Index [assets.cambridge.org]assets.cambridge.org/97805218/61748/index/9780521861748... · 2015. 8....

Index

21 February 1952, 113; see also Ekushe24-Parganas, 76Abdul Bari, 98Abedin, Zainul., see Zainul AbedinAbeng, 18Aceh, 42active delta, 9, 37, 241, see also deltaAdamjee Jute Mill, 140adoption, 70Afghan, 33, 50, 89Africa, 41, 43, 46, 273, 274Afsar Bahini, 166Agartala, 122Agartala conspiracy case, 122, 275Agra, 83agrarian crisis, 25agrarian involution, 25, 234agrarian system, 25agricultural implements, 13Agricultural University of Mymensingh, 157agriculture, 7, 13, 15, 18, 20, 24, 25, 27, 30–2, 37,

45, 54, 57, 59, 60, 63, 67, 68, 71, 72, 74, 77,79, 116, 133, 135, 136, 138, 139, 140, 143–5,147, 174, 177, 193, 211, 225, 233, 236, 241,242, 246, 247, 254, 268

Ahmadi, 209, 280Ahmadiyya, see AhmadiAhmed (cartoonist), 138Ahmed, Abbasuddin, 156Aid-to-Pakistan consortium, 147Ain-O-Shalish Kendro, 257air traffic, 136ajlaf, 83Alam, Shah, 209Alaol, 52, 53, 54Al-Badr, 167, 170Alexandria, 20Ali, Intaz, 102Aligarh, 274Allah, 29, 34All-India Communist Party, 91

All-India Muslim League, see Muslim Leaguealluvial soil, 13aloe wood, 41, 54ālpanā, 258Al-Shams, 167āman, 15, 234America, 15, 148, 227, 237, 263amnesty, 172Amnesty International, 214animal husbandry, 13anti-colonial struggle, 49Arab, 27, 39, 83Arabia, 30, 41, 78, 254Arabic, 33, 113, 157Arakan, 22, 25, 33, 41, 43, 53, 54, 69, 227, 245Arakanese, 18, 32, 33, 50, 52, 53archaeology, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 20, 23, 26, 61Argentina, 126, 278armed forces, see armyArmenian, 41, 45army, 28, 50, 54, 64, 74, 77, 91, 94, 107, 108,

110, 114, 117–22, 125, 129, 130, 135, 140, 144,145, 147, 161–3, 166, 167, 169, 170, 172, 173,178, 180, 182, 184, 193–7, 199, 202, 207, 212–14, 221, 247, 250, 253, 273, 274–6, 278–80

arsenic, 241art, 15, 60, 61, 142, 154, 188artisan, 15, 83artist, 15, 76, 170Arunachal Pradesh, 150ashraf, 83Asia, 5, 15, 21, 23, 26, 28, 31, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 54,

56, 71, 141Asian Development Bank, 224Assam, 25, 33, 41, 44, 69, 72, 79, 96, 132, 136, 205,

225, 227, 272, 278āsura, 17ātrāp, 83Aurangabad, 207āuś, 15, 234Australia, 72, 227

334

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Austro-Asiatic languages, 17, 18Awami League, 117, 121–6, 129, 158, 162, 164, 175,

177–82, 199–202, 206, 209, 213, 216, 218,262, 274–6, 280, see also Awami MuslimLeague

Awami Muslim League, 113, 116, 206,272, 275

Ayodhya, 208Ayub, see Khan, AyubAyub Khan, see Khan AyubAzad, Humayun, 209Azam, Golam, 218, 275

Babri Mosque, 208Badshah, 36Bagbari, 278Bagerhat, 237Bagge Tribunal, 102Bakhtiyar, see Muhammad BakhtiyarBAKSAL, 181, 200Baluchistan, 89, 274bamboo, 11, 89, 90, 91, 108, 133, 141, 188, 247Bande Mātaram, 81baṅgabandhu, see BongobondhuBangla, see Bengali languageBangla Academy, 154, 186, 188, 257Bangla rock, 259Bangladesh Bank, 225Bangladesh Hindu Buddhist Christian Unity

Council, 209, 257Bangladesh Indigenous Peoples Forum,

215, 257Bangladesh Liberation War, 76, 126, 130, 151,

173, 189, 196, 202, 215, 217, 218, 265, 274,275, 277, 278

Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), 199–201,207, 278, 280

Bangladesh Police Academy, 43Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee,

see BRACBangladesh Shilpokola Academy, 155, 257Bangladeshiness, 202, 204, 205, 207, 211, 278bangle, 41banteng, 11Barind, 9, 61Barisal, 46, 54, 59, 100, 156, 166, 180, 279Baro Bhuiya, 50basic democracies, 119, 146, 158, 273Basu, Khudiram, 80Battutah, Ibn, see Ibn BattutahBaul, 37, 202, 259Bawm, 32Bay of Bengal, 4, 5, 25, 41, 74, 155, 184, 244, 246,

see also Indian OceanBayati, Abdul Gani, 156

Begom, 153Begum Rokeya, see Rokeya Sakhawat HossainBehula, 34Belgium, 147Benares, 126Bengal, 11, 12, 15, 16, 19, 21, 24, 25, 27–33, 40, 41,

43–6, 49–52, 54, 56, 57, 60, 65–7, 77, 79,80, 82, 89, 93, 95, 96, 107, 126, 131

Bengal Basin, 30Bengal Fan, 4Bengal terrorism, 80Bengal terrorists, 208Bengali (ethnic group), 17, 32, 38, 86, 111, 119,

183, 186, 194, 202Bengali calendar, 57, 76, 154, 258Bengali culture, 31, 83, 152, 158, 184, 186Bengali identity, 31, 32, 37, 38, 57, 86, 111, 152,

153, 158, 183, 184, 201, 202, 205, 211, 254Bengali language, 16, 17, 32, 40, 54, 84, 106, 110,

111, 116, 121, 152, 154, 157, 165, 186, 188–9,259, 273

Bengali modernism, 154Bengali New Year, 154, 188, 209, 257Bengali script, 111, 112, 231Bengalian Rainforest, 11, 25, 245betel leaf, 41betel nut, 15, 41, 54, 60bhadralok, see bhodrolokBhagalpur, 84Bhagirathi, 100, 241Bhasha Andolon, see Language MovementBhashan Chor, 205Bhashani, Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan, 113,

117, 179, 205, 206, 272bhāt, 14Bhati, 50, 100Bhattacharjee, Shishir, 262Bhedarganj, 279bhit

