid 90’s has facilitated the integration of AN with the main land and boosted the growth of industry, trade and tourism. Gross state domestic product has increased by 8%.

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Conclusion – Applications (Contd…)

Meteorology• Meteorological services are recognized as public goods.

• Satellite technology can considerably improve the weather prediction including identification of genesis, intensity of change and transmission of cyclone warnings.

• While about 10,000 people died in the cyclone that hit Andhra Pradesh coast in 1977 (prior to INSAT), only 817 died in the same area when a similar cyclone hit the coast in 1990 mainly because of the effectiveness of cyclone warnings system of INSAT.

• Space Meteorology information enables extension of observations to oceans and remote areas on land, generation of new types of observations, facilitating new concepts of data models, reducing costs of a few types of observations and enhancing the reliability of certain types of data.

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Remote Sensing• Advantages of remote sensing are: synoptic coverage, multi-spectral capability,

multi-temporal capability and digital capture of data.

Used in three different situations:• An exclusive tool for estimation of snow melt run-off, rapid assessment of areas

affected by natural disasters, identification of potential fishing zones in offshore areas and mapping of inaccessible areas.

• A substitute tool to conventional methods in mapping of land use, waste lands, preparing ground water prospect maps, watershed development plan, coastal zone management plan etc; and in monitoring forest cover, urban sprawl, status of environment, etc.

• As complementary aids to area and crop forecasting and urban development plans. Advantage includes unbiased, timely and enhanced information.

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• Based on case studies of applications of remote sensing in India’s development programs, estimates of investments, direct returns, and economic benefits have been made

• Investments made so far in operational missions and ground reception, processing and applications : Rs 15 billion

• Direct returns Rs 30 billion as detailed below:Rs 1 billion (~22 million US$)

1. Returns from sale of Satellite Data and Value Added Products by NDC 1.6 billion

2. Returns from ANTRIX through access fees and royalty 0.6 billion

3. Opportunity cost (Cost of foreign satellite data equivalent to IRS data used). ~ 5.0 billion

4. Cost saving due to value addition ~ 12.0 billion

5. Cost saving due to mapping using RS data ~ 11.0 billion

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Economic Benefits of Remote Sensing Rs 1 billion (~22 million US$)

Rs. Billions

Programme Nature of Benefit Estimate from Potential Benefit Case Studies to the country

in the Long-run

1. National Drinking Water Technology Mission Cost saving due to 2.5(5 States) 5-8increase in success rate

2. Urban Area Perspective / Development / Cost saving in mapping 0.05 16-20Zonal / Amenities Plan for Cities / Towns (6 Cities)

3. Forest Working Plan Cost saving in mapping 2.0 11.8 (200 Divisions)

4. Potential Fishing Zone Advisories Cost saving in trips to non-PFZ

5. Wasteland Mapping: Solid Land Reclamation Productivity gain 1.00 (UP) 24.6

5.45 billion 16.35 billion

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Concluding Remarks

• As we continue into the 21st Century, the relevance of space asdemonstrated by India is becoming even more applicable to a large number of countries across the world, faced with the daunting problems of development and improving the quality of life.

• Growing role of space in addressing issues of environment and sustainability of development as well as in the formulation of the related policies, treaties and conventions, adds to the importance of this endeavour on a global scale.

• Space is well within the reach of the developing world, and even more important could be a sustainable endeavour as presented in this talk.

• India’s ambition of transformation into a developed nation by early part of 21st century, calls for adopting a mix of strategies and planned approaches evolved so far by the space program, which has the potential to fire a powerful vision of future space endeavours.

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Concluding Remarks (Contd…)

• In its core, this vision will continue to orient space activities towards societal needs such as education, health services, sustainable management of resources and environment, disaster management support and so on, possibly with new generations of thematic satellite constellations.

• Future space missions will also be strong instruments for new advances in technology bringing in new synergies such as those between air and space, energy and matter, and living and nonliving objects.

• India’s vision has to cater to younger generation, whose population will be over one half of a billion, for technologicalleadership, environmental stewardship and economic prosperity.

• It is important to recognize the values that gave those strategies potency and vitality; striving always to keep Space relevant to the public, maintaining transparency and accountability, drive for excellence, cost-effectiveness and team culture.

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