_ā, 18

bhodrolok, 65, 78, 81, 85, 93, 152, 251, 253, 276bhodromohila, 91Bhola, 76Bholahat, 174Bhutan, 54Bhutto, Benazir, 274Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali, 124, 125, 129, 274–6, 278Bichitra, 187Bihar, 13, 28, 56, 74, 77, 84, 94, 131, 132, 173Biharis, 173, see also stranded Pakistanisbil, 9, 18Bin Laden, Osama, 209, 210biodiversity, 11, 235, 243–6birangona, 173Bissho Ijtema, 254, 255Blue Mutiny, 78

Index 335




BNP, see Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP)boat, 39, 40, 74, 174, 244boat denial scheme, 75Bodor Pir, 35Bogra, 16, 54, 265, 278Bombay, 107, 272, see also MumbaiBonbibi, 34, 35, 268Bongobondhu, 122Book Fair, 188border, 32, 68, 92, 95, 96, 98–100, 103, 163, 167,

168, 184, 206, 227, 229border fence, 184border incident, 100, 102borderland, 97, 103, 140boro, 15, 234Boro Porong, 150Boshundhara City, 240Bostami, Bayazid, 244, 245Boundary Commissions, 95, 99BRAC, 222, 257brackish water, 5, 236Brahman, 22Brahmanbaria, 163, 209Brahmaputra, 3, 9, 12, 15, 39, 72, 205, 225, 243,

see also Jamuna; TsangpoBrahmi, 17, 40Brahmi script, 17, 112Brazil, 72, 73brick, 15, 113British, 25, 26, 28, 56–8, 78–80, 83, 85, 94, 139,

194; see also English; United KingdomBuddhism, 26, 28, 31, 32, 38, 39, 54, 62, 82, 133,

186, 209, 257buffalo, 11, 13, 54, 249Bulbul Academy for Fine Arts, 154Burdwan House, 188bureaucracy, 49, 52, 54, 58, 65, 80, 81, 98, 107,

108, 110, 112, 117–19, 123, 125, 126, 135, 142,144, 170, 175–8, 194, 195, 213, 253

Buriganga, 108burka, 254–6, 263Burma, 9, 13, 25, 33, 41, 44, 74, 117, 150, 225,

246, 273‘Butcher of Bengal’, 162, 273Buxar, 56

Cabinet Mission of, 1946, 94Calcutta, see KolkataCanada, 147can

_d_ı̄, see Chondi

Caribbean, 225cash cropping, see cropcash transactions, 45cassia, 40, 41, 266caste-ism, 65

Catchment area, 4cattle, 13, 57, 133, 233, 244cāul, 14Central Asia, 30, 39, 42, 83Chaklapunji, 13Chakma, 32, 33, 38, 125–277Chakma language, 32, 33Chakma, Kolpona, 213, 214chandabaji, 253Chando, 39Chandraghona, 141Chandraketugarh, 16–18, 39, 40Chapai Nawabganj, 276charismatic leader, 177, 181, 274Charyapada, 40Cherrapunji, 5Chhayanot, 154, 209chiefdom, 25, 50Children’s Academy, 257chilli, 15, 133, 263China, 11, 20, 28, 39, 41, 123, 147, 169, 179,

206, 273Chinese, 21, 26, 41, 65Chittagong, 7, 9, 13, 22, 26, 27, 31–3, 41, 43,

46, 50, 52–4, 67, 74, 76, 77, 80, 157, 163,173, 195, 222, 225, 232, 244, 245, 259,278–80

Chittagong Armoury Raid of, 1930, 80Chittagong Hill Tracts, 9, 26, 31, 33, 43, 50, 99,

100, 126, 141, 148–50, 167, 186, 211–14, 245,247, 248, 277, 279, 281

Chittagong Hill Tracts Regulation of, 1900, 211Chittagong Hill Tracts War (1975–97), 211Chittagonian language, 33Chondi, 27chor, 102Chor Madhobpur, 102Chor Mozlishpur, 69Chowdhury, Abdul Gaffar, 112Christian, 54, 133, 186, 209Christianity, 32, 38, 46Chryse, 40, 41church, 185cinema, 209, 260citizenship, 58, 97, 98, 100, 102, 103, 107, 109,

110, 116, 118, 138, 143, 150, 161, 162, 173, 185,197, 211, 218, 230, 231, 275

civil disobedience, 78, 126, 162civil service, see bureaucracyclimate, 11, 26, 69, 72climate change, 243coal, 244coast, 6, 7, 20, 27, 40, 45, 52, 68, 75, 243, 246,

247, 263coconut, 15, 265

336 Index




coin, 15, 16, 39, 44, 62Cold War, 145, 161, 169, 220collaborators, 80, 172, 173, 277, 278Collaborators Tribunal, 172College of Arts and Crafts, 154colonial period, 26, 58, 60, 62, 64, 67, 73, 76, 77,

93, 116, 135, 211, 233, 247colonial state, 25, 49, 59, 60, 65, 77, 117, 247colonial system, 49, 58, 64, 119, 131Comilla, 13, 76, 85, 94, 145–8, 157, 162, 265Comilla model, 146, 147communal riots, 85, 91, 94, 102, 131, 132communalism, 83, 85, 86, 89, 93, 94, 100, 114,

117, 131, 132, 208communications, 59, 136, see also

telecommunicationscommunism, 78, 79, 86, 89, 91, 115, 179,

220, 276community religion, 26, 31, 82Concert for Bangladesh, 168conch shell, 41, 162Congress Party, 88, 93, 94, 211, see Indian

National CongressConstituent Assembly, 110, 116, 117constitution, 88, 94, 115–17, 119, 125, 176, 181, 193,

203, 207, 211, 215, 273, 279conversion, 30Cooch Behar, 229cooperative societies, 144, 146copper, 44coral reefs, 246corruption, 118, 144, 177, 197, 199, 253, 257,

277, 280cotton, 41, 42, 54, 60, 141coup d’état, 117–19, 144, 146, 182, 193, 194–6,

200, 212, 273, 275, 277–9cowries, 40, 41credit, 63, 147, 222, see also microcreditcricket, 262crocodile, 11, 34, 249crop, 7, 15, 17, 25, 26, 60, 63, 65, 68, 69,

73–5, 140, 233, 235, 236, 263, see alsoagriculture

cropping pattern, 15Cuba, 180cuisine, 40, 245, 263cultivar, 14currency, 40, 98, 122, 179Curzon Hall, 81, 82cyclone, 5, 7, 9, 76, 124, 155, 243, 246

D’Oyly, Charles, 66Dacca, see Dhakadacoit, 34d_āṅgā, 18

declaration of independence, 163, 164deer, 11, 249deforestation, 247, 248Dehra Dun, 274deity, 17, 26, 27, 31, 35, 36, 62Delhi, 49, 52, 54, 56, 85, 229, 280delta, 3, 6, 11, 27, 30–2, 40, 52, 54, 62, 65, 69, 74,

100, 124, 140, 157, 165, 170, 172, 174, 223,225, 235, 236, 239, 241, 243–5, 247, 254, 263,267, 268

democracy, 119, 176, 181, 182, 183, 198, 207, 215,251, see also parliamentary democracy

depopulation, 58deportation, 229development, 59, 80, 120, 131, 135, 136, 141, 144,

145–7, 149, 150, 158, 177, 178, 194, 195, 219,220–3, 250, 257

development budget, 9developmental state, 135Dewan, Rani Arati, 126Dhaka, 30, 32, 40, 42, 43, 46, 50, 54, 56, 64–7,

73, 74, 77, 81, 83, 100, 108, 111, 113, 114, 119,125, 129, 130, 138, 141, 145, 152, 153, 155, 157,161–3, 170, 180, 182, 187, 188, 199, 209, 213,217, 219, 221, 227, 232, 234, 239, 240, 244,254, 255, 257, 275, 277, 279

Dhaka Medical College, 92Dhaka University, 113, 272, 275, 277, see also

University of Dhakadhān, 14Dhanmondi, 142Dhanpara, 272diacritical marks, 112dialect, 17, 33, 155Diclofenac, 245dictator, 117, 119, 161, 195, 273, 274, 276–8diet, 54, 263Dinajpur, 32, 62, 69, 90, 100, 167, 244, 280diwan, 52, 56d_obā, 18dolphin, see Ganges River dolphindomestic work, 84, 237, 238domestication of animals, 13Dravidian languages, 17, 18drought, 57Dubai, 231Dudu Miah, 78Dutch, 43, 45, 46Dutt, Michael Madhusudan, 47Dylan, Bob, 168

early warning system, 7earthquake, 9East Bengal, 93, 96, 136, 169, 279East Bengal Regiment, 163

Index 337




East Bengal State Acquisition and Tenancy Actof, 1950, 139

East India Company, 65East Pakistan, 91, 96, 100, 101, 102, 107, 109, 120,

122, 130, 131, 133, 136, 143, 145, 147, 155, 161,167, 169, 186, 195, 272, 278

East Pakistan Arts Council, 155East Pakistan Rifles, 162Eastern Bengal and Assam, 79, 80Eaton, Richard M., 24, 27, 30, 31economic crisis (1930s), 63ecopark, 257eco-park, 215Eden College, 108education, 34, 61, 64, 65, 80, 82–4, 98, 113, 116,

136, 152, 155, 156, 157, 221, 227, 275, 280Egypt, 40Ekushe, 114, 188electoral politics, 83, 86, 87, 115, 116, 117, 123, 124,

125, 153, 158, 164, 179, 182, 195, 199, 200,201, 205, 206, 207, 213, 253, 274, 275, 276,280, 281

electricity, 149, 150, 155, 231, 239, 244elephant, 11, 36, 37, 54embankment, 13, 24, 146empire, 16, 49, 54, 56, 66, 94, 117enclaves, 96, 97, 98enemy property, 133energy policy, 243, 244English, 33, 43, 45, 49, 56, 64, 65, 78, 84, 112, 152,

153, 157, 186, 259English East India Company, 49, 56environment, 4, 7, 9, 11, 14, 30, 72, 126, 223, 227,

232, 235, 241, 243–7, 250, 269, 277environmental movement, 243–5, 250epidemic, 21, 58Ershad, Hussain Muhammad, 196, 195, 199–201,

207, 208, 213, 277, 280, 281Ethiopian, 33, 39eunuch, 41, 54Europe, 42–4, 46, 50, 54, 56, 60, 65, 77, 141, 148,

227, 237, 245European colonialism, 50European Parliament, 214evacuation, 7expatriates, 187, 220, 221, 245, 259

Fakir-Sannyasi resistance, 77family names, 52family planning, 70, 147famine, 57, 74, 76, 88, 89, 96, 161, 166, 174,

180–2, 237, 269Famine of, 1943, 74, 76, 180Faraizi, 78Farakka, 206, 241, 272, 281

Faridpur, 53, 76fashion, 254, 260fatwa, 208Federation of Bangladeshi Associations of North

America, 228feminism, 84, 208, 257, 263Ferdous, Lt., 214fertiliser, 67, 72, 144, 148, 233, 234, 241,

244, 253film, 155, 156, 161, 217, 252Fine Arts Institute, 154Firingi, 43, see PortugueseFirst War of Independence, 77first writings in Bengali, 32fish, 7, 12, 15, 22, 54, 55, 72, 134, 245, 246,

248, 263fishing, 13, 17, 27, 31, 75, 174, 236, 243, 245,

246, 248fishing cat, 249flag, 90, 129, 167, 188, 204flood, 6–9, 57, 116, 124, 180, 205, 223, 236, 243,

245, 268, see also floodingFlood Action Plan, 223flooding, 6, 15, 223, 243, see also floodfloodplain, 3, 6, 9, 23, 133, 267folk traditions, 155, 188foreign aid, 144, 145, 147, 148, 150, 179, 194, 219,

220, 223, 224, 227, 230, 253forest, 6, 18, 19, 24, 25, 27, 28, 31, 32, 34, 67, 141,

245, 247, 248, 250, 254Forest Department, 247fossilwood, 13France, 147Freedom Fighters, 160, 163–7, 169–71, 175, 177,

182, 196, 208, 216, 217, 273, 277, 278, see alsoMukti Bahini; Kader Bahini; Afsar Bahini;Shiraj Shikdar group

French, 43frogs, 235frontier, 7, 20, 24–7, 30–4, 36, 37, 39, 67, 71, 74,

144, 213, 225, 233, 247, 254, 267fruits, 264

Gandhi, Indira, 175, 176Gandhi, ‘Mahatma’ M.K., 94Ganges, 3, 12, 19, 20, 21, 30, 39, 40, 56, 100, 102,

206, 241, 281, see also PadmaGanges River dolphin, 12garments, see textilesGaro, 18, 32, 38gas, 113, 148, 184, 224, 244gaur, 11, 249Gaur, 19, 20, 21, 22, 43, 50Gazi Pir, 34gender relations, 31, 34, 133, 208, 237, 255, 260

338 Index




General Officer Commanding (East Bengal),108

genocide, 164, 168, 173gentry, see zamindar; bhodrolokGermany, 147Ghana, 73ghāt

_, 40

gherao, 123, 179global warming, 243Goa, 41goat, 13, 34, 133, 149Goborgari, 69, 70gold, 21, 40, 41, 44, 54, 126, 156Golden Bengal, 158, 172, 176, 180, 251, 257,

see also Shonar BanglaGono Adalot, 217, 275Gopalganj, 275government, 9, 49, 51, 52, 54, 58, 65, 76, 78, 94,

107, 112–14, 117, 119, 122, 136, 138, 144, 146,157, 172, 175, 177, 180, 181, 186, 193, 195, 199,207, 213, 215, 235, 275, 278, 280, 281

Government of India Act of, 1935, 94government-in-exile, 164, 175Governor-general, 65Grameen Bank, 222, 257Great Famine of 50, see Famine of 1943Great Famine of 1176, 57Great Port, see ChittagongGreece, 40, 42, 71green revolution, 235guerrilla, 77, 112, 164, 166, 168, 179, 182, 212,

217, 279Gulf, 227, 253Gulshan, 238Gupta, 21

Habiganj, 30Haji Shariatullah, 78Hajj, 254Hajong, 32hāl, 18hāor, 9, 245Haq, Mahbub ul, 135Harikela, 19Haripur, 244Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami Bangladesh, 209Harrison, George, 168hartāl, see hortalHasina, see Wazed, Sheikh Hasinahawala, 230health, 21, 64, 72, 92, 98, 174, 222, 223, 238, 241,

243, 276herdsmen, 27hills, 4–6, 9, 13, 25, 31, 43, 74, 100, 148, 149,

see also Chittagong Hill Tracts

Hill Women’s Federation, 213hilsa, 245Himalayas, 3, 9, 40, 41, 243, 245Hindi language, 53, 54Hindu, 31, 35, 37, 38, 62, 65, 69, 80, 81, 82, 85, 86,

87, 91, 110, 115, 131, 133, 161, 186, 209, 219,261, 265

Hinduism, 26, 27, 32, 34, 36, 37, 62,227, 257

Hindusthani, 33history-writing, 41, 49, 58, 65, 77, 99, 189,

190, 269Hiuen Tsiang, see Xuanzanghoe cultivation, 24homestead, 9, 15honey, 248, 268Hong Kong, 74Hooghly, 241Hore, Somenath, 90horizontal expansion, see agriculturehorses, 34, 41, 54hortal, 111, 113, 116, 179, 215, 253hospitals, 64Hossain, Mrs. R.S., see Rokeya Sakhawat

Hossainhuman rights, 209, 214, 257Humayun, Emperor, 50Humayunpur, 272hundi, 230hunting, 13, 27, 248Husain Shahi, 50Hyderabad, 132

Ibn Battutah, 21, 28, 30, 39Id, 36, 70illiteracy, 119, 155, 156Imam, Jahanara, 217, 275, 277Independent Bangla Radio, 164India, 3, 4, 20, 65, 66, 71, 94, 96, 107, 109,

121, 132, 133, 136, 139, 143, 161, 164, 169,172, 174, 180, 182, 184, 190, 211–13, 219,220, 241, 261, 281

Indian Civil Service, 108Indian National Army, 74Indian National Congress, 83, 87, 272, see also

Congress PartyIndian Ocean, 4, 28, 39, 41, 43, 45, 66, see also

Bay of BengalIndian subcontinent, 11, 28, 136, see also South

AsiaIndia-Pakistan war, 170indigo, 15, 60, 63, 65, 78indirect rule, 26, 213Indo-European languages, 17, 19Indonesia, 41

Index 339




industrialisation, 135industry, 13, 15, 42, 43, 46, 65, 67, 73, 78, 80,

107, 123, 135, 140, 141, 142, 148, 149, 155,177, 225, 235, 237, 238, 241, 243, 244,247, 249, 275, 278

infrastructure, 61, 145, 146, 157, 173, 177,221, 223

inheritance, 59, 61, 63, 139inherited charisma, 201inscription, 16, 28, 40, 41internal colony, 119, 195International Development Agency, 224International Mother Language Day, 114International Women’s Day, 258inter-wing trade, 136invasion, 74, 121, 132, 169, 170investments, 136, 140, 145, 219, 223, 233, 234Iran, 30, see also PersiaIraq, 226, 274Ireland, 57, 78, 80iron-smelting, 15Irrawaddy, 13irrigation, 9, 13, 24, 67, 110, 146, 147, 174, 234,

243–5Islam, 27–31, 34, 36–8, 78, 83, 89, 100, 109, 111,

157, 183, 203, 206, 207, 209, 253–5, 257,260, 277

Islam, Kazi Nazrul, 156, 202Islam, Muzharul, 154Islamabad, 111, 119Islamic State, 117Islamisation, 207, 262Islamism, 175, 198, 207, 209, 210, 211, 245, 257,

260, 261, 275, 280island, 6, 7, 9, 25, 41, 68, 102, 126, 246Israel, 107Italy, 80, 147Ittefaq, 117, 163

jackfruit, 15, 264Jahan, Rounaq, 152Jahangir, Emperor, 50Jahangirnagar, see DhakaJainism, 26, 62Jaintiapur, 13jāl, 18Jalal, Ayesha, 28, 29, 30, 135Jalal, Shah, see Shah JalalJalalpur, 53jalidhān, 15Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh, 207, 210, 217, 218,

261, 275, 280Jamalpur, 244Jamuna, 3, 225, see also BrahmaputraJamuna Bridge, 224

jaṅgal, 18Japan, 44, 71, 74, 88, 147, 224Jatiyo Party, 199, 200, 277Jatiyo Shomajtantrik Dol, see JSD (Jatiyo

Shomajtantrik Dol)Jatiyo Shongshod, see Parliamentjātrā, 155Java, 39, 249Jessore, 47, 52, 54, 90, 100, 163, 209jhum, 211Jinnah, Muhammad Ali, 94, 111, 167, 186,

211, 272JSD (Jatiyo Shomajtantrik Dol), 179, 193, 278JSS (Jono Shonghoti Shomiti), 212, 213, 279judiciary, 58, 64, 80, 92, 102, 118, 197, 253Jumma, 211–14, 279jute, 15, 54, 60, 62, 63, 65, 72, 73, 78, 80, 116, 136,

140, 141, 175, 178, 180, 188, 235, 238, 244

Kabir, Shahriar, 209kãcā, 18Kader Bahini, 166Kahn, Louis, 114Kakrail, 254Kali, 27, 81Kamal, Sufia, 165Kaptai, 126, 148–50, 247Kaptai hydroelectric project, 126, 148, 150, 244,

277, 279Kaptai Lake, 141, 149Karachi, 111, 195, 272, 278Karnaphuli, 100, 141, 149Kashmir, 89, 121Kellamura, 150kerosene, 134, 244Khagrachhari, 214, 279Khaleda Zia, see Zia, Begum KhaledaKhan, Abdul Monem, 272Khan, Akhter Hameed, 146Khan, Ayub, 117, 119–21, 123, 145, 177, 195, 196,

207, 273, 274, 276, 278Khan, Liaquat Ali, 110Khan, Murshid Quli, see Murshid Quli KhanKhan, Tikka, 162, 273Khan, Yahya, 123–5, 129, 161, 169, 195, 273,

274, 276Khasi, 18, 32kholā, 18Khudiram Basu, see Basu, KhudiramKhulna, 54, 67, 99, 170, 236, 248Khumi, 31Khwaja Nazimuddin, see Nazimuddin, KhwajaKhyeng, 31Kibria, Shah, 209kinship, 134, 230, 268

340 Index




Kishorganj, 36, 272Koch, 18, 32Kolkata, 12, 64–6, 73, 74, 76, 80, 81, 85, 91, 94,

99, 107, 108, 115, 131, 133, 140, 152, 153, 166,175, 195, 227, 241, 275, 276, 278

Konya, 28Koran, 36, 37Korea, 224, 226Krishok Shobha, 89, 91Ksatriya, 22Kuala Lumpur, 226Kurukh, 18Kushtia, 37, 100, 163, 180Kuwait, 226

labour, 24, 25, 30, 42, 54, 60, 61, 64, 68–70, 73,74, 98, 122, 123, 136, 139, 140, 142, 146, 148,157, 177, 223–7, 230, 233–8, 272

lac, 54Lahore, 83Lahore Resolution, 88, 89, 122lake, 4, 9, 241, 245Lakhnauti, 20, 27Lallyaghona, 214Lalmai, 13Lalmon, 34Lalmonirhat, 229Lalon Shah/Lalon Fokir, 37land, 4, 7, 15, 18, 24, 26, 30, 31, 58, 59, 63, 64, 67,

68, 70, 71, 110, 133, 135, 139, 140, 149, 175,212, 213, 233, 235, 236, 243, 257

land ceiling, 139, 175land fragmentation, 139land reform, 139, 175, 193land rights, 26, 30, 58, 59, 64, 139, 213land use, 15landlord, see zamindarlāṅgal, 18Language Action Committee, 1947, 111Language Day, 257, see also EkusheLanguage Movement, 112–14, 116, 118, 152, 153,

162, 186, 188, 203, 206, 272, 275Larkana, 276Larma, Jyotirindra Bodhipriya (Shantu), 279Larma, Manabendra Narayan, 279lascar, 225lathyrism, 265leopard, 11Lhasa, 3Liberation War Museum, 257Liberation War of 1971, see Bangladesh

Liberation WarLibya, 226life expectancy, 143, 232linguistic history, 19

literacy, 31, 83, 112, 157, 233literature, 19, 27, 32, 34, 54, 83, 111, 154, 161, 165,

186, 209, 251living standard, 74, 135, 177, 235, 250logging, 247, 250London, 58, 225, 272, 311Lower Bengal, 100Lucknow, 83lungi, 254Lushai, 32

mādrāsā, 157, 260Magan Thakur, 54Maharaja of Burdwan, 188Mahasthan, 16, 17, 40Mahasthan Brahmi Inscription, 17Mahasthangarh, 17, 268, see also MahasthanMainamati, 16malaria, 21Malaysia, 226Maldives, 39, 40Malo, 18, 32manasā, see Monoshamaṅgalkābya, 27mango, 15, 49, 164, 264mangrove, 6, 68, 247Manikganj, 61manufacture, 42, 45Mao Tse Tung Research Centre, 279Maoism, see Naxalitesmaritime trade, 15, 27, 33, 39, 41, 43, 45market, 42, 45, 57, 60, 75, 98, 235Marma, 18, 32martial law, 118, 123, 196, 276martial races, 194martial rule, 117Martyrs’ Memorial, 113, 114, 115, see also Shohid

Minarmassacres, 212, 213mastan, see mostanMastarda Surya Sen, see Sen, ‘Mastarda’ SuryaMaududi, Maulana, 207maulana, 205, 272Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani,

see Bhashani, Maulana Abdul Hamid KhanMaurya, 16, 21May Day, 258Mecca, 78, 132media, 121, 187, 210, 227, 257, 260, 273Medina, 132Medinipur, 76Mediterranean, 28, 41mega-cities, 232Meghalaya, 5Meghna, 3, 30, 45

Index 341




Meherpur, 164menhir, 13Mexico, 44microcredit, 222Middle East, 30, 275, see also West Asiamigration, 13, 25, 31, 68–70, 74, 110, 112, 131–3,

153, 180, 184, 194, 211, 212, 219, 224–7,229–31, 237–9, 253, 254, 261

minorities, 32, 161, 186, 211, 215, 257, 261mishti, 265, 266missionary, 46Mitra, Ila, 91, 92, 276Mitra, Ramendra, 91, 276Mizoram, 33mobile phone, 222, 223, 231modernity, 149, 186, 253Modhupur, 9, 215, 245Modon Baul, 37mofussil, 152, 251mofussilisation, 251Moluccas, 41monastery, 26, 28monga, 237monkey, 249Monosha, 27monsoon, 5, 24, 58, 165, 169, 243Morocco, 21, 28, 39Moscow, 206mosque, 21, 31, 37, 69, 133, 185, 203,

209, 254mostan, 252, 253mostanocracy, 252, 253Motijheel, 142Moulvibazar, 215mouza, 52moving frontier, 7, 25Mru, 18, 31, 33Mughal, 28, 30, 31, 49–52, 54, 56, 62, 64, 100,

114, 126, 138, 139, 203, 241, 254, 268Muhajirs, 110, 111, 132, 153, 173, 194Muhammad Bakhtiyar, 27Mujib, see Rahman, Sheikh MujiburMujibism, 177Mujibnogor, 164Mukti Bahini, 164, 166, 171, see also Freedom

FightersMuktijuddho Jadughor, see Liberation War

Museummulberry, 60, see silkmultilingualism, 32, 33Mumbai, 107, 272Munda, 18muntjac, 249Murshid Quli Khan, 56Murshidabad, 56, 57, 99, 277

music, 37, 53, 54, 155, 156, 188, 259, 260, 268Muslim, 27, 28, 31, 35, 37, 38, 62, 78, 80–3, 85–9,

93, 99, 100, 109–11, 132, 157, 169, 172, 183,202, 209, 254, 255, 261, 272

Muslim League, 83, 87, 88, 92, 93, 94, 109, 112,113, 115–18, 131, 153, 177, 206, 211, 272, 275,276, see also All-India Muslim League

Muslim renaissance movement, 110muslin, 40Mussalman, see MuslimMutiny, see Revolt of 1857Myanmar, see BurmaMymensingh, 32, 36, 54, 69, 73, 76, 77, 85, 90,

100, 142, 166, 209, 273, 277, 278

Nachol rebellion, 91, 92, 276Nadia, 100Nankar movement, 91Narayanganj, 36, 72, 140, 142, 157, 209Narikel Jinjira, 246, see St. Martin’s IslandNarsingdi, 15Nasrin, Taslima, 208National Academy of Fine and Performing Arts,

155national anthem, 176National Archives and National Library, 257National Assembly, 119, 120, 123, 125, 126, 277National Association of Women Lawyers, 258National Awami Party, 123, 179, 206national culture, 186–8, 251, 267national emblem, 189national identity, 107, 113, 183national language, 32, 109, 111, 113, 116, 186National Liberation Front of East Bengal, 279National Museum, 257nationalisation, 116, 123, 175, 178, 193,

275, 278nationalism, 81, 93, 122, 161, 176, 183, 186, 211,

213, 251, 275, 279nationalist movement, 80, 186Nator, 73, 209, 264, 266Nawab, 56, 153Naxalites, 175, see also communismNazimuddin, Khwaja, 113, 203Nepal, 12, 39, 261Netherlands, 147New Delhi, 85, 107, see also DelhiNew York, 168, 209, 225newspapers, 80, 117, 122, 161, 163, 168, 179, 180,

186, 231, 260NGO, see non-governmental organisation

(NGO)Nile, 40nilgai, 11Nirmul Committee, 217, 218

342 Index




Nixon, Richard, 169Noakhali, 7, 46, 69, 70, 91, 94, 131, 157,

225, 254Nobel Peace Prize, 223Nogor Baul, 259Nolgram, 98non-governmental organisation (NGO), 221,

224, 246, 253, 257non-Sanskritic, 20Noori, 229North Indian, 33, 39, 83, 110–12, 138North-east India, 9, 11, 74, 175, 184, 227North-West Frontier Province, 273Nozir, 69nuclear power, 244Nudiya, 28Nyerere, Julius, 181

occupancy right, see land rightsOdhikar, 257oil, 16, 40, 41, 134, 226, 244, 253, 263Olabibi/Oladebi, 36Oman, 226Operation Closed Door, 140Operation Searchlight, 162, 273opium, 43, 60, 65Oraon, 18, 32, 67orchard, 15, 49Orissa, 13, 56Osmany, M.A. G., 166, 274oxbow lake, 6

Pabna, 78, 244Pabna Revolt, 78paddy, 14, 41, 76, 149, 189, see also ricePadma, 3, 30, 43, see also GangesPadmavati, 54pagoda, 185Paharpur, 22Pakistan, 49, 89, 93, 94, 96, 100, 107, 110, 114,

116, 121, 125, 157, 169, 190, 207, 211, see alsoEast Pakistan; West Pakistan

Pakistan Academy for Rural Development, 144,145, see also Bangladesh Academy for RuralDevelopment

Pakistan Air Force, 163, 170Pakistan Educational Conference 1947, 109Pakistan International Airlines, 137Pakistan Military Academy, 195, 278Pakistan People’s Party, 125, 274, 276Pakistan Resolution, 88Pala, 22Pali, 33palm-leaf manuscript, 62Panch Pir, 35

Pangkhua, 32Panja, Sheena, 22pār

_ā, 9

parganā, 52parliament, 120, 179, 197, 199, 207, 211, 274, 280parliamentary democracy, 117–19, 123, 175, 176,

179, 195, 197, 199, 200, 274–6parrots, 17Partition of 1905, 79, 85, 188, 201Partition of 1947, 76, 88, 91, 96, 97, 100, 101, 103,

131, 133, 135, 136, 138–41, 161, 188–90, 207,227, 241, 265, 269, 273

Pashtun, 89passports, 45, 98, 132patriarchy, 34, 255patronage, 31, 60, 66, 178, 215pat

_t_i, 18

Patuakhali, 32, 46, 100Peace Committees, 167peafowl, 11, 257pearl, 40, 41peasant utopia, 93, 116, 139peasants, 59, 61, 63, 64, 70, 75, 77, 78, 83, 86,

90–3, 139, 206, 254, 272, 276people’s communes, 147People’s Court, 277, see also Gono AdalotPeoples Jute Mill, 236People’s Republic, 176, 251pepper, 44, 54per capita income, 136Permanent Settlement, 58, 59, 139Persia, 27, 39, 44, see also IranPersian, 33, 53, 54, 64, 83Peshawar, 274pesticide, 234, 236, 241, 245pilgrim, 26, 39, 59, 78, 245pink-headed duck, 11pı̄r, see spiritual guidepirate, 43, 45, 53plantation, 60, 74, 247Plassey, see Polashiplough, 18, 24, 27, 30, 59, 67, 100, 133, 233, 234poet, 40, 47, 52, 53, 121, 132, 165, 209, 252, 273poetry, 37, 54, 202Polashi, 49, 56, 66, 77police, 52, 58, 64, 80, 89, 91, 98, 107, 113, 114, 122,

162, 179, 182, 196, 214, 215, 229, 230, 253,276, 280

political assassination, 80, 182, 193, 195–7, 200,201, 205, 275, 277, 278–80

pollution, 13, 238, 239, 243, 245polypropylene, 140polythene bags, 243ponds, 15, 72, 133, 234, 235, 241, 245popular culture, 153, 252

Index 343




population, 7, 21, 25, 63, 65, 67, 70, 71, 74, 81,96, 99, 100, 107, 131, 133, 135, 139–41, 143,144, 181, 186, 194, 220, 225, 232, 233, 241,243, 247, 250, 261

population census, 71, 107, 156porcelain, 41ports, 15, 20, 21, 27, 41, 43, 65, 80, 99, 107, 157,

173, 225, 241, 242Portuguese, 21, 33, 43, 45, 46, 50, 52, 53potato, 15pottery, 13, 15, 75pottonidari, see sub-infeudationpoverty, 54, 70, 72, 140, 143, 145, 147, 151, 173,

177, 220, 222, 227, 229, 233, 250Prakrit, 16, 19, 32preacher, 28, 30, 78, 209, 275pre-colonial economy, 45prehistoric humans, 11press, see newspaperspriest, 26, 27Pritilata Waddadar, 81, see Waddadar, Pritilataprotection racket, 253Provincial Assembly, 87, 275, 279provincial civil service, 108provincialism, 120, 122public works programme, 146Pudanagala, see Pundranagarapukur, see pondPundra, 19Pundranagara, 16Punjab, 87, 89, 95, 96, 101, 110, 119, 131, 194,

273, 274Punjabi (ethnic group), 110, 194Puranas, 37purification movements, 253

Radcliffe, Cyril, 95radio, 64, 155, 162, 163, 164, 196, 231, 278Radio Pakistan, 121, 156, 273Rahkain, see ArakaneseRahman, Hamidur, 154Rahman, Shamsur, 209Rahman, Sheikh Mujibur, 117, 121–3, 125, 126,

129, 162, 164, 175, 177–82, 186, 193, 199–201,206, 211, 262, 274–6, 279, 280

Rahman, Ziaur, 163, 193–7, 199–203, 205, 207,212, 223, 275, 277–80

railways, 64, 65, 135, 173rain, 4–7, 9, 58, 234, 243rainforest, 11rāiyat, 60raja, 26, 125, 126, 213, 277, 278Rajbongshi, 38Rajshahi, 28, 43, 54, 61, 67, 91, 92, 100, 103, 180,

206, 265, 272, 276

Ramna, 142, 209Rangamati, 126, 210, 248, 277Rangpur, 32, 54, 69, 73, 84, 90, 167, 196, 275,

277, 278rape, 52, 214Rarh, 19Rawalpindi, 111Razakar, 167rebellion, 91refugees, 74, 92, 126, 131–3, 150, 161, 163, 164,

166, 168, 169, 173, 175, 212, 213, 220, 227,243, 277

regional autonomy, 115, 116, 121, 123, 129, 143,145, 158, 198, 207, 211, 276, 279

regional council, 26, 213regional culture, 11, 37, 153, 268regional disparity, 157regional regulation, 26regional specialisation, 60religion, 27, 28, 30, 62, 100, 158, 185, 254religious identities, 26, 27, 91religious nationalism, 107religious teacher, 69remittances, 224, 225, 229, 230rentiers, 59revolt, 77, 78, 86, 88, 89, 91, 114, 123, 125, 175,

179, 194–6, 200, 279Revolt of 1857, 77rhinoceros, 11, 34, 41, 44, 249Riang/Brong, 32rice, 13, 14, 16, 30, 31, 41, 54, 60, 76, 91, 133, 140,

178, 180, 233–5, 263, 265, 268rice-husker, 264rickshaw, 141–2, 237Rinku, 260Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain, 84, 85Rokkhi Bahini, 178, 182Rome, 15, 40, 42Rooppur, 244Roxburgh, William, 12Roy, Raja Devasish, 126Roy, Raja Nalinaksha, 277Roy, Raja Tridiv, 125–6, 277, 278rubber, 247Rupbān, 155rural society, 67, 89, 133, 220ruralisation, 67Russia, 71, 73, 80

sailor, 225saint, 28, 30Sak, 32saltpetre, 43Salvation Army, 144samāj, see shomaz

344 Index




Samandar, 27, 41Samatata, 19, 26Sandhurst, Royal Military College at, 273Sandvip, 43Sanskrit, 19, 33, 53, 111Sanskritic, 19, 20, 24, 26, 27, 31, 111Sanskritic culture, 19, 20, 26Santal, 18, 32, 67, 91, 92, 276Santosh, 205Sardah, 43sari, 126, 165, 254sarkār, 52Sasanka, 22Sattigaon, 41satya pı̄r/nārāyan

_, see Shotto Pir/Shotto Narain

Saudi Arabia, 226Savar, 41, 190, 239, 261scheduled castes, 86, 93Scotland, 72, 73sea, 3, 6, 41, 45, 66, 136, 243, see also Bay of

Bengal; Indian Oceansea level, 243sea turtle, 41, 245, 246, 247seawater, 5second capital, 119secret society, 80secularism, 51, 114, 117, 176, 183, 187, 203, 207,

209, 217, 251, 260, 261, 262, 267, 275Sen, ‘Mastarda’ Surya, 80Sena, 21settlement pattern, 9, 268Shah Jalal, 28, 29, 30Shankar, Ravi, 168Shankharipotti, 162Shanti Bahini, 212, 279sharecroppers, 63, 64, 86, 89, 91, 133, 139Shariatpur, 279Shariatullah, Haji, see Haji ShariatullahSheikh Hasina, see Wazed, Sheikh HasinaShibir, 261shifting cultivation, 13, 24, 31, 247Shihabuddin Talish, 52Shikdar, Shiraj, 166, 182Shilpokola Academy, see Bangladesh Shilpokola

Academyshipbuilding, 43Shiraj Shikdar group, 166shishu, 11, 12, 13Shitola, 27Shiva, 27Shohid Minar, 113, 115, 162, see also Martyrs’

Memorialshomaz, 31Shonar Bangla, 158, see also Golden BengalShorbohara Party, 182, 279

Shotto Pir/Shotto Narain, 36shrimp, 12, 235, 236, 237shrine, 30, 31, 78, 245shushuk, 12Siberia, 245silk, 41–3, 45, 54, 60, 63, 126silt, 3, 4, 6, 241, 246silver, 15, 36, 40, 41, 44Sindh, 89Singapore, 74, 226Sirajganj, 272Sirajuddaula, 56Sitakunda, 13, 244śı̄talā, see ShitolaSix-Point Programme, 121–3, 129, 275slave, 41, 43, 52, 53, 54slums, 162, 173, 229, 239smallpox, 27, 57smugglers, 98, 140, 178, 180, 181, 182socialism, 176, 183, 251soldiers, 46, 77, 130, 172, 182, 193, 214, 279Sonargaon, 30, 42Song of Freedom, 217South Asia, 11, 19, 21, 29, 30, 49, 60, 66, 80, 84,

89, 110, 112, 169, 183, 190, 194, 225, see alsoIndian subcontinent

South-east Asia, 15, 126, 278Soviet Union, 169, 179, 219, see also RussiaSpain, 44Special Powers Act, 180spices, 44, 264spikenard, 40, 41spiritual guide, 30, 35, 244Sri Lanka, 39, 41, 54, 126, 278St. Martin’s Island, 41, 246staple food, 13, 140, 233, 263state, 9, 13, 15, 21, 25, 26, 33, 88, 109, 116–18, 122,

145, 147, 164, 169, 170, 172, 174, 176–8, 183,193, 195, 202, 218, 230, 251, 268

state elite, 38state formation, 21, 28, 38, 64, 107, 265state fragmentation, 50state language, 64state religion, 207, 208, 257, 277state socialism, 145, 193stone, 11, 13, 15, 16, 62stranded Pakistanis, 173student politics, 113, 123, 157, 260subā, 52sub-infeudation, 59Sufism, 29, 30, 37sugar, 41, 54, 63, 141, 175, 265sugarcane, 15, 60, 73Sulla, 222Sultanate period, 28

Index 345




Sumatra, 43, 44, 225Sunamganj, 274Sundarbans, 6, 34, 54, 68, 245, 247, 248, 249, 268sustainability, 58, 222, 223, 235, 236, 247, 250Swadeshi movement, 80, 81, 83sweets, 54, 265, see also mishtiSwing Festival of Krishna, 36Sylhet, 9, 13, 19, 28, 30, 32, 54, 74, 91, 96, 100,

148, 163, 167, 222, 225, 244, 274Sylheti, 33, 225

Tabligh, 254Tagore, Rabindranath, 121, 156, 158, 176, 202,

251, 273Taher, Abu, 193, 278, 279taka, 179, 181, 189, see also currencyTaliban, 207Talish, Shihabuddin, see Shihabuddin TalishTamluk, 16, 20Tamralipti, 16, 20, 41Tangail, 100, 166, 205Tangchangya, Shilabrata, 149Tanka movement, 91Tantric tradition, 37Tanzania’s, 181Tariqah-i-Muhammadiyah, 78Taungchangya, 32taxation, 26, 30, 43, 49, 52, 56, 57, 58, 59, 69,

74, 77, 92, 97, 122, 126, 139, 175, 213,247, 253, 277

tea, 60, 65, 74, 80, 141, 222, 264teak, 247Tebhaga movement, 89, 276technological innovation, 59tectonic plates, 9Tejgaon, 142telecommunications, 173, 224, 231telegraph, 64telephone, 64, 163, 231, 253television, 231, 259, 260temple, 26, 37tenants, 59, 61, 62, 78, 79, 83, 93, 132, 133, 139terracotta, 15, 17, 62terrorism, 208, 261, 262, 280textiles, 41–3, 46, 54, 65, 141, 175, 188, 222,

223, 237Thailand, 73thānā, 52, 146theatre, 155theocratic state, 207Theravada Buddhist [¼Sthavira] school, 26Tibet, 3, 39Tibeto-Burman languages, 17, 18, 33tidal bores, 5tiger, 11, 34, 249, 250

timber, 43, 54, 247, 248, see also loggingTimor, 44tin, 44Tin Netar Mazar, 203Titu Mir, 78tobacco, 15, 63tomato, 15Tongi, 254, 255tortoise-shell, 41tourism, 246, 249, 250trade, 20, 21, 31, 33, 36, 39–43, 45, 54, 56, 65, 68,

76, 96, 116, 122, 136, 140, 233, 235, 237,see also maritime trade

trade unions, 178transnational linkages, 219, 231, 251transport, 40, 42, 64, 65, 136, 141, 212,

237, 239Tripura, 22, 25, 32, 43, 69, 132, 227Tripura (ethnic group), 32Tripura, Nripati Ranjan, 150Tsangpo, see BrahmaputraTungipara, 275Turkey, 28, 30, see also TurkishTurkish, 27, 28, 29, 33turtle, 244, 245two-economy policy, 145two-nations theory, 89

Ukhia, 209UNICEF, 114United Arab Emirates, 226United Bengal, 94United Front, 116United Kingdom, 33, 147, 225, see also British;

EnglishUnited Nations, 169, 174, 214United Nations Relief Organisation in

Bangladesh (UNROB), 179United People’s Democratic Front (UPDF).,

213, 279United People’s Party, see JSSUnited States, 145, 146, 147, 169, 180, 227,

273, 277university, 64, 113, 157, 260University of Chittagong, 157, 261University of Dhaka, 157, 227, see also Dhaka

UniversityUniversity of Engineering and Technology, 157University of Rajshahi, 157urban bias, 136urban centre, 15, 16, 20, 24, 26, 40, 232, 237, 238,

240, 247, 253, 265urbanisation, 20, 21, 67, 141, 232, 237, 252, 254Urdu language, 38, 83, 109–13, 116, 152, 153, 157,

186, 272

346 Index




USSR, see Russia; Soviet UnionUttar Pradesh, 74, 132

V-AID programme, 145Vaisnava tradition, 37Vanga, 19Varendra Research Museum, 61Varendri, 19vegetation, 3, 6, 248vernacular elite, 152, 157, 158,

202, 251Viceroy of India, 65Victory Day, 172, 257village, 9, 25, 42, 52, 69, 80, 102, 133, 144, 146,

147, 149, 152, 155, 156, 163, 202, 205, 222,232, 254

voting rights, 86vulture, 245

Waddadar, Pritilata, 80Wahhabism, 78wandering river, 6war, 9, 39, 50, 74, 77, 84, 121, 212, 247, 273, 278,

see also Bangladesh Liberation War; WorldWar II

war crimes, 172, 217War of 1971, see Bangladesh Liberation WarWari-Bateshwar, 15, 39water, 3–7, 15, 18, 24, 149, 184, 206, 223, 235, 241,

243, 244water hyacinth, 72, 73Water Scarcity, 10water transport, 40water-lily, 189Wazed, Sheikh Hasina, 199, 200–2, 204, 209,

262, 280wealth, 39, 42, 54, 59, 60, 135, 138, 139, 145, 150,

178, 224, 230, 238, 239, 251, 265, 273West Asia, 226, 253

West Bengal, 13, 21, 93, 98, 136, 140, 153, 245, 259West Pakistan, 50, 107, 110, 111, 118, 120, 121,

123–5, 129, 133, 136, 138, 139, 141, 145, 151–3,161, 162, 170, 176, 182, 189, 196, 202, 219,227, 274–8, 280

wetlands, 11, 245, 268wheat, 146, 264, 265wildlife, 11, 149, 249, 250wind, 244Wisconsin, 71wolves, 11women, 27, 34, 70, 125, 142, 153, 161, 173, 208,

222, 227, 237, 257, 263, see also feminism;gender relations

Women’s Self Defence Association, 91wood, 11, 13, 41, 54, 244, 247Words of Freedom, 218World Bank, 147world economy, 66World Health Organisation, 241World Trade Center, 209World War II, 74, 88, 94, 273, 274written records, 19

Xuanzang, 26

Yahya, see Khan, Yahyayouth culture, 259Yunus, Mohammad, 209, 223

Zainul Abedin, 75, 76zamindar, 36, 51, 58–62, 65, 74, 77, 78, 91, 92,

116, 139zenana, 84Zia, see Rahman, ZiaurZia ul Haq, 276Zia, Begum Khaleda, 199–201, 203, 205, 213, 278,

280, 281Zinga Gosthi, 259

Index 347




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